Rotating Disks and Cylinders1

Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK
CHAPTER
10
ROTATING DISKS AND
1
CYLINDERS
SYMBOLS1
g acceleration due to gravity, m/s2 (ft/s2 )
r any radius, m (in)
ri inside radius, m (in)
ro outside radius, m (in)
h thickness of disk at radius r from the center of rotation, m (in)
h2 thickness of disk at radius r2 from the center of rotation, m (in)
uniform tensile stress in case of a disk of uniform strength,
MPa (psi)
tangential stress, MPa (psi)
r radial stress, MPa (psi)
z axial stress or longitudinal stress, MPa (psi)
density of material of the disk, kg/m3 (lbm /in3 )
! angular speed of disk, rad/s
Poisson’s ratio
Particular Formula
DISK OF UNIFORM STRENGTH

ROTATING AT ! rad=s (Fig. 10-1)
2
The thickness of a disk of uniform strength at radius r !
from center of rotation h ¼ h2 exp ðr r Þ
2 2
ð10-1Þ
2 2
SOLID DISK ROTATING AT ! rad=s

The general expression for the radial stress of a 3þ 2 2
r ¼ ! ðro r2 Þ ð10-2Þ
rotating disk of uniform thickness 8
10.1
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ROTATING DISKS AND CYLINDERS
10.2 CHAPTER TEN
Particular Formula
FIGURE 10-1 High-speed rotating disk of uniform strength. FIGURE 10-2 Rotating disk of uniform thickness.

The general expression for the tangential stress of a 3þ 1 þ 3 2
rotating disk of uniform thickness ¼ !2 r2o r ð10-3Þ
8 3þ
The maximum values of stresses are at the center, 3þ

where r ¼ 0, and are equal to each other rðmaxÞ ¼ ðmaxÞ ¼ !2 r2o ð10-4Þ
8
HOLLOW DISK ROTATING AT ! rad=s

(Fig. 10-2)

The general expression for the radial stress of a 3þ 2 2 2 r2o r2i 2
rotating disk of uniform thickness r ¼ ! ri þ ro 2 r ð10-5Þ
8 r
The general expression for the tangential stress of a

3þ r2 r2 1 þ 3 2
rotating disk of uniform thickness ¼ !2 r2i þ r2o þ o 2 i r ð10-6Þ
8 r 3þ
The maximum radial stress occurs at r2 ¼ ro ri 3þ 2

rðmaxÞ ¼ ! ðro ri Þ2 ð10-7Þ
8

ROTATING DISKS AND CYLINDERS 10.3
Particular Formula

The maximum tangential stress occurs at inner 3þ 2 2 1 2
boundary where r ¼ ri ðmaxÞ ¼ ! ro þ ri ð10-8Þ
4 3þ
SOLID CYLINDER ROTATING AT ! rad=s

The tangential stress !2
¼ ½ð3 2Þr2o ð1 þ 2Þr2 ð10-9Þ
8ð1 Þ

The radial stress !2 3 2
r ¼ ðr2o r2 Þ ð10-10Þ
8 1

The maximum stress occurs at the center !2 3 2 2
rðmaxÞ ¼ ðmaxÞ ¼ ro ð10-10aÞ
8 1
The axial strain in the z direction (ends free) !2 r2o

"z ¼ ð10-11Þ
2 E

The axial stress under plane strain condition (ends !2
free) z ¼ ðr2o 2r2 Þ ð10-12aÞ
4 1

The axial stress under plane strain condition (ends !2 1
constrained) z ¼ ð3 2Þr2o 2r2 ð10-12bÞ
4ð1 Þ 2
HOLLOW CYLINDER ROTATING AT !

rad=s
The tangential stress at any radius r " #
!2 3 2 r2 r2 1 þ 2 2
¼ r2i þ r2o þ i 2o r
8 1 r 3 2
ð10-13Þ

The radial stress at any radius r !2 3 2 r2 r2
r ¼ r2i þ r2o i 2 o r2 ð10-14Þ
8 1 r
The axial stress (ends free) at any radius r

!2
z ¼ ½r2i þ r2o 2r2 ð10-15Þ
4 1
The axial stress under plane strain conditions (ends

!2 3 2 2r2
constrained) at any radius r z ¼ r2i þ r2o ð10-16Þ
4 1 3 2
The maximum stress occurs at the inner surface where " #

!2 3 2 1 2 2
r ¼ ri ðmaxÞ ¼ ro þ
2
r ð10-17Þ
4 1 3 2 i

10.4 CHAPTER TEN
Particular Formula
The axial strain in the z direction (ends free) !2 2

"z ¼ ðr þ r2o Þ ð10-18Þ
2E i
"
The displacement u at any radius r of a thin hollow !2 r ð3 þ Þð1 Þ
rotating disk u¼
E 8
#
1 þ r2o r2i 1 þ 2
r2o þ r2i þ r ð10-19Þ
1 r2 3þ
SOLID THIN UNIFORM DISK ROTATING

AT ! rad=s UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE
po (Fig. 10-3)

The radial stress at any radius r 3þ
r ¼ po þ !2 ðr2o r2 Þ ð10-20Þ
8

The tangential stress at any radius r 3þ 1 þ 3 2
¼ po þ !2 r2o r ð10-21Þ
8 3þ

The maximum radial stress at r ¼ 0 3þ 2
rðmaxÞ ¼ po þ !2 ro ð10-22Þ
8
The maximum radial stress at r ¼ ro r ¼ po ð10-23Þ
The maximum tangential stress at r ¼ 0 ðmaxÞ ¼ rðmaxÞ ð10-24Þ

r !2
u¼ ð1 Þ po þ ½ð3 þ Þr2o ð1 þ Þr2
The displacement u at any radius r E 8
ð10-25Þ
FIGURE 10-3 Rotating disk of uniform thickness under external pressure.

Particular Formula
HOLLOW CYLINDER OF UNIFORM

THICKNESS ROTATING AT ! rad=s.
SUBJECT TO INTERNAL ( pi ) AND
EXTERNAL ( po ) PRESSURES (Fig. 10-4)

The general expression for the radial stress of a B !2 3 2
hollow cylinder of uniform thickness rotating at r ¼ A þ
r2 8 1
! rad/s under internal ð pi Þ and external ð po Þ pressure
at any radius r r2 r2
r2i þ r2o i 2 o r2 ð10-26Þ
r
The general expression for the tangential or hoop
B !2 3 2
stress of a hollow cylinder of uniform thickness ¼ A þ þ
r2 81
rotating at ! rad/s under internal ð pi Þ and external "
ð po Þ pressure at any radius r. #
r2i r2o 1 þ 2 2
ri þ ro þ 2
2 2
r ð10-27Þ
r 3 2
pi r2i po r2o r2i r2o ð pi po Þ

where A¼ ; B¼
r2o r2i r2o r2i
The tangential or hoop stress in a hollow cylinder pi ðr2i þ r2o Þ 2po r2o
rotating at ! rad/s under po and pi at r ¼ ri (Fig. 10-4) ð maxÞr ¼ ri ¼
r2o r2i
" #
!2 3 2 2 4 2
þ 2r2o þ r
8 1 3 2 i
ð10-28aÞ
pi ðr2i þ r2o Þ 2po r2o
¼
r2o r2i
" #
!2 3 2 2 1 2 2
þ ro þ r
4 1 3 2 i
ð10-28bÞ
FIGURE 10-4 FIGURE 10-5 FIGURE 10-6

10.6 CHAPTER TEN
Particular Formula
The tangential or hoop stress in a hollow cylinder 2pi r2i po ðr2o þ r2i Þ
rotating at ! rad/s under po and pi at r ¼ ro (Fig. ð maxÞr ¼ ro ¼
r2o r2i
10-4)

!2 3 2 1 2 2
þ r2i þ ro
4 1 3 2
ð10-29Þ
The tangential stress in a cylinder rotating at ! rad/s

pi r2i ðr2o þ r2 Þ !2 3 2
at any radius r when subjected to internal pressure ð Þpo ¼ 0 ¼ þ
r2 ðr2o r2i Þ 4 1
ð pi Þ only (Fig. 10-5) " #
r2i r2o 1 þ 2 2
ri þ ro þ 2
2 2
r ð10-30Þ
r 3 2
The tangential stress in a cylinder rotating at ! rad/s

po r2o ðr2 þ r2i Þ !2 3 2
at any radius r when subject to external pressure ð po Þ ð Þpi ¼ 0 ¼ þ
r2 ðr2o r2i Þ 4 1
only (Fig. 10-6) " #
2 2
ri ro 1 þ 2 2
r i þ ro þ 2
2 2
r ð10-31Þ
r 3 2
ROTATING THICK DISK AND CYLINDER

WITH UNIFORM THICKNESS SUBJECT
TO THERMAL STRESSES
" #
The hoop or tangential stress in thick disk or cylinder B !2 2 1 þ 3 2
at any radius r rotating at ! rad/s subject to pressure ¼ A þ 2 ð3 þ Þ ro r
r 8 3þ
po and pi
ð
E
ET þ 2 Tr dr ð10-32Þ
r
The radial stress in thick disk or cylinder at any radius ð

B !2 2 2 E
r rotating at ! rad/s subject to pressure po and pi r ¼ A ð3 þ Þðr o r Þ Tr dr
r2 8 r2
ð10-33Þ
where A and B are Lamé’s constants and can
be found from boundary or initial
conditions
¼ linear coefficient of thermal expansion, mm/8C

(in/8F)
T ¼ temperature, 8C or K (8F)
¼ density of rotating cylinder or disk material,
kg/m3 (lbm /in3 )
E ¼ modulus of material of disk or cylinder, GPa
(Mpsi)

Particular Formula
ROTATING LONG HOLLOW CYLINDER

WITH UNIFORM THICKNESS ROTATING
AT ! rad=s SUBJECT TO THERMAL
STRESS
The general expression for the radial stress in the
cylinder wall at any radius r when the temperature !2 3 2 r2 r2
r ¼ r2i þ r2o i 2 o r2
distribution is symmetrical with respect to the axis 8 1 r
and constant along its length. " ð ð ro #
E 4r2 di2 ro
þ Tr dr Tr dr
ð1 Þr2 do2 di2 ri ri
ð10-34Þ
The general expression for the tangential stress in the " #

cylinder wall at any radius r when the temperature !2 3 2 2 2 r2i r2o 1 þ 2 2
¼ ri þ ro þ 2 r
distribution is symmetrical with respect to the axis 8 1 r 3 2
and constant along its length. 2 ð
E 4r þ di2 ro
þ Tr dr
ð1 Þr2 do2 di2 ri
ð ro
þ Tr dr Tr2 ð10-35Þ
ri

The general expression for the axial stress in the !2
cylinder wall at any radius r when the temperature ¼ ½r2i þ r2o 2r2
4 1
distribution is symmetrical with respect to the axis ð ro
and constant along its length. E 8
þ Tr dr T ð10-36Þ
1 do2 di2 ri
where do ¼ 2ro and di ¼ 2ri
DEFLECTION OF A ROTATING DISK OF

UNIFORM THICKNESS IN RADIAL
DIRECTION WITH A CENTRAL CIRCULAR
CUTOUT
The tangential stress within elastic limit, , in a E
¼ ð10-37Þ
rotating disk of uniform thickness (Fig. 10-7) h
The expression for the inner deflection i , of rotating 2

n
thin uniform thickness disk with centrally located i ¼ 3:077 106 ð7:5K 2 þ 5Þ ð10-38Þ
1000
circular cut-out as per Stodalaa (Fig. 10-7)
a
Source: Stodala ‘‘Turbo-blower and compressor’’; Kearton, W. J. and Porter, L. M., Design Engineer, Pratt and Whitney
Aircraft; McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, U.S.A. Douglas C. Greenwood, Editor, Engineering Data for Product
Design, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1961.

10.8 CHAPTER TEN
FIGURE 10-7 Nomogram for radial deflection of rotating disks with constant thickness with a centrally located circular hole.

Particular Formula
The expression for the outer deflection o of rotating 2

n
thin uniform thickness disk with centrally located o ¼ 3:077 106 ð1:5K 2 þ 7:5KÞ ð10-39Þ
1000
circular cut-out as per Stodalaa (Fig. 10-7)
where
K ¼ ro =ri
¼ tangential stress, psi
¼ i þ o ¼ total deflection of disk, in
ri ¼ inner radius of disk, in
ro ¼ outer radius of disk, in
n ¼ speed, rpm
The Nomogram can be used for steel, magnesium and aluminum since the modulus of elasticity E ¼ 29 106 psi
(200 MPa) for steel and Poisson’s ratio ¼ 1=3. The error involved in using this equation with E and of steel for
aluminum is about 0.5% and for magnesium is 2.5%.
REFERENCES
1. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Volume I (SI and Customary
Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, 1986.
2. Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1994.
3. Douglas C. Greenwood, Engineering Data for Product Design, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York,
1961.
a
Source: Stodala ‘‘Turbo-blower and compressor’’; Kearton, W. J. and Proter, L. M., Design Engineer, Pratt and Whitney
Aircraft; McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, U.S.A. Douglas C. Greenwood, Editor, Engineering Data for Product
Design, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1961.


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Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK

DISK OF UNIFORM STRENGTH

SOLID DISK ROTATING AT ! rad=s

10.2 CHAPTER TEN

The maximum values of stresses are at the center, 3þ

HOLLOW DISK ROTATING AT ! rad=s

The general expression for the tangential stress of a

The maximum radial stress occurs at r2 ¼ ro ri 3þ 2

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)