UNDEFINED TERMS PERPENDICULAR LINES 2 lines that intersect and

POINT - No dimensions form 4 right angles

- Represents location
- Represented by a small dot
LINE - extends in one dimension – PARALLEL LINES Coplanar lines that don’t
length intersect
- no width and thickness
- straight line w/ 2 CONCURRENT LINES 3 or more lines that have a
arrowheads to indicate that common point
line extends w/o end in 2
directions
SKEW LINES 2 lines that are not
PLANE - extends in 2 dimensions
coplanar, intersecting &
- infinite length & width
parallel
- extends w/o end
INTERSECTING PLANES Planes that intersect in a
SUBSETS OF A LINE
line
LINE SEGMENT - does not extend

RAY - extends in 1 direction only MIDPOINT Divides the segment into 2

congruent segments
OPPOSITE RAYS - 2 rays w/ a common initial
point
SEGMENT/LINE BISECTOR Segment, ray, line or plane
that intersects a segment
at its midpoint

UNDEFINED CONCEPTS BASIC POSTULATES

COLINEAR POINTS Points that lie on the same LINE POSTULATE For any 2 points, there is 1
line line that contains them
COPLANAR POINTS/LINES Points/lines that lie on the PLANE POSTULATE For any 3 non-collinear
same plane points, there is 1 plane that
contains them
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY/CONGRUENCE 2 POINTS DETERMINE A A line contains at least 2
REFLEXIVE a=a LINE points
SYMMETRIC If a = b then b = a PARALLEL LINE POST. Through a point not on a
TRANSITIVE If a =b and b=c then a=c given line, one & only one
SUBSTITUTION a=b, then a may be line parallel to the given line
substituted by b in any can be drawn
expression 3 POINTS DETERMINE A A plane contains at least 3
DISTRIBUTIVE a(b+c) = ab+bc PLANE non-collinear point
ADDITION a = b then a+c = b+c FLAT PLANE POST. If 2 points lie on a plane, then
SUBTRACTION a=b then a-c = b-c the line containing the points
MULTIPLICATION a=b then a(c) = b(c) lie on the plane
DIVISION a = b then a÷c = b÷c
INTERSECTION OF PLANES If 2 different planes intersect,
CONGRUENCE EQUALITY POST. then their intersection is a
Comparing 2 whole objects Comparing 2 explicit line
quantities (measurements) LINE INTERSECTION POST. If 2 lines intersect, their
intersection is a point
BASIC DEFINITIONS
INTERSECTING LINES Lines w/ common point ANGLES
- formed by 2 rays that start from the same point
- rays – sides of angles
- vertex – initial point of rays
 - sum of all the exterior angle measurements is
ANGLE MEASUREMENTS always 360º
ACUTE Greater than 0º but - 360º / n = measure of each exterior angle
less than 90º
PARALLEL LINES CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL
TRANSVERSAL- line that intersects 2 or more lines at
RIGHT Exactly 90º different points
OBTUSE More than 90º but less
than 180º

STRAIGHT Exactly 180º

REFLEX More than 180º but *examples in 3rd
less than 360º column*
CORRESPONDING Angles that
1&5, 2&6, 3&7,
occupy
4&8
COMPLETE/REVOLUTION Exactly 360º corresponding
(CONGRUENT)
locations
KINDS OF ANGLE PAIR ALTERNATE Angles that lie
ADJACENT Side by side & share a INTERIOR between the 3&6, 4&5
common ray parallel lines on
VERTICAL Opposite angles formed opposite sides of (CONGRUENT)
when 2 lines intersect the transversal
COMPLEMENTARY Angles that add up to 90º ALTERNATE Angles that lie
SUPPLEMENTARY Angles that add up to 180º EXTERIOR outside the 2&7, 1&8
LINEAR PAIR 2 adjacent angles that sum parallel lines on
up to 180º opposite sides of (CONGRUENT)
the transversal
POLYGON SAME-SIDE Angles that lie
- plane figure with closed regions INTERIOR inside the parallel 3&5, 4&6
- 3 or more segments at its sides lines on the same
CONVEX CONCAVE side of the (SUPP.)
Diagonals can be found Diagonals can be found in transversal
inside the polygon & at least 1 outside the SAME-SIDE Angles that lie
polygon EXTERION outside the 1&7, 2&8
More than 180º parallel lines on
the same side of (SUPP.)
the transversal

MORE POSTULATES, DEF’NS, THMS

DEFINITIONS
BETWEENNESS Only refers to collinear
points
ANGLE BISECTOR A ray that divides a angle
into 2 congruent angles
THEOREMS
TRIANGLE SUM THEOREM THEOREMS
- sum of all interior angle measurements of a triangle MIDPOINT [length]
is 180º if M is the midpoint of line
- # of sides – 2 = # of triangles segment AB then
- (# of triangles)(180º) = sum of interior angles AM=MB=1/2 AB
[coordinates]
POLYGON ANGLE SUM THEOREM the coordinate of the
- sum of the interior angle measurements of a convex midpoint of AB is A+B/2
polygon with n sides is (n-2)(180º)
VERTICAL ANGLE Vertical angles are congurent
- (n-2)(180º) / n = measure of each interior angle
CONGRUENT SUPPLEMENT Supplements of congruent
angles are congruent
EXTERIOR ANGLE SUM THEOREM
CONGRUENT Complements of congruent
COMPLEMENT angles are congruent
RIGHT ANGLE All right angles are - specific to general
congruent - patterns
- conclusions are a probability
POSTULATES Ex.
SEGMENT ADDITION If B is a point between A & C, The first 4 times Susan ate peanuts, she became ill.
then AB + BC = AC Her mother decided: peanuts are bad for Susan.
ANGLE ADDITION For any angle PQR, if A is the
interior for ∠ PQR the PROOF
m∠PQA + m∠AQR = - shows that the statements is true
m∠PQR - series of statements and reasons
LINEAR PAIR The angles in linear pair are DIRECT
supplementary - straightforward combination of facts, postulates,
definitions, theorems w/o making any further
KINDS OF STATEMENTS assumptions
1. CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS - forms:
- if–then statements o Two-column – formal
- in symbols, p  q (if p then q, p implies q) o Paragraph – informal
Ex. o Flow chart – informal
All right angles are congruent. INDIRECT
 If an angle is right, then it is congruent. - usually in paragraph form
* NEGATION - opposite of statement to be proven is assumed true
- writing the opposite of a statement until assumption leads to contradiction
- denial, contradiction, negative statement
- symbol: ~ (tilde) or ¬ (dash w a tail) PROPERTIES OF PARALLEL LINES CUT BY
2. CONVERSE STATEMENTS TRANSVERSAL
- qp PCAC/ CORRESPONDING Corresponding angles are
- switch the hypothesis and conclusion part of a ANGLES POST. congruent
conditional statement PAIC/ALTERNATE INTERIOR Alternate interior angles are
3. INVERSE STATEMENT ANGLES THM. congruent
- ¬p  ¬q PAEC/ALTERNATE Alternate exterior angles are
- negating the hypothesis & conclusion of a EXTERIOR ANGLES THM. congruent
conditional statement PSSIAS/SAME-SIDE Same-side interior angles are
INTERIOIR ANGLES supplementary
4. CONTRAPOSITIVE THEOREM
- ¬q  ¬p PSSEAS.SAME-SIDE Same-side exterior angles
- negating and switching the hypothesis and EXTERIOR ANGLES are supplementary
conclusion of a conditional statement

REASONING
- thinking logically & analytically
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
- general to specific
- arrives at specific conclusion based on
generalization
- conlcusion is true when hypothesis is true
- based of facts such as definitions, postulates to
arrive at conclusions
Syllogism – an argument arranged in 3 parts
1. Major Premise: General
2. Minor Premise: Specific
3. Conclusion: follows major & minor premise
locically
Ex.
All men are mortal.
Socrates is a man.
Socrates is mortal.

INDUCTIVE REASONING