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URL: www.sonoliteindia.com

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KwcivBU msμvšÍ mZK©xKiY weÁwß:

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evsjvwjwc, weRq Kx‡evW©, weRq †KvwWs Ges BDwb‡KvW wb‡q K_v
Avgiv mevB Rvwb, evsjv fvlv e½wjwc ev evsjv wjwc w`‡q †jLv nq| GB wjwcwU fviZel©xq fvlvmg~‡n e¨eüZ eªvþxwjwci AšÍfz©³|
hw`I GB wjwc w`‡q Amwgqv, PvKgv, gvigv, gwbcyixmn Av‡iv A‡bK c~e© fviZxq fvlv †jLv nq, ZeyI evsjv Ges AmwgqvB n‡”Q
GB wjwci cÖavb `ywU fvlv| evsjv wjwci Avw`iƒc AbymiY Kiv n‡j Amwgqv Ges evsjvq Aÿ‡ii †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| Z‡e Avgv‡`i
AvaywbK evsjv wjwci gv‡S Amwgqv‡Z e¨eüZ GKwU Aÿi †bB| AšÍ¯’ e eY©wU hv Amwgqvq Iqv e bv‡g cwiwPZ, †mwU Avgv‡`i
AvaywbK evsjvq †bB| GwU †`L‡Z evsjv ÔiÕ-Gi g‡Zv| Z‡e cÖvPxb evsjvq GB eY©¸‡jvB ïay bq, Av‡iv A‡bK wPývw` Ges eY©
i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Amwgqvq e¨eüZ ÔiÕ eY©wU Avgv‡`i i e‡Y©i g‡Zv bq| GwU †cUKvUv Ges bx‡P †Kvb †dvUv †bB|
evsjv wjwc‡Z ¯^ieY©, ¯^iwPý, e¨ÄbeY© Ges hy³vÿi i‡q‡Q| GQvov Av‡Q msL¨v Ges wPý| Avgiv Avgv‡`i mdUIq¨v‡i evsjv
eY©mgwói mewKQzB †jLvi e¨e¯’v †i‡LwQ| Z‡e DB‡Ûv‡Ri K¬vwmK (Aaybvjyß) I K¬vwmK †cÖv ms¯‹i‡Y †ek wKQz cÖvPxY evsjv eY©
†jLv hvqbv, GRb¨ weRq GKz‡k-Gi †Mvì ev BDwb‡KvW Ackb Ges evqv‡bœv †cÖv, weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 -Gi BDwb‡KvW Ackb
e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
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†jLv cyw_ †_‡K cÖPwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| †jUvi †cÖm Qvcv‡ZI GB c×wZ cÖPwjZ wQ‡jv| gvSLv‡b jvB‡bvUvB‡ci cÖhyw³‡Z G‡K
e`jv‡bv n‡jI Avevi d‡UvK‡¤úvR c×wZ‡Z e½wjwci Avw`iƒc wd‡i Av‡m| Avgv‡`i cÖPwjZ eB, cÎ-cwÎKv, mvgwqKx BZ¨vw`‡Z
GB iƒcwU e¨eüZ nq| G‡Z hy³vÿi-Gi HwZn¨MZ iƒcwU aiv c‡o| †hgb k+y GB iƒ‡c ï n‡q hvq| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv‡`k Ges
fvi‡Zi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K Av‡iv ¯úó K‡i evsjv eY© †jLv nq| GB iƒ‡c k+y †K ky †jLv nq|
weRq w`‡q Dfq iƒ‡ci AÿiB †jLv hvq| DB‡Ûv‡Ri weRq GKz‡k -Gi mvewiYv Ackb n‡”Q cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Rb¨| g¨v‡Ki weRq w`‡q
mivmwi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki iƒc †jLv hvq| †mLv‡b †Kej d›U e`jv‡jB nq| mvewiYv Zš^x n‡”Q g¨v‡Ki cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki d›U| DB‡Ûv‡Ri

5
weRq mvewiYv‡Z GKwU KbfvU©vi Av‡Q hv w`‡q weRq K¬vwmK-Gi dvBj‡K mvewiYvq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq| Avevi Ab¨ GKwU KbfvU©vi
w`‡q mvewiYvi dvBj‡K K¬vwm‡K iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
ïay weRq GKz‡k ev weRq evqv‡bœv †cÖv, weRq evqv‡bœv 2009-B bq, Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB Avgiv evsjv eY© Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i
wbR¯^ †c‡U›UK…Z cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡iwQ| GB cÖhyw³‡Z evsjv hy³vÿi Ges ¯^ieY© Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLvi Rb¨ Avgiv evsjv nmšÍ
(Bs‡iRx wR) eY©‡K wj¼ wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡iwQ| Avevi weRq Kx‡evW© web¨vm Kivi mgq Avgiv evsjv wjwci GKwU PgrKvi Ae¯’vb
w¯’i K‡iwQ| GB c×wZ‡Z AícÖvY gnvcÖvY †Rvov‡KI e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cÖhyw³i d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvaviY Kx‡evW© e¨envi
K‡i mKj evsjv eY©, wPý Ges hy³vÿi m¤ú~Y© AweK…Zfv‡e †jLv hvq|
GB K_vwU LyeB ¯úó K‡i cÖwYavb Kiv DwPZ †h, evsjv wjwc Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ Zvi GKwU Gb‡KvwWs cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB
Gb‡KvwWswU `ywU gv‡bi n‡q _v‡K| Avw`‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i †KejgvÎ 256wU e‡Y©i †KvW e¨envi Kiv †h‡Zv| GB Gb‡KvwWs gvbwU
Avbwm ev AvmwK bv‡g cwiwPZ| Ab¨ GKwU gvb c„w_exi mKj fvlvi Rb¨B weKwkZ n‡”Q, †mwU n‡jv BDwb‡KvW| evsjv wjwci Rb¨
GB `ywU Gb‡KvwWs gvbB GLb cÖPwjZ| fvi‡Zi cwðge‡½ BmwK-wWIB QvovI mywgZ bv‡gi GKwU †KvwWs gvb †ek cwiwPZ| Z‡e
evsjv‡`‡k evsjv wjwci Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ekx cÖPwjZ Gb‡KvwWs n‡jv weRq| GB weRq Gb‡KvwWs DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨
†ek K‡qKevi cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| DB‡ÛvR 3.1/3.11 Ges 95 Gi Rb¨ cÖYxZ weRq 3.0 Ges 4.0 Gi †KvwWs †_‡K weRq 99-Gi
†KvwWs-G †ek K‡qKwU cwieZ©b Av‡Q| GgbwK GB `ywU ms¯‹i‡Yi g‡a¨ †cv÷w¯ŒÞ Ges UªyUvBc d‡›U GKB †KvW e¨envi Kivi
c‡iI `ywU ms¯‹i‡Yi WvUv dvBj GK _v‡Kbv| weRq 99, 2000, 2001, 2003-Gi †KvwWs GKiKg| weRq 2004 Ges weRq K¬vwmK,
weRq evqv‡bœv 2009, weRq evqv‡bœv †cÖv, weRq GKz‡k-Gi AvmwK †KvwWs GKiKg| Avwg aviYv Kwi, weRq K¬vwmK 2007-Gi †KvwWs
m¤¢eZ Avi e`jv‡Z n‡ebv| h‡Zvw`b AvmwK‡Z evsjv †jLv n‡e Z‡Zvw`b m¤¢eZ GB Gb‡KvwWswUB wU‡K hv‡e, hw`bv Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g ch©v‡q †Kvb cwieZ©b Kiv nq|
Z‡e GB AvmwK Gb‡KvwWswU evsjvi Rb¨ fwel¨‡Z (†Kvb GK mg‡q) e¨eüZ n‡e e‡j g‡b nqbv| Gi RvqMv †b‡e ÷¨vÛvW©
BDwb‡KvW| evsjv‡`‡ki wewWGm 1520t2000 ev BDwb‡KvW 5.1 (GB †jLvi mgq cÖPwjZ) fwel¨‡Zi evsjv Gb‡KvwWs n‡e|
Avgv‡`i weRq GKz‡k DB‡ÛvR Ges weRq evqv‡bœv 2009, weRq evqv‡bœv †cÖv-G weRq-Gi wbR¯^ K¬vwmK †KvW e¨envi Kiv QvovI
BDwb‡KvW Gb‡KvwWs e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e BDwb‡KvW Gb‡KvwWs-G `ywU aviv we`¨gvb| GKwU wewWGm 1520:2000 Ges
Ab¨wU BDwb‡KvW 5.1| Avgiv wewWGm 1520:2000 e¨envi Kwiwb| weRq GKz‡k DB‡ÛvR-G BDwb‡KvW 5.1 Gb‡KvwWs-Gi Rb¨
BDwb‡KvW Kv÷gvBRW Ges BDwb‡KvW ÷¨vÛvW© bv‡g `ywU Ackb e¨envi K‡iwQ| Kvh©Z i¨ wb‡q Avgv‡`i mgm¨v| GwU GgGm
IqvW© 2003 wVKg‡Zv cÖ`k©©Y Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| GB Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨ Kv÷gvBRW Ack‡b i¨-Gi Rb¨ Avgiv GKwU ¯^Zš¿ †KvW
e¨envi K‡iwQ | Z‡e Avgiv Gevi ÷¨vÛvW© bv‡g †h AckbwU †i‡LwQ †mwU DB‡ÛvR wf¯Ív, IqvW© 2007 Ges I‡cb Awdm 2.0-Gi
mv‡_ Lye mn‡RB ï×Zvi mv‡_ KvR K‡i Ges BDwb‡KvW 5.1 Gi mv‡_ cwic~Y©fv‡e K¤úvwUej|
Avgv‡`i weRq GKz‡k (DB‡ÛvR)-G Avgiv mvewiYv bv‡gi GKwU Avjv`v Gb‡KvwWs e¨envi K‡iwQ| GB Gb‡KvwWswU evsjv‡`‡ki
cvV¨cy¯KÍ Abyhvqx evsjv nid ˆZix Kivi Rb¨| weRq K¬vwmK †Mvì Gi †KvW BDwb‡KvW c×wZi n‡jI †mwU Avgv‡`i wbR¯^|
Ab¨w`‡K †gwK‡›Uvm-Gi 9, 10 Ges †Mvì ms¯‹i‡Yi †KvWI Avgv‡`i wbR¯^| BDwb‡KvW GL‡bv †Kb cy‡ivcywi e¨envi Kiv hvqbv
Zvi GKgvÎ KviY n‡”Q GwU DB‡ÛvR G·wc ev wf¯Ív Qvov P‡jbv| g¨vK I.Gm 10 GLb ch©šÍ BDwb‡KvW (evsjv) mg_©b K‡ibv|
ZvQvov DB‡Ûv‡Ri Awdm Qvov Avi †Kvb mdUIq¨vi evsjv BDwb‡KvW mg_©b K‡ibv| Awdm 2003 †_‡K GB mg_©b ïiæ n‡q‡Q|
Z‡e Awdm 2007 GKgvÎ c~Y©v½ mg_©b cÖ`vb K‡i| Avgiv K¬vwmK †Mvì mdUIq¨viwU GB mxgve×Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨B ˆZix K‡iwQ|
Z‡e hLb BDwb‡KvW cy‡ivcywi Pvjy n‡e ZLb GB K¬vwmK †KvW e¨envi Kivi `iKvi n‡ebv|
weRq evqv‡bœv-Gi ˆewkó¨: DB‡Ûv‡Ri Rb¨ i‡q‡Q weRq evqv‡bœv| †hme ˆewkó¨ G‡Z Av‡Q †mBme n‡jv:
• K¬vwmK Ackb
GB ms¯‹iYwU w`‡q 1993 mv‡j cÖPwjZ I 2008 mvj ch©šÍ ch©vqμ‡g cwigvwR©Z weRq AvmwK †KvW hv‡K Avgiv weRq
K¬vwmK †KvW ewj Zv‡Z †jLv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq 99 fvM evsjv e¨enviKvix, we‡`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki ev½vjx‡`i kZKiv
99 fvM, fvi‡Zi evsjv Ges Amwgqv e¨enviKvixiv GB Gb‡KvwWs e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| Awdm-Av`vjZ †_‡K cÎ-cwÎKv-
wgwWqvmn e¨w³ch©v‡qi e¨enviKvix‡`i cÖvq mKj WvUvB _v‡K GB Gb‡KvwWs-G| GB ms¯‹i‡Yi me©‡kl cwigvwR©Z GB
†Kv‡W _vKv †Kvb evsjv eY© ev hy³vÿi (†hgb šÍ, ¯Í, Ð, jø, kø, eø, Mø, ¤ø, cø, ÿ, ², ÿè, iæ, MÖæ, cÖæ, eªæ, `ªæ, Lªæ, eªæ, Îæ, šÍ,
¯Í, šÍ¡, ¯Í¡, ”P, ”Q, BZ¨vw` eY©) G‡·m, †KvqvK© G·‡cÖm, GBPwc wcÖ›Uvi, Ab¨ wbg©vZv‡`i †Kvb †Kvb †cv÷w¯ŒÞ wcÖ›Uvi ev
B‡gR‡mUv‡i fv‡½bv, Mv‡qe nqbv ev e`jvqbv|
• BDwb‡KvW Ackb
GB ms¯‹iYwU w`‡q BDwb‡KvW c×wZ‡ZI †jLv hvq|

6
 mvwe©Kfv‡e Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv †jLvi Rb¨ weRq -Gi eZ©gvb ms¯‹iYmg~‡ni

Z‚jbvg~jK wPÎ
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weRq Kx‡evW©-G UvBc Kivi mnR wbqgvejx

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ms¯‹i‡Y Bs‡iRx †_‡K evsjv ev Amwgqv UvBc Ki‡Z nq ZLb Kx‡evW© KgvÛ w`‡q e`j Ki‡Z nq| †hgb Bs‡iRx †_‡K K¬vwmK
weRq Gi Rb¨ K‡›Uªvj AjUvi we, Bs‡iRx †_‡K BDwb‡KvW weRq-Gi Rb¨ K‡›Uªvj AjUvi wf e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| weRq-Gi c~e©eZ©x
†Kvb †Kvb ms¯‹i‡Y gvDm wK¬K w`‡q Kx‡evW© e`j Kiv †h‡Zv| wKš‘ weRq evqv‡bœv 2009-G †mB my‡hvM bv †i‡L Lye `ªæZ Ges mn‡R
Kx‡evW© ev Ackb e`jv‡bvi Rb¨ Kx‡evW© KgvÛ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|

7
GKBfv‡e Gme Kx‡evW© †_‡K Bs‡iRx‡Z wd‡i Avm‡Z n‡j GKB Kx‡evW© KgvÛ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgb K¬vwmK weRq †_‡K
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ZvwjKvq †Kvb Ack‡b/†gv‡W †Kvb d›U e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Zvi weeiY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
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m¤ú‡K© †h K_vwU ejv
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evsjv †jLvi †Kvb cwieZ©b
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¯^vfvweK weKí (evsjv) AvmwK †KvW 1738:2004 (evsjv)
A F u E 65 H K
Av gf uh Ee 65,118 gH Kk
v f h e 118 h k
B gd w ow F 66 gd G
w d l f 119 d g
C gD J R 67 gD H
x D L r 120 D h
D gs 4w G 68 gs ~
y s q g 121 s B
E gS : T 69 gS N
~ S Q t 126 S N
F ga " + 70 ga M
„ a A = 132 a {
G gc n S 71 gc L
† space c Space g a 134 space c space l
‡ c g s 135 c L
H gC nw W 72 gC P
ˆ space C Space q 136 space C space p
gw
‰ C gw w 137 C P
I x 3 A 73 x Shift 6
J gX 3w Q 74 gX Shift 7
Š X hw q 138 X M

e¨ÄbeY© I hy³vÿi
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¯^vfvweK weKí (evsjv) AvmwK †KvW 1738:2004 (evsjv)
K j ' k 75 j S
Kz js 'q kg 75,122 js Sb
K‚ jS 'Q kt 75,130 jS Sn
K… ja 'A k= 75,133 ja s{
° jgj '\' kdk 176 jgj Sds
°z jgjs '\'q kdkg 176,122 jgjs Sdsb
°‚ jgjS '\'Q kdkt 176,130 jgjS Sdsn
°… jgja '\'A kdk= 176,133 jgja sds{
³« jgkz '2a '\ja kdL Shift 3 179,171 jgkz Sdfdj
± jgt '\y '\yw kd' 177 jgt Sdq

10
±z jgts '\yq kd'g 177,122 jgts sdqb
±‚ jgtS '\yQ kd't 177,130 jgtS Sdqn
±… jgta '\yA kd'= 177,133 jgta sdq{
Kè jgb 'Z '\f kdv 75,232 jgb Sde
Kèz jgbs '\Zq kdvg 75,232,122 jgbs Sdeb
Kè‚ jgbS '\ZQ kdvt 75,232,130 jgbS Sden
Kè… jgba '\ZA kdv= 75,232,133 jgba sde{
K¡ jgh 'z '\; kdy 75,161 jgf Sdz
´ jgm 'X '\p kdc 180 jgm Sda
μ jz e 'a kdj 181 jz Sdj
μz jzs eq kdjg 181,122 jzs Sdjb
μ‚ jzS eQ kdjt 181,130 jzS Sdjn
μ… jza eA kdj= 181,133 jza sdj{
K¬ jgV 'S '\. kdu 75,172 jgV sd[
K¬z jgVs '\Sq kdug 75,172,122 jgVs sd[b
K¬‚ jgVS '\SQ kdut 75,172,130 jgVS sd[n
K¬„ jgVa '\SA kdu= 75,172,133 jgVa sd[{
¶ jgN R '\O # 255 jgN `
¶z jgNs Rq #g 255,122 jgNs `b
¶‚ jgNS RQ #t 255,130 jgNS `n
ÿ„ jgNa RA #= 255,133 jgNa `{
· jgn '\d kdm 183 jgn sd;
³ jgk '2 '\j kdl 179 jgk Sdf
³z jgks '2q kdlg 179,122 jgks Sdfb
³‚ jgkS '2Q kdlt 179,130, jgkS Sdfn
³… jgka '2A kdl= 179,133 jgka sdf{
¶è jgNgB RZ #dv 255,232 jgNgB `de
¶èy jgNgBs RZq #dvg 255,232,122 jgNgBs `deb
¶è~ jgNgBS RZQ #dvt 255,232,130 jgNgBS `den
¶è„ jgNgBa RZA #dv= 255,232,133 jgNgBa `de{
² jgNgm RX R\p #dc 178 jgNgm `da
L J O K 76 J S
Lª Jz Oa Kdj 76,170 Jz Sdj
Lªæ Jzs Oaq Kdjg 76, 170,230 Jzs Sdjb
Lªƒ jzS OaQ Kdjt 76,170,131 jzS Sdjn
M o 6 i 77 o X
¸ os 6q ig 184 os Xb
º ogl 6\r ido 186 ogl Xdr
» ogL 6\P idO 187 ogL xdR
»y ogLs 6\Pq idOg 187,122 ogLs xdRb
»~ ogLS 6\PQ idOt 187,130 ogLS xdRn
»„ ogLa 6\PA idO= 187,133 ogLa xdR{
Mœ ogb 6Z 6\f idv 77,156 ogb Xde
M¥ ogm 6X 6\p idc 77,165 ogm Xda

11
 MÖ oz 6a idj 77, 214 oz xdj
MÖæ ozs 6aq idjg 77, 214, 230 ozs Xdjb
MÖƒ ozS 6aQ idjt 77,214,131 ozS Xdjn
M¦ ogh 6z idy 89,94 ogf Xdz
N O Y I 78 O X
Nœ Ogb YZ Y\f Idv 78,156 Ogb Xde
Nª Oz Ya Idj 78,170 Oz Xdj
Nªæ Ozs Yaq Idjg 78,170, 230 Ozs Xdjb
Nªƒ OzS YaQ Idjt 78,170,131 OzS Xdjn
O q M * 79 q A
Oz qs Mq *g 79,122 qs Ab
O‚ qS MQ *t 79,130 qS An
O… qa MA *= 79,133 qa A{
¼ qgj M\' *dk 188 qgj Ads
¼z qgjs M\'q *dkg 188,122 qgjs Adsb
¼‚ qgjS M\'Q *dkt 188,130 qgjS Adsn
¼„ qgja M\'A *dk= 188,133 qgja Ads{
•L qgJ M\O *dK 149,76 qgJ AdS
½ qgo M\6 *di 189 qgo Adx
•N qgO M\Y *dI 149,78 qgO AdX
•g qgm M\p MX *dc 149,103 qgm Ada
¼« qgjz M\'a *dkdj 188,171 qgjz Adsdj
¼«y qgjzs M\'aq *dkdjg 188,171,122 qgjzs Adsdjb
¼«~ qgjzS M\'aQ *dkdjt 188,171,130 qgjzS Adsdjn
¼«„ qgjza M\'aA *dkdj= 188,171,133 qgjza Adsdj{
•Nª qgOz M\Ya *dIdj 149,78,214 qgOz AdXdj
•¶ qgjgN M\R *d# 149,255 qgjgN ad`
•¶y qgjgNs M\Rq *d#g 149,255,122 qgjgNs ad`b
•¶~ qgjgNS M\RQ *d#t 149,255,130 qgjgNS ad`n
•¶„ qgjgNa M\RA *d#= 149,255,133 qgjgNa ad`{
P y 7 ; 80 y V
Pz ys 7q ;g 80,122 ys Vb
P‚ yS 7Q ;t 80,130 yS Vn
P… ya 7A ;= 80,133 ya v{
”P ygy 7\ 7 ;d; 148,80 ygy Vdv
”Pz ygys 7\ 7q ;d;g 148,80,122 ygys Vdvb
”P‚ ygyS 7\ 7Q ;d;t 148,80,130 ygyS Vdvn
”P… ygya 7\ 7A ;d;= 148,80,133 ygya vdv{
”Q ygY 7\t ;d: 148,81 ygY vdV
”Qz ygYs 7\tq ;d:g 148,81,122 ygYs vdVb
”Q‚ ygYS 7\tQ ;d:t 148,81,130 ygYS vdVn
”Q… ygYa 7\tA ;d:= 148,81,133 ygYa vdV{
”Qª ygYz 7\ta ;d:dj 148,81,171 ygYz vdVdj
”T ygI 7\F ;d_ 148,84 ygI vdB

12
”Tz ygIs 7\Fq ;d_g 148,84,122 ygIs vdBb
”T‚ ygIS 7\FQ ;d_t 148,84,130 ygIS vdBn
”T… ygIa 7\FA ;d_= 148,84,133 ygIa vdB{
”Q¡ ygygh 7\tz ;d:dy 148,81,161 ygygf vdVdz
Q y t : 81 y V
Qz ys tq :g 81,122 ys Vb
Q‚ yS tQ :t 81,130 yS Vn
Q… ya tA := 81,133 ya V{
Q« yz ta ;d:dj 148,81,171 yz vdVdj
R u m p 82 u C
¾ ugu m\m pdp 190 ugu Cdc
À ugU m\T pdP 192 ugU cdC
Àz ugUs m\Tq pdPg 192,122 ugUs cdCb
À~ ugUS m\TQ pdPt 192,130 ugUS cdCn
À„ ugUa m\TA pdP= 192,133 ugUa cdC{
Á ugI m\F mF % 193 ugI cdB
Áy ugIs m\Fq %g 193,122 ugIs cdBb
Á~ ugIS m\FQ %t 193,130 ugIS cdBn
Á„ ugIa m\FA %= 192,133 ugIa cdB{
R¡ ugh mz pdy 82,161 ugf Cdz
¾¡ ugugh m\mz pdpdy 190,161 ugugf Cdcdz
S U T P 83 U C
Sz Us Tq Pg 83,122 Us Cb
S‚ US TQ Pt 83,130 US Cn
S… Ua TA P= 83,133 Ua C{
T I F nF _ 84 I B
Tz Is Fq _g 84,122 Is Bb
T‚ IS FQ _t 84,130 IS Bn
T… Ia FA _= 84,133 Ia B{
 Igy F\7 ;F _d; 194 Igy Bdv
Âz Igys F\7q _d;g 194,122 Igys Bdvb
Â~ IgyS F\7Q _d;t 194,130 IgyS Bdvn
„ Igya F\7A _d;= 194,133 Igya Bdv{
à IgY F\t _d: 195 IgY BdV
Ãz IgYs F\tq _d:g 195,122 IgYs BdVb
 IgYS F\tQ _d:t 195,130 IgYS BdVn
Ã… IgYa F\tA _d:= 195,33 IgYa BdV{
Ä Igu F\m _dp 196 Igu Bdc
Å IgU F\T _dP 197 IgU BdC
Åz IgUs F\Tq _dPg 197,122 IgUs BdCb
Å~ IgUS F\TQ _dPt 197,130 IgUS BdCn
Å„ IgUa F\TA _dP= 197,133 IgUa BdC{
U t yw ' 85 t Q
Uz ts ywq 'g 85,122 ts Qb

13
U~ tS ywQ 't 85,130 tS qn
U„ ta ywA '= 85,133 ta q{
Æ tgt yw\yw y\y 'd' 198 tgt Qdq
Æz tgts yws\yw 'd'g 198,122 tgts Qdqb
qq
Æ~ tgtS yws\yw 'd't 198,130 tgtS Qdqn
qQ
Æ„ tgta yws\yw 'd'= 198,133 tgta qdq{
qA
U¡ tgh ywz 'dg 85,161 tgf Qdz
U¥ tgm ywX 'dc 85,165 tgm Qda
Uª tz ywa 'dj 85,170 tz Qdj
ƪ tgtz yw\ywa 'd'dj 198,170 tgtz Qdqdj
V T I " 86 T Q
Vz Ts Iq "g 86,122 Ts Qb
V‚ TS IQ "t 86,130 TS Qn
V… Ta IA "= 86,133 Ta Q{
W e 4 [ 87 e T
Wz es 4q [g 87,122 es Tb
W‚ eS 4Q [t 87,130 eS tn
W… ea 4A [= 87,133 ea t{
Ç ege 4\4 [d[ 199 ege Tdt
Çz eges 4\4q [d[g 199,122 eges Tdtb
Ç‚ egeS 4\4Q [d[t 199,130 egeS Tdtn
Ç… egea 4\4A [d[= 199,133 egea tdt{
Wª ez 4a [dj 87,170 ez Tdj
X E y { 88 E T
Xz Es yq {g 88,122 Es Tb
X‚ ES yQ {t 88,130 ES Tn
X… Ea yA {= 88,133 Ea T{
Y B K C 89 B J
È Bgt K\y Cd' 200 Bgt Jdq
Èz Bgts K\yq K\ywq Cd'g 200,122 Bgts Jdqb
È~ BgtS K\yQ K\yw Cd't 200,130 BgtS Jdqn
Q
È„ Bgta K\yA K\yw Cd'= 200,133 Bgta Jdq{
A
É BgT K\I Cd" 201 BgT JdQ
Éz BgTs K\Iq Cd"g 201,122 BgTs JdQb
É‚ BgTS K\IQ Cd"t 201,130 BgTS JdQn
É… BgTa K\IA Cd"= 201,133 BgTa JdQ{
Ð Bge K\4 Cd[ 208 Bge Jdt
Ðz Bges K\4q Cd[g 208,122 Bges Jdtb
Ђ BgeS K\4Q Cd[t 208,130 BgeS Jdtn

14
 Ð… Bgea K\4A Cd[= 208,133 Bgea Jdt{
Yœ Bgb KZ Cdv 89,156 Bgb Jde
Y¦ Bgh Kz Cdy 89,94 Bgf Jdz
Ъ Bgez K\4a Cd[dj 208,170 Bgez Jdtdj
Z k j l 90 k F
Zz ks jq lg 90,122 ks Fb
Z‚ kS jQ lt 90,130 kS Fn
Z… ka jA l= 90,133 ka f{
Ë kgk j\j 31, j2 ldl 203 kgk Fdf
Ëz kgks j\jq ldlg 203,122 kgks Fdfb
Ë‚ kgkS j\jQ ldlt 203,130 kgkS Fdfn
Ë… kgka j\jA ldl= 203,133 kgka fdf{
Ì kgK j\> ldL 204 kgK fdF
Zœ kgb jZ ldv 90,156 kgb Fde
Z¡ kgh jz ldy 90,161 kgf Fdz
Z¥ kgm jX ldc 90,165 kgm Fda
Ë¡ kgkgh j\jz 31z ldldy 203,161 kgkgf Fdfdz
Î kz n1 ja ldj 206 kz Fdj
Îæ kzs n1q jaq ldjg 206, 230 kzs Fdjb
_ K > L 95 K F
_¡ Kgh >z Ldy 95,161 Kgf Fdz
` l r o 96 l R
˜M lgo r\6 odi 152.77 lgo Rdx
˜N lgO r\Y odI 152.78 lgO rdX
Ï lgl r\r odo 207 lgl Rdr
× lgL r\P odO 215 lgL rdR
×z lgLs r\Pq odOg 215.122 lgLs rdRb
×~ lgLS r\PQ odOt 215.130 lgLS rdRn
ׄ lgLa r\PA odO= 215.133 lgLa rdR{
™¢ lgH r\U odY 153,162 lgF rdZ
™¢z lgHs r\Uq odYg 153,162,122 lgFs rdZb
™¢‚ lgHS r\UQ odYt 153,162,130 lgFS rdZn
™¢„ lgHa r\UA odY= 153,162,133 lgFa rdZ{
Ø lgh rz r\; ody 216 lgf Rdz
Ù lgm rX r\p odc 217 lgm Rda
`&¸ lggos rx6q odig 96,184 lggos Rdxb
™£ lgHz r\Ua odYdj 153.163 lgFz rdZdj
`ªæ lzs raq odjg 96,170,230 lzs Rdjb
`ªƒ lzS raQ odjt 96,170,131 lzS Rdjn
a L P O 97 L R
aŸ Lgh P\; Pz Ody 97,159 Lgf Rdz
a¥ Lgm PX P\p Odc 97,165 Lgm Rda
aª Lz Pa Odj 97,170 Lz Rdj
aªæ Lzs Paq Odjg 97,170,230 Lzs Rdjb

15
aªƒ LzS PaQ Odjt 97,170,131 LzS Rdjn
b b f v 98 b E
›U bgt f\y vd' 155,85 bgt Edq
›Uz bgts f\yq vd'g 155,85,122 bgts Edqb
›U~ bgtS f\yQ vd't 155,85,130 bgtS Edqn
›U„ bgta f\yA vd'= 155,85,133 bgta edq{
Û bge f\4 vd[ 219 bge Edt
Ûz bges f\4q vd[g 219,122 bges Edtb
Û‚ bgeS f\4Q vd[t 219,130 bgeS Edtn
Û… bgea f\4A vd[= 219,133 bgea edt{
Ú bgT f\I vd" 218 bgT edQ
Úz bgTs f\Iq vd"g 218,122 bgTs edQb
Ú‚ bgTS f\IQ vd"t 218,130 bgTS edQn
Ú… bgTa f\IA vd"= 218,133 bgTa edQ{
šÍ bgk f2 f\j vdl 154,205 bgk Edf
š‘ bgks f2q vdlg 154,145 bgks Edfb
šÍ~ bgkS f2Q vdlt 154,205,130 bgkS Edfn
šÍ„ bgka f2A vdl= 154,205,133 bgka edf{
š’ bgK f\> vdL 154,146 bgK edF
›` bgl f\r vdo 155,96 bgl Edr
Ü bgL f\P vdO 220 bgL edR
Üz bgLs f\Pq vdOg 220,122 bgLs edRb
Ü~ bgLS f\PQ vdOt 220,130 bgLS edRn
Ü„ bgLa f\PA vdO= 220,133 bgLa edR{
bœ bgb fZ vdv 98,156 bgb Ede
Yœ BgB KZ Cdv 89,156 BgB Jde
š^ bgh fz vdy 154,94 bgf Edz
b¥ bgm fX vdc 98,165 bgm Eda
b¨ bZ fH va 98,168 bZ eU
›Uª bgtz f\ya vd'dj 155,85,170 bgtz Edqdj
Ûª bgez f\4a vd[dj 219,170 bgez Edtdj
š¿ bgkz f\ja vdldj 154,191 bgkz Edfdj
ݯ bglgh f\rz vdody 155,216 bglgf Edrdz
›`ª bglz f\ra vdodj 155,96,170 bglz Edrdj
Ü« bgLz f\Pa vdOdj 220,171 bgLz edRdj
Ü«y bgLzs f\Paq vdOdjg 220,171,122 bgLzs edRdjb
Ü«~ bgLzS f\PaQ vdOdjt 220,171,130 bgLzS edRdjn
Ü«„ bgLza f\PaA vdOdj= 220,171,133 bgLza edRdj{
Ý bgn f\d vdm 221 bgn ed;
c r b h 99 r W
ß rgk b2 b\j hdl 223 rgk Wdf
ßz rgks b2q hdlg 223,122 rgks Wdfb

16
 ß‚ rgkS b2Q hdlt 223,130 rgkS wdfn
ß„ rgka b2A hdl= 223,133 rgka wdf{
Þ rgt b\y hd' 222 rgt Wdq
Þz rgts b\yq hd'g 222,122 rgts Wdqb
Þ~ rgtS b\yQ hd't 222,130 rgtS Wdqn
Þ„ rgta b\yA hd'= 222,133 rgta wdq{
à rgr b\b hdh 224 rgr Wdw
c rgV bS b\. hdu 99,248 rgV wd[
cœ rgb bZ b\f hdv 99,156 rgb Wde
cÖ rz ba hdj 99,214 rz Wdj
cÖæ szs baq hdjg 99,214,230 szs Wdjb
cÖƒ rzS baQ hdjt 99,214,131 rzS Wdjn
d R B H 100 R W
dz Rs Bq Hg 100,122 Rs Wb
d‚ RS BQ Ht 100,130 RS Wn
d… Ra BA H= 100,133 Ra W{
d« Rz Ba Hdj 100,171 Rz Wdj
d«z Rzs Baq Hdjg 100,171,122 Rzs Wdjb
d«‚ RzS BaQ Hdjt 100,171,130 RzS Wdjn
d«„ Rza BaA Hdj= 100,171,133 Rza Wdl{
d¬ RgV BS Hdu 100,172 RgV Wd[
d¬z RgVs BSq Hdug 100,172,122 RgVs Wd[b
d¬‚ RgVS BSQ Hdut 100,172,130 RgVS Wd[n
d¬„ RgVa BSA Hdu= 100,172,133 RgVa Wd[{
e h ; y 101 f Z
(A) e g. \. d. 157 g. d.
â hgu ;\m ydp 226 fgu Zdc
e hgV ;S ;\. ydu 101,248 fgV zd[
ã hgl ;\r ydo 227 fgl Zdr
ä hgL ;\P ydO 228 fgL zdR
äz hgLs ;\Pq ydOg 228,122 fgLs zdRb
ä~ hgLS ;\PQ ydOt 228,130 fgLS zdRn
ä„ hgLa ;\PA ydO= 228,133 fgLa zdR{
eŸ hgh ;\; ydy 101,159 fgf Zdz
eªæ hzs ;aq ydjg 101,170,230 fzs Zdjb
eªƒ hzS ;aQ ydjt 101,170,131 fzS Zdjn
f H U Y 102 F Z
å Hz Ua Ydj 229 Fz Zdj
åæ Hzs Uaq Ydjg 229,230 Fzs Zdjb
åƒ HzS UaQ Ydjt 229,131 FzS Zdjn
f HgV US U\. Ydu 108,248 FgV Zd[
g m p c 103 m A
gœ mgb p\f pZ cdv 103,156 mgb Ade
¤ mgV cS cdu 164,248 mgV ad[

17
 ¤ú mgr cb p\b cdh 164,250 mgr adw
ç mgR cB p\B cdH 231 mgR adW
çz mgRs cBq cdHg 231,122 mgRs adWb
ç‚ mgRS cBQ cdHt 231,130 mgRS adWn
ç… mgRa cBA cdH= 231,133 mgRa adW{
¤^ mgh cz cdy 164,94 mgf Adz
¤¢ mgH cU cdY 164,162 mgF adZ
¤§ mgm cX cdc 164,167 mgm Ada
gª mz pa cdj 103,170 mz Adj
¤ú mgrgV cbS cdhdu 164,250,248 mgrgV adwd[
¤£ mgHz p\Ua cdYdj 164,163 mgFz adZdj
h w i ? 104 w U
¨ z H a 168 z U
i v k j 105 v J
(A)i v (g, in k j 105 v (g, in J
Unicode) Unicode)
ª z a dj 170 z Dj
© A W z 169 A ]
iæ vs kq jg 105,230 vs Jb
iƒ vS kQ jt 105,131 vS Jn
j V . u 106 V [
é Vgj .\' udk 233 Vgj [ds
éz Vgjs .\'q udkg 233,122 Vgjs [dsb
é‚ VgjS .\'Q udkt 233,130 VgjS [dsn
é… Vgja .\'A udk= 233,133 Vgja [ds{
ê Vgo .\6 udi 234 Vgo [dx
ì Vge .\4 ud[ 236 Vge [dt
í Vgr .\b udh 237 Vgr [dw
î VgR .\B udH 238 VgR [dW
j¦ Vgh .z udy 106,166 Vgf [dz
j¥ Vgm .X udc 106,165 Vgm [da
j VgV .S .\. udu 106,248 VgV [d[
î« VgRz .\Ba udHdj 238,171 VgRz [dWdj
k M , M 107 M O
ï Ms ,q Mg 239 Ms Ob
kª Mz ,a Mdj 107,214 Mz Odj
k MgV ,S ,\. Mdu 107,248 MgV Od[
ð Mgy ,\7 Md; 240 Mgy Odv
ñ MgY ,\t Md: 241 MgY OdV
kœ Mgb ,Z Mdv 107,156 Mgb Ode
k¦ Mgh ,z Mdy 107,166 Mgf Odz
k¥ Mgm ,X Mdc 107,165 Mgm Oda
kÖæ Mzs ,aq Mdjg 107,214,230 Mzs Odjb
kªƒ MzS ,aQ Mdjt 107,214,131 MzS Odjn

18
l N 0 < 108 N :
®‹ Ngj 0\' V' <dk 174,139 Ngj :ds
®‹z Ngjs 0\'q <dkg 174,139,122 Ngjs :dsb
®‹‚ NgjS 0\'Q <dkt 174,139,130 NgjS :dsn
®‹… Ngja 0\'A <dk= 174,139,133 Ngja :ds{
ó Ngt Vy 0\yw <d' 243 Ngt :dq
óz Ngts Vyq <d'g 243,122 Ngts :dqb
ó‚ NgtS VyQ <d't 243,130 NgtS :dqn
ó… Ngta VyA <d'= 243,133 Ngta :dq{
ô NgT 0\I VI <d" 244 NgT :dQ
óz NgTs 0\Iq <d"g 244,122 NgTs :dQb
ô‚ NgTS 0\IQ <d"t 244,130 NgTS :dQn
ô… NgTa 0\IA <d"= 244,133 NgTa :dQ{
®ú Ngr Vb 0\b <dh 174,250 Ngr :dw
õ NgR VB 0\B <dH 245 NgR :dW
õz NgRs VBq <dHg 245,122 NgRs :dWb
õ‚ NgRS VBQ <dHt 245,130 NgRS :dWn
õ… NgRa VBA <dH= 245,133 NgRa :dW{
®Œ Ngjz V'a 0\'a <dkdj 174,140 Ngjz :dsdj
®Œz Ngjzs V'aq <dkdjg 174,140,122 Ngjzs :dsdjb
®Œ‚ NgjzS V'aQ <dkdjt 174,140,130 NgjzS :dsdjn
®Œ„ Ngjza V'aA <dkdj= 174,140,133 Ngjza :dsdj{
óª Ngtz Vya 0\ywa <d'dj 243,170 Ngtz :dqdj
ò NgB 0F <dv 242 NgB :dJ
òz NgBs 0Fq <dvg 242,122 NgBs :dJb
ò‚ NgBS 0FQ <dvt 242,130 NgBS :dJn
ò… NgBa 0FA <dv= 242,133 NgBa :dJ{
®§ Ngm VX 0\p <dc 174,167 Ngm :da
m n d m 109 n ;
mª nz da mdj 109,168 nz ;dj
¯‹ ngj C' d\' mdk 175,139 ngj ;ds
¯‹z ngjs C'q mdkg 175,139,122 ngjs ;dsb
¯‹‚ ngjS C'Q mdkt 175,139,130 ngjS ;dsn
¯‹… ngja C'A mdk= 175,139,133 ngja ;ds{
ö ngJ CO dO mdK 246 ngJ ;dS
¯Í ngk C2 d\j mdl 175,205 ngk ;df
¯Í¡ ngkgh C2z mdldy 175,205,161 ngkgf ;dfdz
¯‘ ngks C2q mdlg 175,145 ngks ;dfb
¯Í‚ ngkS C2Q mdlt 175,205,130 ngkS ;dfn
¯Í… ngka C2A mdl= 175,205,133 ngka ;df{
¯’ ngK C> d\> mdL 175,146 ngK ;dF

19
¯ ngV CS mdu 175,248 ngV ;d[
¯ú ngr Cb d\p mdh 175,250 ngr ;dw
¯^ ngh dz mdy 175,94 ngf ;dz
ù ngR CB d\P mdH 249 ngR ;dW
ùz ngRs CBq mdHg 249,122 ngRs ;dWb
ù‚ ngRS CBQ mdHt 249,130 ngRS ;dWn
ù… ngRa CBA mdH= 249,133 ngRa ;dW{
¯¿ ngkz Cja d\ja mdldj 175,191 ngkz ;dfdj
mœ ngb CZ mdv 109,156 ngb ;de
¯§ ngm CX mdc 175,167 ngm ;da
¯‹¬ ngjgV C'S mdkdu 175,139,172 ngjgV ;dsd[
¯Œ ngjz C'a d\'a mdkdj 175,140 ngjz ;dsdj
¯Œz ngjzs C'aq mdkdjg 175,140,122 ngjzs ;dsdjb
¯Œ‚ ngjzS C'aQ mdkdjt 175,140,130 ngjzS ;dsdjn
¯Œ… ngjza C'aA mdkdj= 175,140,133 ngjza ;dsdj{
¯ú ngrgV CbS mdhdu 175,250,248 ngrgV ;dwd[
n i o n 110 i O
û is oq ng 251 is Ob
ü ia oA nt 252 ia o{
nè igB oZ ndv 110,232 igB odE
ý igb oe nv 253 igb Ode
nŸ ign o\; ndy 110,159 ign Odz
n¡ ig. oz nd. 110,161 ig. od.
þ igm oX o\p ndc 254 igm Oda
þz igms oXq ndcg 254,122 igms Odab
þ~ igmS oXQ ndct 254,130 igmS Odan
þ„ igma oXA ndc= 254,133 igma oda{
n« iz oa ndj 110,171 iz Odj
n¬ igV oS ndu 110,172 igV od[
o p 4s ] 111 p I
p P ys } 112 P I
q W is / 113 W Y
r \ G U 114 \ Shift 2
s Q 8 b 115 Q Shift 3

20
 t | ? ! 116 | Shift 4
u & ! B 117 & }
&nmšÍ gg x D 38 gg D
| G / Shift . (>) 124 G . (Fullstop)
\ gG /\/ dD 92 gG dD
e djv gh z dy 166 gf Dz
j djv gV S du 248 gV d[
g djv gm X dc 167 gm Da
b djv gb Z dv 156 gb De
“ g; \; g; g; g; g;
Ê g' \' g' g' g' g'
, , v d, 44 , d,
. . s d. 46 . d.
; ; N d; 59 ; d;
: : DD d: 58 : d:
Õ ' \ d' 213 ' d'
Ó " \\ d" 211 " d"
Ô ` d` 212 ` d`
Ò ~ d~ 210 ~ d~
[ [ d[ 91 [ d[
] ] d] 93 ] d]
{ { d{ 123 { d{
} } d} 125 } d}
- - 1 d- 45 - d-
_ _ d_ 209 _ d_
= = ] d= 61 = d=
+ + { d+ 43 + d+
! ! d! 33 ! d!
@ @ | d@ 64 @ d@
# # d# 35 # d#
$ $ ` d$ 36 $ d$
% % } d% 37 % d%
* * ~ d* 42 * *
( ( - ( 40 ( (

21
 ) ) = ) 41 ) )
? ? 5 d? 63 ? ?
/ / [ d/ 47 / /
1 1 # 1 49 1 1
2 2 $ 2 50 2 2
3 3 % 3 51 3 3
4 4 ^ 4 52 4 4
5 5 & 5 53 5 5
6 6 + 6 54 6 6
7 7 _ 7 55 7 7
8 8 ) 8 56 8 8
9 9 ) 9 57 9 9
0 0 * 0 48 0 0

Dc‡ii ZvwjKvq m¤¢ve¨ Kw¤^‡bkb †`qv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e weRq gybxi Kx‡ev‡W© GB ZvwjKvi evB‡iI GK ev GKvwaK Ackb Av‡Q hvi
mvnv‡h¨ evsjv eY© ˆZix Kiv hvq| GB c×wZi cÖavb wbqgwU n‡jv weRq Kx‡evW© Gi g‡Zv| †hgb †KD hw` ¤§ wjL‡Z Pvq Z‡e wZwb
†QvU ¤ UvBc Kivi ci ¥ djv UvBc K‡i wjL‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi ¤ UvBc Kivi ci wj¼ (G‡ÿ‡Î e¨vK \ møvk) UvBc K‡i ¤§ wjL‡Z
cv‡ib| Avevi wZwb B‡”Q Ki‡j g UvBc Kivi ci wj¼ (G‡ÿ‡Î e¨vK \ møvk) UvBc K‡i g UvBc K‡iI ¤§ wjL‡Z cv‡ib|
Amwgqv eY© cvevi Rb¨ AMJ d›U e¨envi Kiæb|

22
 wØZxq Aa¨vq: BÝUj I AvbBÝUj-wi‡gvf-wWwjU
Lye `ªæZ MwZ‡Z Kv‡R cÖ‡ek Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb GB Aa¨vqwU †_‡KB wb‡`©kbv cvV Kiæb| c~e©eZ©x Aa¨v‡q Avgiv weRq evsjv
mdUIq¨vi Ges Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv †jLv msμvšÍ wKQz †gŠwjK Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡iwQ| †mBme Z_¨ Avcbvi Rvbv _vK‡j fv‡jv; Z‡e
Avcwb hw` Pvb Z‡e, mivmwi GB Aa¨vqwU cvV K‡i Kv‡R †j‡M †h‡Z cv‡ib|

weRq evqv‡bœv-2009 Gi Rb¨ wK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi `iKvi

DB‡Ûv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖYxZ weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g m¤úbœ GKwU Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Kgc‡ÿ DB‡ÛvR G·wc P‡j Ggb Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiæb|
weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 BÝUj Kiv
‘ weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 `ªæZ BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB Avcwb Avcbvi Kw¤úDUviwU‡K wVK Kiæb| G‡Kev‡i bZzbfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy
Kiv n‡j cÖ_‡gB Avcbv‡K G‡Z DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g BÝUj Ki‡Z n‡e| RbwcÖq
eªvÛ wcwm‡Z jvB‡mÝK…Z DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g BÝUj Kiv _v‡K| †K¬vb wcwm‡ZI
we‡μZviv Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g BÝUj K‡i †`q| hw` Zv bv nq, Z‡e Avcwb wb‡RB
DB‡ÛvR G·wc Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g BÝUj Kiæb| weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 e¨envi Kivi Rb¨
DB‡ÛvR G·wc cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|
Gi Av‡Mi †Kvb Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡g GwU KvR K‡ibv|
DB‡ÛvR 3.1, 95, 98, GgB
†Z KvR Ki‡ebv| DB‡ÛvR
GbwU 4.0 Ges 2000-G
BDwb‡KvW mwVKfv‡e KvR
Ki‡ebv| Avcwb hw` cyiv‡bv
e¨enviKvix nb Z‡e Avcwb
Avcbvi Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K
we`¨gvb †Kvb evsjv
weRqAvbBÝUj Kivi Rb¨ ÷vU© mdUIq¨vi _vK‡j Zv
†gbyi †mwUsm †_‡K K‡›Uªvj c¨v‡bj AvbBÝUj ev wi‡gvf Kiæb|
wbe©vPb K‡i G¨vW Ai wi‡gvf d›U¸‡jv wWwjU n‡jv wKbv
†cÖvMÖvgm evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e| †mwU wbwðZ Kiæb| cyiv‡bv d›U _vK‡j Avcwb A‡nZzK AevwÃZ mgm¨vq co‡Z cv‡ib|

Gevi Avcwb Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡ii wmwW WªvB‡f weRq-Gi wmwWwU cÖ‡ek Kivb| Avcbvi mvg‡b GKwU BÝUjv‡ii msjvc Ni Avm‡e|
ILv‡b †b·U †evZv‡g wK¬K Kiæb| Gici Av‡iv PviwU msjvc Ni Avm‡e| Gici †b·U-BÝUj †evZv‡g wK¬K Kiæb| weRq evqv‡bœv
2009 BÝUj n‡q hv‡e| Gevi Kw¤úDUvi wi÷vU© K‡i wbb|

BDwb‡KvW Ackb: Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i DB‡ÛvR G·wc Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g BÝUj Kiv _vKzK ev bZzb K‡i BÝUj Kiv †nvK Avcwb
DB‡ÛvR-Gi GKwU we‡kl Ackb Aek¨B cixÿv K‡i †`L‡eb| Avcbv‡K †`L‡Z n‡e †h, Avcbvi wiwRqbvj GÛ j¨v½y‡qR Ackb
mwVK K‡i †`qv Av‡Q wKbv| Gi Rb¨ Avcwb ÷vU© †gbyi †mwUsm †_‡K K‡›Uªvj c¨v‡bj evQvB K‡i †mLvb †_‡K j¨v½y‡qR GÛ
wiwRqbvj AckÝ evQvB Kiæb| †mLv‡b BÝUj dvBjm di Kg‡cø· w¯ŒÞ..... AckbwU‡Z wUK wPý †`qv Av‡Q wKbv †`Lyb| hw`
†mwU †`qv bv _v‡K Z‡e, Gici †mLvb †_‡K Kg‡cø· w¯ŒÞ AckbwU‡Z wUK wPý cÖ`vb Kiæb| GwU †PK Ki‡j Kw¤úDUvi Avcbvi
Kv‡Q DB‡ÛvR G·wci wmwW PvB‡e| wmwWwU †`evi ci GB AckbwU BÝUj n‡e| g‡b ivL‡eb, GB AckbwU wUK †`qv bv _vK‡j
BDwb‡KvW ev †Mvì Ackb wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡ebv|

23
ïay ZvB bq, Awdm 2003-G BDwb‡KvW Ackb wVK ivLvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K Av‡iv GKwU KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ Avcwb weRq evqv‡bœv
2009-Gi wmwW‡Z ivLv BijoyEkushe2007\UtilitySoftware\Uniscribe †dvìv‡i _vKv BDwb¯ŒvBe †dvìvi †_‡K
BDGmwc10 wWGjGjwU Avcwb C:\WINDOWS\system32 †dvìv‡i Kwc K‡i †`‡eb| ILv‡b Ggb GKwU wWGjGj _vK‡e|
†mwU wWwjU Ki‡eb| GKB mv‡_ Avcwb C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\OFFICE11 †dvìv‡iI GKB wWGjGj Kwc
K‡i †`‡eb| Zvi Av‡M Kgc‡ÿ gvB‡μvmdU Awdm 2003 ev gvB‡μvmdU Awdm 2007 ev I‡cb Awdm 2.0 BÝUj Kiæb|
Avcwb hw` Awdm 2007 e¨envi K‡ib Z‡e BijoyEkushe2007\UtilitySoftware\Uniscribe for Office 2007
†dvìv‡ii wWGjGiwU C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\OFFICE12 †dvìv‡i Kwc K‡i †`‡eb|
weRq UvBc wUDUi BÝUj
weRq evqv‡bœv-2009 Gi mv‡_ Avcwb
Avjv`v mdUIq¨vi wn‡m‡e weRq UvBc
wUDUi BÝUj Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨
†mwUsm †_‡K K‡›Uªvj c¨v‡bj Avcwb UvBc wUDUi †dvìvi †_‡K †mwU
evQvB Kivi ci wiwRIbvj BÝUj Kiæb| weRq UvBc wUDUi BÝUj
GÛ j¨v½y‡qR AckbwU‡Z wK¬K Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb weRq evqv‡bœv 2009
Gi wmwW †_‡K weRq UvBc wUDUi
†dvìvi †ei Kiæb| Gici GB
G¨vwcø‡KkbwUi †mUAvc BG·B‡Z wK¬K
BDwb‡KvW c×wZwU mwVKfv‡e KvR
Kiæb| Gi d‡j †mU AvcwU Pvjy n‡e|
Ki‡e ZLbB hLb BÝUj dvBjm
cÖ_‡g Avcbvi mvg‡b †h c`©v Avm‡e
di Kg‡cø· w¯ŒÞ, †hLv‡b wUK wPý
Zv‡Z †b·U wK¬K Ki‡j jvB‡mÝ msμvšÍ
†`qv Av‡Q, †mwU†Z wUK wPý †`qv
Av‡iv GKwU c`©v Avm‡e| †mwU‡Z
_v‡K| hw` GwU‡Z wUK wPý †`qv
GK‡mÞ †evZv‡g wK¬K Kiæb| Gici
UvBc wUDUi BÝUj n‡e Ges Avcwb
†mwU e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GRb¨
Avcbv‡K †cÖvMÖvgm †gby †_‡K Avb›` Kw¤úDUvm© †dvìvi evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †mLvb †_‡K UvBc dv÷© evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e|

weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 AvbBÝUj/ wi‡gvf

weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 AvbBÝUj Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb †cÖvMÖvgm †gby †_‡K weRq evQvB Kiæb| †mLvb †_‡K AvbBÝUj evQvB Kiæb|
G‡Z Avcbvi weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 mdUIq¨vi AvbBÝUj n‡e| GQvov K‡›Uªvj c¨v‡bj †_‡K G¨vW wi‡gvf †cÖvMÖvgm evQvB K‡i
†mLvb †_‡K weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 AvbBÝUj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GLvb †_‡K Avcwb weRq UvBc wUDUi mdUIq¨vi wi‡gvf/Avb BÝUj
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e GB mdUIq¨v‡ii d›Um¸‡jv d›Um †dvìv‡i †_‡KB hv‡e| Avcbv‡K H †dvìvi †_‡K wb‡R evQvB K‡i
d›Um¸‡jv wWwjU Ki‡Z n‡e| Avcwb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g-Gi mvP© KgvÛ w`‡q d›Um¸‡jv Gg‡R/IGg‡R wRGg‡R BZ¨vw` wn‡m‡e
GKwÎZ K‡i wWwjU Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Avgvi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q c‡ii c×wZwU mnRZi g‡b n‡q‡Q|

24
 Z„Zxq A_¨vq: weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 e¨envi
Avcwb hw` weRq Gi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb Z‡e weRq evqv‡bœv 2009-Gi K¬vwmK AckbwU e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ †Zgb Avjv`v wKQz
Ki‡ZB n‡ebv| weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 BÝUj nevi ci Avcbvi mvg‡b ÷vU© Avc ¯Œxb Avmvi ciB GKwU †gby evi Avm‡e| GB
†gbyeviwU‡Z evsjv weRq evqv‡bœv †jLv _vK‡e| weRq †jLvwU _vK‡e jvj i‡½| Kw¤úDUvi Ab Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ GwU Bs‡iRx‡Z
wWdë _vK‡e|
* weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 e¨envi K‡i evsjv UvBc Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e gvB‡μvmdU IqvW©, I‡cb Awdm ev Kw¤úDUv‡i †jLv hvq Ggb
†Kvb Gwcø‡Kkb I‡cb Kiæb| Avcwb Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡RI weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| MÖvwd· (†hgb d‡Uvkc,
Bjvm‡UªUi wmGm 2), †cR †gK Avc (†hgb BbwWRvBb wmGm 2 ev †KvqvK© G·‡cÖm 7.0) wfwWI GwWwUs (†hgb wcÖwgqvi †cÖv),
WvUv‡eR (†hgb GK‡mm, GmwKDGj, IivKj), B-†gBj Ges B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î weRq evqv‡bœv 2009 e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Gevi Avcbvi mvg‡b †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ A‡bK¸‡jv c_ †Lvjv _vK‡e| Gi mv‡_ _vK‡e WvUv KbfvU© Kivi KbfvU©vi e¨envi Kivi
my‡hvM|
weRq evqv‡bœv 2009-Gi K¬vwmK †gvW me‡P‡q e¨eüZ nq| K¬vwmK †gvW gv‡b n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvmwK †KvW e¨envi K‡i Avgiv
1987 mv‡j †h evsjv fvlv cÖPjb K‡iwQjvg Zvi HwZn¨evnx aviv| 1993 mv‡j Avgiv weRq-Gi †h DB‡ÛvR ms¯‹iYwU cÖKvk Kwi
Zvi cwigvwR©Z Gb‡KvwWs n‡jv weRq K¬vwmK-Gi| GB †gv‡W KvR Kivi Rb¨ Kx‡evW© w`‡q Ctrl+Alt+b UvBc Kiæb|
Gevi SutonnyMJ ev bv‡gi †k‡l MJ Av‡Q Ggb Ab¨ †Kvb d›U evQvB Kiæb|
* Gevi weRq Kx‡evW© Abymv‡i UvBc Kiæb| Avcwb evRv‡i weRq Kx‰evW© †jAvDU gyw`ªZ Kx‡evW© cv‡eb| Z‡e weRq Kx‡evW© †jAvDU
gyw`ªZ bq, Ggb Ab¨vb¨ Kx‡evW© w`‡qI Avcwb weRq ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kx†evW© †jAvDU Abymv‡i evsjv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|
* evsjv †jLv ïiæ Kivi ci Avcwb hw` Avevi weRq Kx‡evW© Abymv‡i evsjv UvBc Kivi cvkvcvwk Bs‡iRx UvBc Ki‡Z Pvb Z‡e
Avevi Ctrl+Alt+b UvBc Kiæb Ges bv‡gi †k‡l Gg‡R †bB, Ggb (Bs‡iRx) d›U evQvB Kiæb|
BDwb‡KvW e¨envi
weRq evqv‡bœv 2009-Gi GKwU Abb¨ ˆewkó¨ n‡jv †h G‡Z BDwb‡KvW e¨envi Kiv hvq| GRb¨ Avcwb K‡›Uªvj AjUvi wf UvBc
Ki‡eb| GRb¨ Avcwb SutonnyOMJ d›U evQvB Ki‡eb|
weRq KbfvU©vi e¨envi
g‡b Kwi‡q w`w”Q †h, GB mdUIq¨v‡ii mv‡_ GKwU KbfvU©vi BÝUj n‡e| †mwU n‡jv weRq 2003 †_‡K weRq K¬vwmK| Avcwb weRq
evqv‡bœv 2009 BÝUj Ki‡j gvB‡μvmdU IqvW© G GKwU bZzb †gby †hvM n‡e hvi bvg n‡e weRq | IqvW© 2007-Gi GW Bbm
†gby‡Z GwU cvIqv hv‡e| †mLv‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Avcwb KbfvU©viwU cv‡eb|
WKz‡g›U KbfvU© Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb Iqv‡W© (2003 ev 2007) †mB WKz‡g›UwU Lyj‡eb| H mg‡q Ab¨ †Kvb IqvW© WKz‡g›U Lyj‡ebbv
ev †Lvjv ivL‡eb bv| Gici Avcwb †gby †_‡K Avcbvi cQ›`g‡Zv KbfvU©viwU evQvB Ki‡eb| jÿ¨ Ki‡eb, KgvÛ †`evi ci
gyn‚‡Z©i gv‡SB Avcwb Acv‡ikb KgwcøU bv‡gi GKwU msjvc Ni cv‡eb| Gi A_© `vov‡e †h KbfvU©vi Avcbvi WKz‡g›U KbfvU© K‡i
†d‡j‡Q| GKUz eo WKz‡g›U n‡j mgq GKUz †ekx jvM‡Z cv‡i| Gevi Avcwb †mB msjvc N‡i I‡K Ki‡jB Avcbvi mvg‡b KbfvU©
Kiv WKz‡g›UwU cÖKvwkZ n‡e|
weRq UvBc wUDUi e¨envi
Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv UvBc Ki‡Z Rvbvi KvRUv‡K Ab‡KB LyeB
KwVb e‡j g‡b K‡ib| GB KwVb KvRwU‡K mnR Kivi Rb¨
Ges Lye mn‡RB evsjv UvBc Ki‡Z †kLvi Rb¨ Avgiv GKwU
UvBwcs †kLvi mdUIq¨vi ˆZix K‡iwQ| weRq UvBc wUDUi
bvg‡i GB mdUIq¨viwU weRq (DB‡ÛvR)-Gi mv‡_ cÖ`vb Kiv
n‡”Q| GB UvBc wUDUi mdUIq¨viwU w`‡q †h‡Kvb bwek
wkÿv_©x weRq Kx‡evW© w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv UvBc Kiv wkL‡Z
cv‡ib| UvBc Ki‡Z †kLv kiæ Kivi Av‡M Avcwb wKfv‡e evsjv
hy³vÿi ˆZix nq †mwU Rvbyb| Avgv‡`i †ekxi fvM gvbyl

25
A‡bK¸‡jv evsjv hy³vÿi †Kgb K‡i ˆZix nq †mwU Rv‡bbbv| weRq Kx‡evW© evsjv hy³ÿi ˆZixi wbqg †g‡b P‡j| d‡j †mwU
hy³vÿi mn‡RB ˆZix Ki‡Z cv‡i|
weRq UvBc wUDUi Pvjvevi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K ÷vU©/‡cÖvMÖvgm/Avb›` Kw¤úDUvm© †_‡K weRq UvBc dv÷© evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e| ZLb Avcbvi
UvBc wUDUi mdUIq¨viwU Pvjy n‡e| Gici Avcbvi mvg‡b †h c`©vwU Avm‡e Zv w`‡q evsjv gyj eY© UvBc Kiv ïiæ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Gici μgvš^‡q hy³eY©, Ges evsjv †U·U Avcwb UvBc Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GgbwK Avcwb B‡”Q Ki‡j bZzb Mí †hvM K‡i UvBc Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb| mdUIq¨viwU Avcbvi AMÖMwZ Ges `ÿZv gyj¨vqb Ki‡e| d‡j Avcwb eyS‡Z cvi‡eb †h GwU K‡ZvUv KvR Ki‡Q|

d‡›Ui bgybv
weRq -Gi Rb¨ cÖYxZ d›U¸‡jvi Gb‡KvwWs I ˆewkó¨ bvbv ai‡bi Av‡Q| Avcwb hLb MJ Av‡Q Ggb d›U evQvB K‡ib ZLb †mwU
DB‡ÛvR Gi K¬vwmK, K¬vwmK †cÖv Ges GKz‡ki K¬vwmK †gvW mg_©b K‡i| g¨v‡Ki †hme d‡›Ui †k‡l MJ †bB †m¸‡jv g¨vK
I.Gm 9 Gi Rb¨ cÖYxZ| †hme d‡Èi †k‡l OMJ Av‡Q †m¸‡jv BDwb‡KvW d›U| †hme d‡›Ui Av‡M AMJ Av‡Q †m¸‡jv K¬vwmK
†cÖv-Gi Amgxqv ms¯‹i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖYxZ| GMJ Av‡Q Ggb d›U †Mvì ms¯‹i‡Yi Rb¨| EMJ Av‡Q Ggb d›U G·cvÛ Ges CMJ
Av‡Q Ggb d›U Kb‡WÝW d›U| Zvi gv‡b n‡jv EOMJ ev COMJ n‡jv BDwb‡KvW G·cvÛ ev BDwb‡KvW Kb‡WÝW| †Zgwb
EGMJ ev CGMJ n‡jv †Mvì G·cvÛ ev †Mvì Kb‡WÝW| weRq -Gi d‡›Ui gv‡S bZzb hy³ n‡jv Av‡iv wZbwU we‡kl G‡d±m
d›U| G¸‡jv n‡”Q K‡jR (LMJ), w_ªwW (TMJ) †MÖwW‡q›U (NMJ) Ges w_ªwW †MÖwW‡q›U (PMJ) |

bx‡P Avgiv weRq -Gi d‡›Ui bvg Ges bgybv cÖKvk KiwQ|
Avwoqvj Lv: Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
AvÎvB: Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
fvwMi_x: Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
ˆfie : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
eskvB : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
eivK: Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
eovj : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
eªþcyÎ : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
eywoM½v : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
eywoM½v mykªx : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
P›`ªveZx gvÎv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
P›`ªveZx : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
P›`ªveZx mykªx : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
wPÎv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
P›`bv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
XvKvi wPwV : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm

26
avbwmwo: Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
a‡jk¦ix : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
aby : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
aijv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
M½v : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
M½vmvMi : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
†NvovIÎv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
†MvgwZ : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
MovB : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
nvj`v : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
ûMwj : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
BQvgwZ : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
hgybv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
hyMvšÍi : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
KvwjM½v : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
Kvwjw›` : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
KvÂb : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
KY©dzjx : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
KxZ©b‡Lvjv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
†LvqvB gvÎ: Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
†LvqvB : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
KxwZ©bvkv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
KsmgvÎv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
Ksm: Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
K‡cvZvÿ : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
K‡iZvqv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
KzgviLvwj : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm

27
Kzwkqviv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
†gNbv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
gaygwZ : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
gMov : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
gnvb›`v : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
gby : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
beM½v : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
bimy›`v : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
cÙv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
cvqiv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
cik : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
cik mykªx : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
wcw¼ : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
cïi : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
cybf©ev : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
wibwK : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
wibwK mykªx: Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
iƒcmv: Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
myigv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
mgKvj : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
kvj`v : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
myMÜv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
†mv‡gk¦ix : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
myZš^x : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
myZš^x mykªx : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
wZ¯Ív : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
wZZvm : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
Zš^xevsjv : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
Zš^x : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
Z¯^xmykªx: Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
ZzivM : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
Dwg© : Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
weRq Qvov cÖwZwU d‡›UiB †evì, BUvwjK, Ges †evì BUvwjK iƒc Av‡Q| Z‡e BDwb‡KvW d‡›Ui Gme iƒc †bB| KviY Gi d‡j d›U
dvB‡ji AvKvi A‡bK eo n‡q hvq|
K¬vwmK d‡›Ui ¯^vfvweK, †evì, BUvwjK Ges †evì BUvwjK iƒ‡ci bgybv|
myZš^x : ¯^vfvweK Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
myZš^x : †evì Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
myZš^x : BUvwjK Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm
myZš^x : †evì BUvwjK Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv Avwg †Zvgvq fvjevwm

28
 cÂg Aa¨vq: evsjv kã web¨vm
nvRvi eQi Av‡M Rb¥ †bqv evsjv fvlv ev c„w_exi Ab¨ mKj fvlvB nv‡Z wj‡L hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| Avw` hy‡M gvbyl Mv‡Qi cvZvq-
gvB‡μvmdU IqvW©-Gi wewfbœ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Rb¨ wewfbœ ms¯‹iY
W‡mi Rb¨: b‡f¤^i 83, IqvW© 1.0, 1985 IqvW 2.0, 1986 IqvW© 3.0, 1987 IqvW© 4.0, 1989 IqvW© 5.0 1991 IqvW©
5.0, 1993 IqvW© 6.0|
†gwK‡›Uv‡mi Rb¨: 1985 IqvW© 1.0, 1987 IqvW© 3.0, 1989 IqvW© 4.0, 1991 IqvW© 5.0, 1993, IqvW© 6.0, 1998 IqvW©
98, 2000 IqvW© 2001, 2001 IqvW© G·, 2004 IqvW© 2004|
DB‡Ûv‡Ri Rb¨: 1989 DB‡ÛvR 2.0 ms¯‹i‡Yi Rb¨ IqvW© 1.0, 1990 DB‡ÛvR 3.0-Gi Rb¨ IqvW© 1.1, 1990 Ryb
DB‡ÛvR 3.1-Gi Rb¨ IqvW© 1.1G, 1991 IqvW© 2.0, 1993 IqvW© 6.0, 1995 IqvW© 95, 1997 IqvW© 97, 1999 IqvW©
2000, 2001 IqvW© 2002 ev G·wc, 2003 IqvW© 2003 Ges 2006 IqvW© 2007| GQvovI †Rwb·-Gi Rb¨ IqvW© ˆZix
Kiv nq|
evK‡j, ¸nvi cv_‡i cv_i ev Ab¨ wKQz w`‡q wj‡L g‡bi fve cÖKvk Ki‡Zv| GK mg‡q gvbyl cvLxi cvjK, ev‡ki KwÂ, avZzi wbe
Gi mv‡_ dzj ev cvZvi is, ivmvqwbK Kvwj BZ¨vw` w`‡q Mv‡Qi cvZv ev KvM‡R
wj‡L fvlv‡K mvg‡b wb‡q G‡m‡Q| gvbemf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m nvRvi nvRvi eQ‡ii
Gme cÖvPxb cyw_ Avgv‡`i †MŠi‡ev¾¡j BwZnvm iPbv K‡i| evsjvi cÖvPxb cyw_,
Ph©vc`I †Zgwb nv‡Z †jLv GK gnvm¤ú`| Ggb Av‡iv A‡bK cÖvPxb cyw_ GLb
Avgiv cvVvMv‡i Rv`yN‡i †`L‡Z †c‡Z cvwi| AwZ PgrKvi K¨vwjIMÖvwd‡Z fiv
Gme cyw_ ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q †h Avgv‡`i c~e©cyiæliv K‡Zv my›`ifv‡e evsjv
wjL‡Z cvi‡Zb| Avgiv evsjv d›U P›`ªveZx Ggb GKwU cyw_i nid †_‡K D™¢veb
K‡iwQ| †mwU †`L‡jB Abyfe Kiv hvq †h, evsjv nid K‡Zv my›`ifv‡e †jLv
hvq| Z‡e we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj fvlvB `ªæZ cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _v‡K hLb †mB fvlv h‡š¿
†jLvi e¨e¯’v nq| h‡š¿ †jLvi e¨vcviUv ïiæ nq GKw`‡K gy`ªY h‡š¿ Ab¨w`‡K
UvBcivBUv‡i|
Avgiv Rvwb Rvg©vbxi ¸‡UbevM© 1554 mv‡j we‡k¦i cÖ_g gyw`ªZ eB cÖKvk K‡ib| UvBcivBUv‡ii cÖ_g †W‡gv g‡Wj
1778 mv‡j
evsjv eB Qvcv
nq| QvcvLvbvi GB avivwUi cvkvcvwk ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvR‡b nv‡Z
†jLv Pj‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e UvBcivBUvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU e¨w³MZ
gy`ªY hš¿ hv `ywbqvUv‡KB e`‡j w`‡q‡Q| GB hš¿wUi eZ©gvb
ms¯‹iY ejv hvq Kw¤úDUvi‡K| e¯‘Z UvBcivBUvi cÖ_‡g hvwš¿K,
c‡i B‡jKwUªK Ges ZviI c‡i gvB‡μvcÖ‡mmiwfwËK nq| Z‡e
Gi ïiæUv nq Kx‡evW© †_‡K|

Bs‡iRx †KvqvwU© Kx‡evW© I UvBcivBUvi

evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU gvwmK cwÎKvq (Aaybvjyß Kw¤úDUvi Uzg‡iv)
Avgvi weRq Kx‡evW© bKj Kiv wel‡q GKwU wbeÜ cÖKvk Kivi ci
XvKvi cÖwZôvb mywcwiqi B‡jKUªwb· XvKvi wbgœ Av`vj‡Z Avgvi
weiæ‡× GKwU gvbnvwbi gvgjv K‡i| H gvgjvq mvÿx w`‡Z †M‡j
ev`x c‡ÿi DwKj Avgvi Kv‡Q cÖkœ K‡ib, Kx‡evW© †jAvD‡Ui
Avevi KwcivBU wK? welqwU wQ‡jv Ggb †h Zviv we‡`k †_‡K
Kx‡evW© Avg`vbx Kivi mgq Zv‡Z Avgvi weRq Kx‡evW© †jAvDU
gy`ªY K‡i wb‡q Avm‡Zv| Avwg Zv‡Z ÿzä nB Ges †mB
Avg`vbxKviK‡K ÒcvB‡iUÓ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kwi| Avg`vbxKviK
cÖ_g UvBcivBUvi
mywcwiwqi B‡jKUªwb· `vex K‡i †h, Zviv Avgvi weRq Kx‡ev‡W©i

29
†Kvb KwcivBU f½ Ki‡Q bv| myZivs Zv‡K cvB‡iU ejvq Zvi gvbnvwb n‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i gvgjvwU wQ‡jv Kx‡evW© †jAvD‡Ui KwcivBU
nq wKbv Zvi Dci| myZivs GwU cÖgvY Kiv Avgvi Rb¨ LyeB
Riæix wQ‡jv †h, Kx‡evW© †jAvD‡Ui KwcivBU ev †c‡U›U nq
wKbv| Avgvi wb‡Ri Kx‡evW© †jAvD‡Ui KwcivBU wbeÜb
wQ‡jv| wKš‘ Zviv evievi ejwQ‡jv †h, Bs‡iwR Kx‡ev‡W©i †Kvb
KwcivBU †bB| †Kvbw`b Gi KwcivBU ev †c‡U›UI wQ‡jv bv|
†mB m~Î a‡iB Avgv‡K mÜvb Ki‡Z nq, Kx‡ev‡W©i Rb¥K_v|
m¤¢eZ Kx‡evW© msμvšÍ Gme Z_¨ Avgv‡K me‡P‡q †ewk mnvqZv
K‡i‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g KwcivBU msμvšÍ H gvgjvq wRZ‡Z|
AvRKvj †Kvb Z_¨ AbymÜvb Kiv LyeB mnR KvR| B›Uvi‡b‡U
¸Mj/Bqvû †_‡K mvP© K‡i Avgiv cÖvq mKj Z_¨B †c‡Z cvwi|
G‡ÿ‡ÎI ewZμg n‡jv bv| Avwg G wel‡q
(http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bltypewrit
er.htm) I‡qewj¼ †_‡K Rvbjvg †h, Christopher Latham
Sholes (1819-1890) was a U.S. mechanical 1878 mv‡j GB Kx‡evW© †jAvDUwUiB †c‡U›U MÖnY Kiv
engineer who invented the first practical modern nq, hv †KvqvwU© Kx‡evW© bv‡g cwiwPZ|
typewriter, patented in 1868. Sholes invented the
typewriter with partners S. W. Soule and G. Glidden, that was manufactured (by Remington Arms
Company) in 1873. He was born on February 14, 1819 in Mooresburg, Pennsylvania, and died on
February 17, 1890 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
g¨vwi †ejm bvgK GKR‡bi †jLv GB wbe‡Ü ¯úóZB ejv nq †h, 1868 mv‡j, Ggb wK UvBcivBUvi hš¿wU evRv‡i Avmvi Av‡MB
GKwU Kx‡evW© †jAvDU †c‡U‡›UW nq| GB wbeÜ †_‡K Av‡iv Rvbv hvq †h, GB hš¿wU 1866 mv‡j Avwe®‹…Z nq Ges cieZ©x cvP
eQi Gi Dci bvbv M‡elYv Kiv nq| 1868 mv‡j cÖ_g Avwe®‹v‡ii c¨v‡U›U MÖnY Kivi ci †mvjm GB h‡š¿i Av‡iv `ywU †c‡U›U
MÖnY K‡ib| 1878 mv‡j †h c¨v‡U›UwU MÖnY Kiv nq †mwUB e¯‘Z eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ Bs‡iwR Kx‡evW©|
Z‡e c¨v‡U›U MÖnYKvix †mvjm wb‡R Lye ˆah©¨kxj gvbyl wQ‡jb bv Ges wb‡R GB h‡š¿i fwel¨r wb‡q Lye Avkvev`x wQ‡jb bv| d‡j
wZwb GB hš¿wUi c¨v‡U›U †Wbm‡gvi bvgK GK f`ª‡jv‡Ki Kv‡Q wewμ
K‡i †`b| †Wbm‡gvi wbDBq‡K©i Bwjq‡bi B.†iwgsUb GÛ mÝ bvgK
GKwU e›`yK wbg©vZv cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ Pzw³ K‡i †mvjm-wMø‡Wb bv‡gi
GKwU UvBcivBUvi 1874 mv‡j cÖ_g evRv‡i Qv‡ob| wKš‘ †iwgsU‡bi
GB g‡WjwU Lye mdj nqwb| GB g‡WjwUi me‡P‡q eo `ye©jZv wQ‡jv
†h G‡Z ïaygvÎ eo nv‡Zi Aÿi UvBc Kiv †h‡Zv|
GB Kx‡evW©wUi Rb¥ †bqv m¤ú‡K© Lye gRvi DcvL¨vb Av‡Q| GB
UvBcivBUv‡ii †evZvg¸‡jv‡Z cÖ_‡g Bs‡iwR eY©¸‡jv G, we, wm, wW GB
iƒ‡c mvRv‡bv n‡qwQ‡jv| wKš‘ UvBc Ki‡Z wM‡q †`Lv †M‡jv †h G‡Z
UvBcivBUviwU R¨vg n‡q hvq| GRb¨ eûj e¨eüZ eY©¸‡jv‡K Qwo‡q
wQwU‡q †`evi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G m¤ú‡K© GKwU wd«Kz‡qwÝ ÷vwW Kiv nq
Ges †mB ÷vwWi wfwˇZB eZ©gv‡bi †KvqvwU© Kx‡evW© Rb¥ †bq| G
m¤ú‡K© gšÍe¨ Kiv nq, ÒThe keyboard arrangement was
considered important enough to be included on Sholes'
UvBcivBUv‡ii evwYR¨ mdj GKwU g‡Wj patent granted in 1878, some years after the machine
was into production. QWERTY's effect, by reducing
those annoying clashes, was to speed up typing rather
than slow it down." (D™¢ve‡bi K‡qK eQi ci †mvj‡mi 1878 mv‡ji c¨v‡U‡›U Kx‡evW© web¨vm ev †jAvDUwU‡K h‡_ó
¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡ePbv K‡i AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq| †KvqvwU© Kx‡evW© †jAvDUwU Kvh©Z weiw³Ki msNl© Kwg‡q UvBc Kivi MwZ Kgv‡bvi
cwie‡Z© evovq)

30
ejv nq, 1878 mv‡j evRv‡i Qvov †iwgsU‡bi wØZxq UvBcivBUvi g‡WjwU `viæY RbwcÖq nq| G‡Z cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv wkdU Ges
U¨ve †evZvg hy³ Kiv nq| wkdU
†evgv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ †QvU nv‡Zi nid
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ÒIn the decades following the original Remington, many alternative keyboards came and went. Then,
in 1932, with funds from the Carnegie Foundation, Professor August Dvorak of Washington State
University, set out to develop the ultimate typewriter keyboard once and for all.
Dvorak went beyond Blickensderfer in arranging his letters according to frequency. Dvorak's home
row uses all five vowels and the five most common consonants: AOEUIDHTNS. With the vowels on
one side and consonants on the other, a rough typing rhythm would be established as each hand would
tend to alternate.
With the Dvorak keyboard, a typist can type about 400 of the English language's most common words
without ever leaving the home row. The comparable figure on QWERTY is 100. The home row letters
on Dvorak do a total of 70% of the work. On QWERTY they do only 32%.
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UvBcivBUvi Rb¥ †bevi ci †mwU B‡jKwUªK nq| Gici Rb¥ †bq †WwW‡K‡UW IqvW© cÖ‡mmi| Kvjμ‡g Kw¤úDUvi IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii
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†KD AwZμg Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| GgbwK Kw¤úDUv‡i Avmvi ciI †mB kZvãxcÖvPxb Kx‡evW©B gvbyl e¨envi Ki‡Z _v‡K|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii IqvW© cÖ‡mmi

hw`I 69 mv‡j gvB‡μvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹…Z nq Ges 71 mv‡j GwU evRv‡i Av‡m Z_vwc GKwU Kvh©Ki evwYwR¨K wcwmi Rb¥ nq 1976
mv‡j-G¨vcj wcwmi ga¨ w`‡q| Z‡e Zv‡Z Lye fv‡jv †Kvb IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi wQ‡jv bv| The first computer word
processors were line editors, software-writing aids that allowed a programmer to make changes in a
line of program code. Altair programmer Michael Shrayer decided to write the manuals for computer
programs on the same computers the programs ran on. He wrote the somewhat popular and the actual
first PC word processing program, the Electric Pencil in 1976. Some other early word processor
programs were Apple Write I, Samna III, Word, WordPerfect and Scripsit. G¨vcj eis †¯úªWkxU mdUIq¨vi
wfwmK¨vé-Gi Rb¨ A‡bK †ewk cwiwPZ wQ‡jv| IqvW© cÖ‡mwms m¤ú‡K© cwЇZiv Ggb msÁv cÖ`vb K‡ib, Ò Word processing
can be defined as the manipulation of computer generated text data including creating, editing, storing,
retrieving and printing a document." GB msÁv Abymv‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ cÖK…Z IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii Rb¥ 1979 mv‡j|

31
gvB‡μv‡cÖv B›Uvib¨vkbvj bv‡gi GKwU cÖwZôvb H eQi IqvW© ÷vi bv‡gi GKwU IqvW© cÖ‡mmi evRviRvZ K‡i| IqvW© ÷v‡ii Rb¥
m¤ú‡K© ejv nq, Seymour Rubenstein first started developing an early version of a word processor for
the IMSAI 8080 computer when he was director of marketing for IMSAI. He left to start MicroPro
International Inc. in 1978 with only $8,500 in cash. Software programmer Rob Barnaby was
convinced to leave IMSAI and tag along with Rubenstein and MicroPro. Barnaby wrote the 1979
version of WordStar. Jim Fox, Barnaby's assistant, ported (re-wrote for a different operating
system) WordStar from the CP/M operating system to MS/PC DOS.
Note: The CP/M operating system was developed by Gary Kildall, founder of Digital Research,
copywritten in 1976 and released in 1977. MS/PC DOS is the famous operating system introduced
by MicroSoft and Bill Gates in 1981.
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UvBcivBUvi Kx‡evW© ˆZix K‡ib, Avgiv hv‡K gybxi Kx‡evW© e‡j Rvwb, †mwUB Kvjμ‡g AcwUgv-gybxi UvBcivBUvi wn‡m‡e
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K‡i| ivR‰bwZK ÿgZvi e‡`Šj‡Z GB Kx‡ev‡W©i cÖ‡YZv Rbve †di‡`Šm †Kv‡ikx GB Kx‡evW©wU‡K evsjv GKv‡Wgxi Aby‡gv`b
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Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ evsjv Kx‡evW©

1987 mv‡ji 16B †g Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡i cÖ_g evsjv cwÎKv mvßvwnK Avb›`cÎ cÖKvwkZ nq| GB cwÎKvq e¨envi Kiv nq
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evsjv eY©web¨vm I cÖ_g hy‡Mi G¨vwcø‡Kkbmg~n

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IqvW© 2003 w`‡q evsjv IqvW© cÖ‡mwms

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33
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34
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ZvI Zyjbvnxb| gvB‡μvmd‡Ui fvl¨g‡Z G‡Z wb‡R U¨ve hy³ Kiv hv‡e| Gi cwiwPZ| Gevi Iqv‡W© Avcwb G¨vcj †gbyi
mv‡_ wieb hy³ Kiv hv‡e ev evB‡i †_‡K Gi mv‡_ cy‡ivcywi m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv g‡Zv IqvW© †gby cv‡eb| IqvW© †gby‡Z Av‡Q
hv‡e| dvBj †gbyi KgvÛ¸‡jv| Z‡e Gi mv‡_ evowZ
Kvh©Z Gev‡ii B›Uvi‡dmwU n‡jv †gby Avi Kgv‡Ûi e`‡j U¨ve Avi wieb| hy³ n‡jv mv¤úªwZK WKz‡g›U¸‡jvi ZvwjKv|
G‡Z GKwU gvÎ †gby Av‡Q-hv‡K Avwg IqvW© †gby ewj| GB †gbywU Av‡Mi
ms¯‹iY¸‡jvi dvBj †gbyi weKí| GQvov G‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv U¨ve Av‡Q †hme U¨v‡ei cÖwZwUi mv‡_ hy³ Av‡Q A‡bK¸‡jv K‡i MÖæc
Ges †mBme MÖæ‡ci mv‡_ hy³ Av‡Q A‡bK¸‡jv K‡i wieb| Av‡M †hgbUv n‡Zv, wieb¸‡jv wd·W _vK‡Zv Ges wie‡bi evB‡ii KvR
Kivi Rb¨ †gby-KgvÛ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡Zv-Gevi †ZgbUv bq| †h‡nZz U¨v‡ei mv‡_ mv‡_ wieb e`jvq †m‡nZz Kvh©Z A‡bK¸‡jv

Dc‡ii wiebwU †cR †jAvDU U¨v‡ei| GB U¨v‡e †ek K‡qKwU MÖæc Av‡Q| †hgb: w_gm, †cR †mUAvc, †cR e¨vKMÖvDÛ,
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bv¤^vi, nvB‡d‡bkb, IqvUvi gvK©, †cR Kvjvi, †cR eW©vi, Bb‡W›U, †¯úwms GjvBb‡g›U BZ¨vw` wieb Av‡Q|

wieb †mU GKB ev‡i RvqMv K‡i wb‡q‡Q| myLei n‡jv cÖwZwU wie‡bi mv‡_B Avevi KgvÛ hy³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
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Ges wie‡bi wfbœZv Av‡Q| †hgb G‡·‡j MÖvd ˆZwii U¨ve _vK‡jI Iqv‡W© †mwU †bB|
GB U¨v‡ei †ÿ‡Î Av‡iv GKwU bZzbZ¡ n‡jv Kb‡U·yqvj U¨ve-Pjgvb U¨ve| GwU †Kvb WKz‡g‡›U †Kvb e¯‘ evQvB Kiv n‡j cvIqv
hvq| †hgb †KD GKwU Qwe evQvB Ki‡j Zvi mvg‡b GKwU wcKPvi U¨ve Av‡m| †mLvb †_‡K †m wcKPvi msμvšÍ KvR Ki‡Z

35
cvi‡e|
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wWRvBb BZ¨vw` cvIqv hvq| †h †KD B‡”Q Ki‡jB Gme M¨vjvix e¨envi K‡i †ckv`vix gv‡bi IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB
ai‡bi my‡hvM gvB‡μvmdU IqvK©m Ges wcÖ›Ukc mdUIq¨v‡i †ek Av‡M †_‡KB we`¨gvb wQ‡jv| gvB‡μvmdU IqvW© 2007-G bZzb
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Dc‡ii Qwe‡Z BbmvU© U¨ve †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z †kcm, †c‡Rm, gvwëwkcm, U¨vejm, †nWvi-dzUvi, †U·U, wj¼m wm¤^jm
BZ¨vw` MÖæc Ges GBme MÖæ‡ci wewfbœ AvBKb †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU MÖæ‡cB †`Lv hv‡”Q bvbv Ackb|

e¨enviKvixi c‡ÿ ZvrÿwYK wm×všÍ †bqv mnR nq| GB myweavwU A‡bKUv d‡Uvkc, †Kv‡ij d‡Uv †cB‡›Ui g‡Zv|
IqvW© 2007-Gi Av‡iv GKwU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv wgwb Uzjevi| hLbB e¨enviKvix †Kvb †U·U evQvB K‡i ZLb †m Lye cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz
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IqvW©-2007-Gi dvBj digvU e`‡j‡Q| GLb †_‡K bZzb GKwU G· eY© Iqv‡W©i dvB‡ji G·‡Ubk‡bi mv‡_ hy³ nq| GwU
Avm‡j G·GgGj digv‡Ui cÖZxK| GB digv‡U Iqv‡W©i WKz‡g›U mvBR kZKiv 70 fvM K‡g hvq| GQvov IqvW© GLb mivmwi

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Iqv‡W© evsjvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms

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hvq|

36
DB‡Ûv‡Ri I‡cb Awdm
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Kiv nq GwU †miKg cvB‡i‡UW Kwc wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi
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mdUIq¨vi| I‡cb †mvm© mdUIq¨vi gv‡b n‡jv, GwU †h
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wdm cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq bv| Z‡e B‡”Q Ki‡j Avcwb GB
cÖK‡íi Rb¨ `vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GwU †¯^”QvK…Z `vb-GRb¨
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mivmwi WvDb‡jvWI K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib| AvcwbI B‡”Q
Ki‡j GwU †Kej e¨envi bq, weZiYI Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
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mdUIq¨vi Zv‡Z AwZ PgrKvifv‡e KvR K‡i| evsjv
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Avgiv †Kvb Amyweavq cwowb| Kvh©Z gvB‡μvmdU Awdm
2007-G Gme Amyweav `~i Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Avgv‡`i
wb‡R‡`i we‡ePbvq A‡b‡Ki c‡ÿB Awdm 2007 Lye
mn‡R e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e n‡ebv| mwZ¨ K_v n‡jv, Avgiv
I‡cb Awd‡mi mnR mij B›Uvi‡dmUv‡K cQ›` K‡iwQ|
†h‡nZz GB mdUIq¨viwU w`‡q gvB‡μvmdU Iqv‡W©i
WKz‡g›U †Lvjv hvq Ges GB mdUIq¨v‡ii WKz‡g›U GgGm
Iqv‡W© †Lvjv hvq †m‡nZz GwU e¨envi Ki‡Z †Kvb mgm¨vI
nq bv| Dciš‘ GwU e¨envi K‡i cvB‡iwmi Acev` †_‡K
evPv hvq|

Ic‡b Awdm BÝUj Kivi Rb¨ Avcwb cÖ_‡g Aek¨B DB‡ÛvR G·wc
BÝUj K‡i wbb| Gici Avgv‡`i wmwWi DBb I‡cb Awdm 2.0
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w`‡j wKQzUv mgq c‡i Avcwb c‡ii msjvc NiwU cv‡eb| GLv‡b Avcwb
Avbc¨vK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡eb| GB KgvÛ †`evi ci Avcbvi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †W¯‹U‡c GKwU BÝUjvi †dvìvi ˆZwi n‡e| ILv‡b
BÝUjvi Zvi dvBj¸‡jv Rgv ivL‡e Ges †mLvb †_‡K Avcbvi
Kw¤úDUv‡i GB mdUIq¨viwU BÝUj n‡e|

37
Gici Avcwb BÝUjv‡ii wb‡`©k
Abymv‡i GwU BÝUj Ki‡Z
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38
Rvbv ARvbv
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mdUIq¨vi m¤ú‡K© P‚ovšÍ K_v †Kvb mg‡qB ejv hvq bv| Avgiv †hme mgm¨vi K_v GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Zvi evB‡iI A‡bK
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Avgv‡`i Zv‡`i mgm¨vi K_v Rvbvb| †dv‡b, †gB‡j ev WvK‡hv‡M Avgv‡`i‡K mgm¨vi K_v Rvbv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
1) cÖm½: GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wb‡j, weRq -Gi dvBj I‡cb n‡jI hy³vÿi e`‡j hvq| hv †jLv wQ‡jv Zvi
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ms¯‹iY¸‡jvi †KvwWs wfbœZvi Rb¨| Gme ms¯‹i‡Yi gv‡S d‡›Ui †KvW cwieZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avcwb hw` weRq -99 w`‡q †Kvb
GKwU dvBj ˆZwi K‡ib Ges †mwU hw` weRq 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004 ev weRq K¬vwmK †cÖv wKsev weRq K¬vwmK †cÖv 2007
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ms¯‹i‡Yi d›U w`‡qB dvBjwU Lyj‡Z n‡e| Avcwb B‡”Q Ki‡j dvB‡ji mv‡_ d›U hy³ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib|
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2007, weRq K¬vwmK †cÖv 2007 Ges weRq GKz‡k-Gi K¬vwmK †gvW-Gi d›U †KvW GK| Z‡e weRq GKz‡k BDwb‡KvW Ges
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2) cÖm½: Aÿi e`‡j hvIqv ev A`„k¨ n‡q hvIqv: †Kvb †Kvb wcÖ›Uv‡i (we‡klZ GBPwci ev Ab¨vb¨ eªv‡Ûi †cv÷w¯ŒÞ
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3) cÖm½: G‡Wvwe wcwWGd dvB‡j d›U Gg‡eW Kiv hvq bv|
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e¨envi Kiæb|
4) cÖm½: B›Uvi‡b‡U Gg‡R d›U e¨envi Ki‡j A‡bK mg‡q Aÿ‡ii c‡i †¯úm n‡q hvq|
mgvavb: Zš^x evsjv Gg‡R d›U e¨envi Kiæb|
5) cÖm½: B›Uvi‡b‡U Gg‡R/IGg‡R d›U †QvU †`Lvq|
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Kiv|
6) cÖm½: Iqv‡W© UvBc Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ †Kvb †Kvb Aÿi e`‡j hvq| †hgb i I n‡q hvq|
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UvBc BZ¨vw` U¨ve †_‡K mKj Ackb Ad K‡i w`b ev wUK wPý¸‡jv Zz‡j w`b|
7) cÖm½: d‡Uvkc, Bjvm‡UªUi wmGm, wmGm 2 †Z, msjvc N‡i, AvDUjyK G·‡cÖ‡m, †cR‡gKv‡i UvBc Ki‡j Wvb w`‡Ki
Aÿi †K‡U hvq|
mgvavb: weRq GKz‡k myeY© ms¯‹iY 2007 (DB‡ÛvR) e¨envi Kiæb|
8) cÖm½: †KvqvK© 6, 7, †cR‡gKvi, wcÖwgqvi †cÖv, g¨v· 8 BZ¨vw`‡Z K¬vwmK, K¬vwmK †cÖv w`‡q †jLv hvq bv|
mgvavb: weRq GKz‡k myeY© ms¯‹iY 2007 (DB‡ÛvR) e¨envi Kiæb|

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9) cÖm½: B›Uvi‡b‡U evsjv nid Gg‡eW Ki‡Z nq †Kgb K‡i
mgvavb: gvB‡μvmdU-Gi I‡qdU bvgK GKwU mdUIq¨vi w`‡q d›UwU‡K Gg‡eW Ki‡Z nq|
10) cÖm½: AZx‡Zi mgm¨v weRq GKz‡k myeY© ms¯‹iY 2007 (DB‡ÛvR)-G Av‡Q wK?
mgvavb: Avgiv 1987 mvj †_‡K evsjv mdUIq¨vi evRviRvZ Ki‡Z wM‡q bvbv mgm¨vi K_v †R‡bwQ| we‡kl K‡i 1988 mv‡j
weRq Kx‡evW© I mdUIq¨vi evRviRvZ Kivi ci Gi wewfbœ ms¯‹iY wewfbœ mdUIqªv‡ii bvbvfv‡e mgm¨v m„wó K‡i‡Q| Avgiv
ms‡ÿ‡c GLv‡b Zz‡j aiwQ †h †Kvb †Kvb mgm¨v Avcwb weRq GKz‡k myeY© ms¯‹iY 2007 (DB‡ÛvR) e¨envi Ki‡j cv‡eb
bv|
11) cÖm½: weRq KvR Kivi mgq KgvÛ KvR K‡i bv I n¨v½ nq
mgvavb: weRq GKz‡ki c‚e©eZ©x ms¯‹iY¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡j A‡bK G¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi A‡bK KgvÛ mwμq _vK‡Zv bv| †Kvb †Kvb
mgq weRq-Gi wR KgvÛ ev hy³vÿi ˆZwi Kivi KgvÛ KvR Ki‡Zv bv| †Kvb †Kvb mgq G¨vwcø‡Kkb n¨v½ Ki‡Zv|
weRq GKz‡k myeY© ms¯‹iY 2007 (DB‡ÛvR) G Gme mgm¨v †bB| Z‡e d‡Uvkc-G †¯úm w`‡q KgvÛ †`qv n‡j †mwU KvR
Ki‡ebv|
12) cÖm½: IqvW© †mUAvc Ki‡Z nq wK?
mgvavb: IqvW©-Gi A‡UvKv‡i±, †¯új †PKvi, A‡Uv digvU, A‡Uv †U·U BZ¨vw`i d‡j evsjv e`‡j hvIqv ev d‡›Ui bvg eyS‡Z
bv cvivi e¨vcviUv we`¨gvb bq Ges weRq GKz‡k myeY© ms¯‹iY 2007 (DB‡ÛvR)-G GB mgm¨v †bB Ges GRb¨ Iqv‡W©i
†Kvb †mUAvcI Ki‡Z n‡e bv|
13) cÖm½: weRq GKz‡k myeY© ms¯‹iY 2007 (DB‡ÛvR) G nU Kx †Kvb mgm¨v K‡i wK?
mgvavb: Kw¤úDUv‡i hw` †Kvb nU wK (†hgb GwUAvB-Gi MÖvwd· mdUIq¨v‡i _v‡K) BÝUj Kiv _v‡K Z‡e mdUIq¨viwU
wVKg‡Zv KvR Ki‡Zv bv| wKš‘ GLb †Zgb †Kvb mgm¨v †bB|

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