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VB234 Apply Calculus to Engineering Problems

PART 1. DIFFERENTIATION

Introduction to differentiation
Introduction
This leaflet provides a rough and ready introduction to differentiation. This is a technique used
to calculate the gradient, or slope, of a graph at different points.

The gradient function

Given a function, for example, y = x2 , it is possible to derive a formula for the gradient of its graph.
We can think of this formula as the gradient function, precisely because it tells us the gradient
of the graph. For example,

when y = x2 the gradient function is 2x

So, the gradient of the graph of y = x2 at any point is twice the x value there. To understand how
this formula is actually found you would need to refer to a textbook on calculus. The important
point is that using this formula we can calculate the gradient of y = x2 at different points on the
graph. For example,
when x = 3, the gradient is 2 × 3 = 6.
when x = −2, the gradient is 2 × (−2) = −4.
How do we interpret these numbers? A gradient of 6 means that values of y are increasing at the
rate of 6 units for every 1 unit increase in x. A gradient of −4 means that values of y are decreasing
at a rate of 4 units for every 1 unit increase in x.
Note that when x = 0, the gradient is 2 × 0 = 0.
Below is a graph of the function y = x2 . Study the graph and you will note that when x = 3
the graph has a positive gradient. When x = −2 the graph has a negative gradient. When x = 0
the gradient of the graph is zero. Note how these properties of the graph can be predicted from
knowledge of the gradient function, 2x.
y
15
When x = 3 the gradient is positive
10 and equal to 6

When x = −2 the gradient is negative 5

and equal to −4.
When x = 0 the gradient is zero.
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 x
1 2 3 4

Example
When y = x3 , its gradient function is 3x2 . Calculate the gradient of the graph of y = x3 when a)
x = 2, b) x = −1, c) x = 0.

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Solution
a) when x = 2 the gradient function is 3(2)2 = 12.
b) when x = −1 the gradient function is 3(−1)2 = 3.
c) when x = 0 the gradient function is 3(0)2 = 0.

Notation for the gradient function

You will need to use a notation for the gradient function which is in widespread use.

dy
If y is a function of x, that is y = f (x), we write its gradient function as .
dx
dy
, pronounced ‘dee y by dee x’, is not a fraction even though it might look like one! This notation
dx
dy
can be confusing. Think of as the ‘symbol’ for the gradient function of y = f (x). The process
dx
dy
of finding is called differentiation with respect to x.
dx
Example
For any value of n, the gradient function of xn is nxn−1 . We write:
dy
if y = xn , then = nxn−1
dx
dy
You have seen specific cases of this result earlier on. For example, if y = x3 , = 3x2 .
dx

More notation and terminology

dy
When y = f (x) alternative ways of writing the gradient function, , are y  , pronounced ‘y dash’,
dx
df
or , or f  , pronounced ‘f dash’. In practice you do not need to remember the formulas for the
dx
gradient functions of all the common functions. Engineers usually refer to a table known as a Table
of Derivatives. A derivative is another name for a gradient function. Such a table is available on
the leaflet Table of Derivatives. The derivative is also known as the rate of change of a function.

Exercises
dy
1. Given that when y = x2 , dx
= 2x, find the gradient of y = x2 when x = 7.
2. Given that when y = xn , dy
dx
= nxn−1 , find the gradient of y = x4 when a) x = 2, b) x = −1.
3. Find the rate of change of y = x3 when a) x = −2, b) x = 6.
dy
4. Given that when y = 7x2 + 5x, dx
= 14x + 5, find the gradient of y = 7x2 + 5x when x = 2.

Answers
1. 14. 2. a) 32, b) −4. 3. a) 12, b) 108. 4. 33.

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A. BASIC RULES
1 Introduction to differential calculus
Differential calculus is the branch of mathematics that deals with the process of
differentiation, that is finding gradients of curves, rates of change and applications of
differentiation.

2 Limits

i) Definition
A limit in the mathematical sense is concerned with finding the limiting value of a
function f ( x) as x approaches the value of a.
The notation x → a is used to denote as x approaches the value of a
The notation lim f ( x) is used to denote the limiting value of the function f ( x )

Together lim f ( x) means the limiting value of the function f ( x) as x approaches the
x →a

value of a.

Example 1 Find lim x 2

x →3

Solution lim x = 9
2
x →3

Notice that this does not mean that when x = 3 then x 2 = 9 , what it states is that as x gets
closer and closer to the value of 3 then x 2 gets closer and closer to the value of 9.

ii) Theorems on limits

• lim c = c the limit of a constant function is c

x →a

• If lim f ( x) = L and lim g ( x) = M then lim ( f ( x) ± g ( x ) = L ± M

x →a x →a x →a

That is the limit of a sum ( or difference ) is the sum ( or difference ) of the limits.

• If lim f ( x) = L and lim g ( x) = M then lim ( f ( x) g ( x) ) = LM

x →a x →a x →a

That is the limit of a product is the product of the limits.

f ( x) lim f ( x) L
• If lim f ( x) = L and lim g ( x) = M then lim = x →a =
x →a x →a x →a g ( x) lim g ( x) M
x →a

That is the limit of a quotient is the quotient of the limits provided that M ≠ 0

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Example 2 Find lim ( 2 x 2 − 3x + 5 )

x →2

Solution

lim ( 2 x 2 − 3x + 5 ) by the properties of the limits

x →2

= lim 2 x 2 − lim 3 x + lim 5

x →2 x→2 x→2

= 8−6+5
=7

x2 − 9
Example 3 Find lim
x →3 x − 3

Solution

x2 − 9
= lim
x →3 x−3

= lim
( x + 3)( x − 3)
x →3 x−3
= lim ( x + 3) since x ≠ 3
x →3

=6

0
Note that we can’t merely substitute in x = 3 as this would give which is undefined.
0
0
To avoid having or in fact a 0 in the denominator we need to factorize and simplify
0
before taking the limit.
x 2 + 10 x − 24
Example 4 Find lim 2
x → 2 x + 4 x − 12

Solution
x 2 + 10 x − 24
= lim 2
x →2 x + 4 x − 12

= lim
( x − 2 )( x + 12 )
x →2 ( x − 2 )( x + 6 )

x + 12
= lim since x ≠ 2
x →2 x + 6

14 7
=
8 4

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x2 − 9
Example 5 Sketch the graph of the function f ( x) =
x −3
Solution

x 2 − 9 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
f ( x) = =
x −3 x−3
x + 3 if x ≠ 3
=
 undefined if x = 3

The function has a domain of R \ {3} and f (3) is undefined

Consider the table of values for f ( x) near x = 3

x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1

f ( x) 5.9 5.99 5.999 ? 6.001 6.01 6.1

we can see from the table of values that as x approaches the value of 3 from below 3 and
from above 3 the limiting value of the function approaches the value of 6. Hence 6 is the
limiting value. The function however is undefined at x = 3 and the graph below appears
to be a straight line with a hole in the graph at the point where x = 3 . Such graphs are
called discontinous at a point.

We say that as x approaches the value of 3 from ( the left ) or below x → 3− then
x2 − 9
lim = 6 and as x approaches the value of 3 from ( the right ) or above x → 3+
x →3− x − 3

x2 − 9
then lim+ = 6 although both of these limits exist and are equal f ( 3) does not exist,
x →3 x − 3

so the function not continous.

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iii) Infinite limits

The symbol infinity ∞ is really just a notation meaning as x gets very very large, and
1 1
lim = 0 and lim 2 = 0
x →∞ x x →∞ x

3x + 5
Example 6 Find lim
x →∞ 2 x − 5

Solution

3x + 5
lim dividing both the numerator and denominator by x
x →∞ 2 x − 5

3 x +5
= lim x
x →∞ 2 x −5
x

3 + 5x
= lim
x →∞ 2 − 5
x

3
=
2

3x 2 + 5 x − 4
Example 7 Find lim
x →∞ 2 x 2 − 7 x + 5

Solution

3x 2 + 5x − 4
lim dividing both the numerator and denominator by x 2
x →∞ 2x − 7x + 5
2

3 x2 +5 x − 4
x2
= lim 2 x 2
− 7 x +5
x →∞
x2

3 + 5x − x42
= lim
x →∞ 2 − 7x + x52
3
=
2

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3 Gradients of curves
The gradient of a curve is defined to be the gradient of the tangent to the curve at that
point. The gradient of a curve continually changes at each point as we move along a
curve.

Example 8 Draw tangents to the curve y = x 2 + 5 at x = −3 , − 1 , 1 , 3

Solution

The gradient of a straight line is constant, and is independent of where we are on the line.
The gradient of a line is denoted by m and is the same at all points on the line.
Parallel lines all have the same gradient and lines sloping upwards to the right have a
positive gradient, while lines sloping upwards to the left have a negative gradient.

m>0 m<0

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4 First principles
Consider the curve y = f ( x) we want to find a formulae which gives the gradient of the
curve y = f ( x) at a general point P with coordinates P ( x, f ( x) ) on the curve.
To do this consider a “neighbouring” point Q on the curve y = f ( x) , by this we mean
that the point Q is close to the point P in fact it is a small horizontal distance h away, so
that the coordinates of Q are Q ( x + h, f ( x + h) )

Q ( x + h, f ( x + h ) )

P ( x, f ( x ) ) f ( x + h) − f ( x)

h
Now the gradient of the line segment joining the points P and Q is given by

f ( x + h) − f ( x )
m( PQ) =
h
Imagine now as the points P and Q get closer and closer to each other.
That is the horizontal distance between them h approaches zero.
In the limit as h approaches zero, the points P and Q coincide and
we have the gradient at P. The gradient at this point is denoted by f ′( x)

f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h

Using this formula to obtain the gradient function is called using the
METHOD OF FIRST PRINCIPLES.

The actual process of finding the gradient function from the original function is called the
process of DIFFERENTIATION.

There are alternative notations for this and often we use the symbol ∆x ( this is one
single quantity ) meaning the small change in x instead of h and in this case the formulae
dy ∆y
is written as = lim
dx ∆x →0 ∆x

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Example 9 For the function f ( x) = x 2 + 4 x − 12 find

i) the gradient function using the method of first principles

ii) where the tangent to the curve is parallel to the x axis
iii) f (3) and f ′(3) and explain what they represent
iv) the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where x = 3
v) Sketch the curve showing the tangent at x = 3
vi) { x : f ( x) > 0}
vii) { x : f ′( x) > 0}
Solution

i) f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x − 12
f ( x + h ) = ( x + h ) + 4 ( x + h ) − 12
2

f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 + 4 x + 4h − 12 − ( x 2 + 4 x − 12 )
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
2 xh + h + 4h
2
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
h ( 2x + h + 4)
f ′ ( x ) = lim
h →0 h
f ′ ( x ) = lim ( 2 x + h + 4 ) h ≠ 0
h →0

f ′( x) = 2x + 4

ii) For the tangent to the curve to be parallel to the x axis we require that the gradient is
zero. This will give the x coordinate of the turning point or the vertex of this parabola
we need to solve { x : f ′ ( x ) = 0}
f ′ ( x ) = 2 x + 4 = 0 so that 2 x = −4
x = −2
Now when x = −2 y = f ( −2 ) = 4 − 8 − 12 = −16
The point is ( −2, −16 ) the range of the function is { y : y ≥ −16} = [ −16, ∞ )
iii) f ( 3) = 9 + 12 − 12 = 9 and f ′ ( 3) = 6 + 4 = 10
When x = 3 the y coordinate is 9 and the gradient at this point is 10
iv) to find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point ( 3,9 ) where the gradient
is mT = 10 we use the result y − y1 = mT ( x − x1 ) so that

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y − 9 = 10 ( x − 3) or y = 10 x − 21
v) to sketch the graph y = f ( x ) = x 2 + 4 x − 12 = ( x + 6 )( x − 2 )
the graph crosses the x axis at x = −6 and x = 2 as coordinates ( −6, 0 ) and ( 2, 0 )
the graph crosses the y axis at y = −12 as a coordinate ( 0, − 12 )

vi) { x : f ( x) > 0}
This means find the x values for which the function is positive
{ x : x > 2} ∪ { x : x < −6} = ( 2, ∞ ) ∪ ( −∞ , − 6 )

vii) { x : f ′( x) > 0}
This means find the x values for which the gradient is positive
{ x : x > −2} = ( −2, ∞ )

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5 Basic rules for differentiation

i) Derivative of f ( x) = x

f ( x) = x
f ( x + h) = x + h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
x+h−x
= lim
h →0 h
h
= lim
h →0 h

= lim 1
h →0

=1

ii) Derivative of f ( x) = x 2

f ( x) = x 2
f ( x + h) = ( x + h ) = x 2 + 2 xh + h 2
2

f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
x + 2 xh + h 2 − x 2
2
= lim
h →0 h
2 xh + h 2
= lim
h →0 h
h ( 2x + h)
= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 2 x + h ) h ≠ 0
h →0

= 2x

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iii) Derivative of f ( x) = x 3

f ( x) = x3
f ( x + h) = ( x + h ) = x3 + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3
3

f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
x + 3 x 2 h + 3 xh 2 + h3 − x 3
3
= lim
h →0 h
3x h + 3 xh + h3
2 2
= lim
h →0 h
h ( 3 x + 3xh + h 2 )
2

= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 3x + 3 xh + h 2 ) h ≠ 0
2
h →0

= 3x 2

iv) Derivative of f ( x) = x 4

f ( x) = x 4
f ( x + h) = ( x + h ) = x 4 + 4 x 3 h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh3 + h 4
4

f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
x + 4 x 3 h + 6 x 2 h 2 + 4 xh3 + h 4 − x 4
4
= lim
h →0 h
4 x h + 6 x h + 4 xh3 + h 4
3 2 2
= lim
h →0 h
h ( 4 x + 6 x h + 4 xh 2 + h3 )
3 2

= lim
h →0 h
= lim ( 4 x + 6 x h + 4 xh 2 + h3 ) h ≠ 0
3 2
h →0

= 4 x3

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1
v) Derivative of f ( x) =
x

1
f ( x) =
x
1
f ( x + h) =
x+h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
1 1
−
= lim x + h x
h →0 h

= lim
( x + h) − x
h → 0 hx ( x + h )

1
= lim h≠0
h →0 x ( x + h)
1
=−
x2

vi) Derivative of f ( x) = x

f ( x) = x
f ( x + h) = x + h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
x+h − x
= lim
h →0 h
x+h − x x+h + x
= lim x
h →0 h x+h + x

= lim
( x + h) − x
h →0
(
h x+h + x )
1
= lim h≠0
h →0 x+h + x
1
=
2 x

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vii) Summary
From the above results we have the following table

dy
y dx
x4 4 x3
x3 3x 2
x2 2x
x 1
1
x = x −1 − x12 = − x −2

viii) Rule 1: Power rule

The procedure to differentiate a power of x, the result is the power times x
d n
to the one less power. To differentiate a power of x that is
dx
( x ) = nx n−1
This rule is valid for all values of n

Example 10

dy 1
Find if i) y = x101 ii) y= iii) y = x
dx x2

Solution
1 iii) y = x = x 2
1

ii) y = = x −2
i) y = x101 x 2
n= 1
n − 1 = − 12
n = 101 n − 1 = 100 n = −2 n − 1 = −3 2

dy 1 − 12 1
dy dy 2 =2x =
= 101x100 = −2 x −3 = − 3 dx 2 x
dx dx x

ix) Rule 2: Derivative of constants

Since any line parallel to the x axis has a zero gradient it follows that if C is a constant

dy
y = C then =0
dx
the derivative of a constant is zero

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x) Rule 3: Term by term differentiation

We can differentiate term by term so long as the functions are added or subtracted.
If u = u ( x) and v = v( x) are both function of x then if
dy du dv
y = u ± v then = ±
dx dx dx

These rules can be proved from first principles and the properties of limits.

dy
Example 11 If y = x 5 − x 3 + x then find
dx
Solution

y = x5 − x3 + x
dy
= 5 x 4 − 3 x 2 +1
dx

xi) Rule 4: Constant multiples

Constants which multiply the function merely multiply the derivatives, that is if
dy
a is a constant and y = ax n then = nax n −1
dx

Using these basic rules we can merely write down the derivative of polynomial functions

Example 12 If f ( x) = 3 x 2 − 6 x + 5 find f ′ ( x )

Solution

f ( x) = 3 x 2 − 6 x + 5 then
f ′( x) = 6x − 6

In many other differentiation problems it may be first necessary to simplify the function,
before we perform the differentiation process.

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( 3x − 5)
2 2
Example 13 Differentiate
Solution
let y = ( 3 x 2 − 5 ) expanding first using ( a − b ) = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
2 2

y = 9 x 4 − 30 x 2 + 25 now differentiating
dy
= 36 x3 − 60 x
dx
3x 2 + 5
Example 14 Differentiate
2x
Solution
3x 2 + 5
let y =
2x
2
3x 5
y= + simplifying
2x 2x
3x 5 −1
y= + x
2 2
dy 3 5 −2
= − x simplifying
dx 2 2
dy 3 5
= −
dx 2 2 x 2
dy 3x 2 − 5
=
dx 2 x2
3 x −5
Example 15 Differentiate
2x2
Solution
3 x −5
let y =
2 x2
1
3x 2 5
y = 2 − 2 simplifying using index laws
2x 2x
3 −3 5
y = x 2 − x −2
2 2
dy 9 −5
= − x 2 + 5 x −3
dx 4
dy 9 5
=− + 3
dx 4 x 5 x
dy 20 − 9 x
=
dx 4 x3

Exercise 1.

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6 The chain rule

dy dy du
The Chain rule states that =
dx du dx
this can be proved from first principles and the limit theorems.

Example 16

(5x + 4)
3
Differentiate with respect to x

Solution

Method I Method II
y = (5x + 4) y = (5x + 4)
3 3

(a + b) y = u 3 where u = 5 x + 4
3
expanding using = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b3
y = 125 x 3 + 300 x 2 + 240 x + 64 differentiating gives dy du
= 3u 2 and =5
dy du dx
= 375 x 2 + 600 x + 240 dy dy du
dx = = 15u 2 but u = 5 x + 4
dy dx du dx
= 15 ( 25 x 2 + 40 x + 16 ) dy
= 15 ( 5 x + 4 )
2
dx
dy dx
= 15 ( 5 x + 4 )
2

dx

1
Example 17 Given that f ( x) = find f ′(1)
4x + 5
Solution

1
= ( 4 x + 5)
−1
y=
4x + 5
y = u −1 where u = 4 x + 5
dy du
= −u −2 and =4
du dx
dy dy du 4
= = −4u −2 = − 2
dx du dx u
dy 4
f ′( x) = =−
( 4 x + 5)
2
dx
4
f ′(1) = −
81

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d 
Example 18 Determine 9 x + 4 
dx 
Solution

let y = 9 x + 4 = ( 9 x + 4 ) 2
1

1
y = u 2 where u = 9 x + 4
dy 1 − 12 1 du
= 2u = and =9
du 2 u dx
dy dy du 9
= =
dx du dx 2 u
dy 9
=
dx 2 9 x + 4

dy
In general if y = ( ax + b ) = na ( ax + b )
n n −1
then
dx

1
Example 19 Differentiate with respect to x
4x + 9
2

Solution

1
= ( 4 x2 + 9)
−1
let y =
4x + 9
2

−1
y = u where u = 4 x 2 + 9
dy 1 du
= −u −2 = − 2 and = 8x
du u dx
dy dy du 8x
= =− 2
dx du dx u
dy −8 x
=
dx ( 4 x 2 + 9 )2

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1
Example 20 Given that f ( x) = find f ′( x)
( x2 + 5)
2

Solution
1
= ( x2 + 5)
−2
let y = f ( x ) =
(x + 5)
2 2

y = u −2 where u = x 2 + 5
dy du
= −2u −3 and = 2x
du dx
dy dy du 4x
= = −4 xu −3 = − 3
dx du dx u
dy 4x
f ′( x) = =−
( x 2 + 5)
3
dx

Example 21 If f ( x ) = 4x 2 + 9 find the coordinates on the curve where the

tangent is parallel to the line y = x + 3
Solution
let y = 4 x 2 + 9 = ( 4 x 2 + 9 ) 2
1

1
y = u 2 where u = 4 x 2 + 9
dy 1 − 12 2 du
= 2u = and = 8x
du u dx
dy 4x
f ′( x) = = we require x such that f ′ ( x ) = 1
dx 4x2 + 9
so that 4 x = 4 x 2 + 9 squaring both sides
16x 2 = 4 x 2 + 9 so that 12 x 2 = 9
3 3  3   3 
x2 = or x = ± the coordinates are  , 2 3  and  − , 2 3 
4 2  2   2 

dy n −1
In general if y =  f ( x )  = n f ′( x)  f ( x ) 
n
then
dx
d  3
( ) 
4
Example 22 Determine 2 x − 5 x 2
+ x
dx  
Solution

d  3
( 2 x − 5 x 2 + x ) 
4


dx  
= 4 ( 6 x 2 − 10 x + 1)( 2 x 3 − 5 x 2 + x )
3

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7 The product rule

The product rule is used to differentiate products of two types of functions.
If y = uv where u and v are both functions of x, that is u = u ( x ) and v = v ( x ) then
dy dv du
=u +v this rule can be proved from first principles and the limit theorems.
dx dx dx

Example 23 Differentiate y = ( 3 x 2 + 5 )( x 2 + 4 x − 3)
Solution

Method I
y = ( 3 x 2 + 5 )( x 2 + 4 x − 3)
y = uv where u = 3x 2 + 5 and v = x 2 + 4 x − 3
du dv
Now = 6 x and = 2x + 4
dx dx
dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx
dy
= ( 3x 2 + 5 ) ( 2 x + 4 ) + 6 x ( x 2 + 4 x − 3) expanding
dx
dy
= 6 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 10 x + 20 + 6 x3 + 24 x 2 − 18 x
dx
dy
= 12 x 3 + 36 x 2 − 8 x + 20
dx

Method II
y = ( 3 x 2 + 5 )( x 2 + 4 x − 3) expanding first
y = 3 x 4 + 12 x 3 − 9 x 2 + 5 x 2 + 20 x − 15
y = 3 x 4 + 12 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 20 x − 15 now differentiating
dy
= 12 x 2 + 36 x 2 − 8 x + 20
dx

Both methods produce the same result, and in this case above the second method is
probably the preferred method, however in other cases when we can not simply first
before we differentiate, we have no alternative but to use the product rule.

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dy
if y = 3x 2 ( 5 x + 4 )
3
Example 24 Find
dx
Solution

y = 3x 2 ( 5 x + 4 )
3

y = uv where u = 3x 2 and v = ( 5 x + 4 )
3

du dv
= 15 ( 5 x + 4 ) from the chain rule
2
= 6 x and
dx dx
dy
= 6 x ( 5 x + 4 ) + 45 x 2 ( 5 x + 4 )
3 2

dx
dy
= 3x ( 5 x + 4 )  2 ( 5 x + 4 ) + 15 x 
2

dx
dy
= 3x ( 25 x + 8 )( 5 x + 4 )
2

dx

dy
Example 25 Find if y = 5 x 4 x 2 + 9
dx
Solution

y = 5x 4 x2 + 9
y = uv where u = 5 x and v = 4 x 2 + 9
du dv 4x
= 5 and = from the chain rule
dx dx 4 x2 + 9
dy 20 x 2
= + 5 4x2 + 9
dx 4x + 9
2

dy 20 x + 5 ( 4 x + 9 )
2 2

=
dx 4 x2 + 9
dy
= ( 40 x 2 + 45 )( 4 x 2 + 9 ) 2
−1

dx
dy
= 5 ( 8 x 2 + 9 )( 4 x 2 + 9 )
− 12

dx

19
 Page 22

8 The quotient rule

The quotient rule is used to differentiate quotients of two types of functions.
u
If y = where u and v are both functions of x, that is u = u ( x) and v = v( x) then
v
du dv
v −u
dy
= dx 2 dx
dx v

dy 4x + 3
Example 26 Find if y =
dx 3x − 5
Solution

4x + 3 u
y= =
3x − 5 v
where u = 4 x + 3 and v = 3x − 5
du dv
now = 4 and =3
dx dx
dy 4 ( 3x − 5 ) − 3 ( 4 x + 3)
=
( 3x − 5 )
2
dx
dy −29
=
dx ( 3x − 5 )2

dy 3x 2
Example 27 Find if y = 2
dx 2x + 5
Solution

3x 2 u
y= =
2x + 5 v
2

where u = 3x 2 and v = 2 x 2 + 5
du dv
now = 6 x and = 4x
dx dx
dy 6 x ( 2 x + 5 ) − 12 x
2 3

=
( 2 x 2 + 5)
2
dx
dy 30 x
=
dx ( 2 x 2 + 5 )2

20
 Page 23

dy 2x2 + 5
Example 28 Find if y =
dx 3x
Solution
Method I Method II
using the quotient rule simplify first
2 x2 + 5 u 2x2 + 5
y= = y=
3x v 3x
where u = 2 x +5 and v = 3 x
2
2x 2
5
y= +
du dv 3x 3x
now = 4 x and =3
dx dx 2 x 5 −1
y= + x
dy 12 x 2 − 3 ( 2 x 2 + 5 ) 3 3
= dy 2 5 −2
( 3x ) = − x
2
dx
dx 3 3
dy 6 x 2 − 15 dy 2 5
= = −
dx 9x2 dx 3 3 x 2
dy 6 x 2 15
= −
dx 9 x 2 9 x 2
dy 2 5
= −
dx 3 3 x 2
dy 3x
Example 29 Find if y =
dx 4 x2 + 9
Solution

3x u
y= =
4x + 9
2 v
where u = 3x and v = 4 x 2 + 9
du dv 4x
now = 3 and = from the chain rule
dx dx 4x2 + 9
12 x 2
3 4 x2 + 9 −
dy 4x2 + 9
=
dx 4x + 9
2

3 ( 4 x + 9 ) − 12 x 2
2

dy 4 x2 + 9
=
dx 4 x2 + 9
dy 27
=
dx ( 4 x 2 + 9 ) 2
3

Exercise 2

21
 Page 24

9 Derivative of exponential functions

i) Derivative of f ( x) = a x

f ( x) = a x using the method of first principles

f ( x + h) = a x + h
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim
h →0 h
x+h
a − ax
= lim
h →0 h
a a − ax
x h
= lim
h →0 h
a ( a h − 1)
x

= lim
h →0 h
a −1
h
= a x lim h≠0
h →0 h

The graphs below show the shape of the graphs of y = a x for various values of a
a = 2 , 3 , e and 10 and the tangents to the curves at the point where they cross the y axis.

y = 2x y = 3x

22
 Page 25

y = ex y = 10 x

Curve slope at x = 0

y = 2x m = 0.693
y = 3x m = 1.099
y = ex m =1
y = 10 x m = 2.303

The Euler number e is defined so that the gradient of the curve y = e x at the point where
it crosses the y axis, that is at x = 0 is precisely equal to 1.
In fact 2 < e < 3 , e is an irrational number and its value e ≈ 2.718 This requirement
eh − 1
then means that when a = e lim = 1 so that the derivative of e x is itself
h→0 h
dy
That is if y = e x then = ex
dx
ii) Derivative of y = e kx

y = e kx = eu where u = kx using the chain rule

dy du
= eu and =k
du dx
dy dy du
= = ke kx
dx du dx

dy
In general if y = e kx then = ke kx here we a function whose derivative is proportional
dx
to itself. This result has many applications.

23
 Page 26

Example 30 Differentiate each of the following with respect to x

1
i) y = 4e 2 x ii) y = 3x iii) y = 36e6 x
6e
Solution
1
i) y = 4e2 x ii) y = iii) y = 36e6 x
6e3 x
dy y = 6e 3 x
= 8e2 x 1
dx y = e −3 x
6 dy
= 18e3 x
dy 1 dx
= − e −3 x
dx 2
Example 31 Differentiate each of the following with respect to x

y = ( 5e −2 x + 3) y = ( e3 x − e −3 x )
2 2
i) ii)

Solution
ii) y = ( e3 x − e −3 x )
2

i) y = ( 5e + 3)
−2 x 2

−4 x −2 x
y = e 6 x − 2 + e −6 x
y = 25e + 30e +9
dy
dy = 6e6 x − 6e −6 x
= −100e−4 x − 60e−2 x dx
dx
5e3 x + 6e −3 x
Example 32 Differentiate with respect to x
ex
Solution

5e3 x + 6e −3 x
let y = x
= e − x ( 5e3 x + 6e−3 x )
e
y = 5e + 6e −4 x
2x

dy
= 10e 2 x − 24e −4 x
dx

− 32x dy
Example 33 If y = 4e show that 2 + 3y = 0
dx
Solution
− 32x dy −3x
If y = 4e then = −6e 2
dx
dy −3x −3x
so LHS = 2 + 3 y = −12e 2 + 12e 2 = 0 = RHS
dx

24
 Page 27

dy
Example 34 Find if y = 5e3 x + 2
dx
Solution
Method I Method II
using the chain rule using index laws
y = 5e3 x + 2 y = 5e3 x + 2 = 5e3 x e2
y = 5eu where u = 3x + 2 y = 5e2 e3 x
dy du dy
= 5eu and =3 = 15e2 e3 x
du dx du
dy dy
= 15eu = 15e3 x + 2 = 15e3 x + 2
dx dx

iii) In general

dy
if y = Ae kx + c then = kAekx + c
dx

dy 3
Example 35 Find if y = e x
dx
Solution
3
y = ex
y = eu where u = x3
dy du
= eu and = 3x 2
du dx
dy 3
= 3 x 2 eu = 3 x 2 e x
dx

f ( x) dy
= f ′( x)e ( )
f x
In general if y = e then
dx

25
 Page 28

dy
Example 36 Find if y = x5e−2 x
dx
Solution

y = x5e −2 x
y = uv using the product rule
where u = x5 and v = e −2 x
du dv
so that = 5 x 4 and = −2e −2 x
dx dx
dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx
dy
= −2 x 5e −2 x + 5 x 4 e −2 x
dx
dy
= x 4 e −2 x ( 5 − 2 x )
dx

Exercise 3

26
 Page 29

10 Derivative of logarithmic functions

i) Derivative of y = log e x
y = log e x = ln x
x = e y so that
dx
= e y now
dy
dy 1 1
= =
dx e y x

dy
Example 37 y = log e 3x find
dx
Solution

Method I Method II
Using the chain rule Using log laws
y = log e 3 x = log e u where u = 3 x y = log e 3x = log e 3 + log e x
dy 1 du dy 1 1
= and =3 = 0+ =
du u dx dx x x
dy 3 3 1
= = =
dx u 3 x x

dy
Example 38 y = log e x3 find
dx
Solution

Method I Method II
Using the chain rule Using log laws
y = log e x3 = log e u where u = x3 y = log e x 3 = 3log e x
dy 1 du dy 3
= and = 3x 2 =
du u dx dx x
2
dy 3 3x 3
= = 3 =
dx u x x

27
 Page 30

dy
Example 39 y = log e ( 4 x + 5 ) find
dx
Solution

Using the chain rule

y = log e ( 4 x + 5 ) = log e u where u = 4 x + 5
dy 1 du
= and =4
du u dx
dy 4 4
= =
dx u 4 x + 5

ii) A general result

dy a
if y = log e ( ax + b ) then =
dx ax + b

dy
Example 40 y = log e ( x 2 + 4 x + 13) find
dx
Solution

Using the chain rule

y = log e ( x 2 + 4 x + 13) = log e u where u = x 2 + 4 x + 13
dy 1 du
= and = 2x + 4
du u dx
dy 2 x + 4 2x + 4
= = 2
dx u x + 4 x + 13

iii) A Final Rule

dy f ′( x)
if y = log e f ( x) then = this is the rule that we will now use, there is no need
dx f ( x)
to use the chain rule.

28
 Page 31

dy
Example 41 y = log e x 2 + 9 find
dx
Solution

y = log e x 2 + 9
y = log e ( x 2 + 9 )
1

by log laws
2

y = 12 log e ( x 2 + 9 )
dy x
= 2
dx x + 9

 3x + 5  dy
Example 42 y = log e   find
 3x − 5  dx
Solution
 3x + 5 
y = log e  
 3x − 5 
y = log e ( 3 x + 5 ) − log e ( 3 x − 5 ) by log laws
dy 3 3 3 ( 3x − 5) − 3 ( 3x + 5)
= − =
dx 3 x + 5 3 x − 5 ( 3x + 5)( 3x − 5 )
dy −30
= 2
dx 9 x − 25

29
 Page 32

BASIC RULES - EXERCISES

Exercise 1 - Basic Differentiation

1 Evaluate the following:

2  2
(a) lim 3 x (b) lim
x→2 x→4  
 x

 2x − 3 
(c) lim (3 x − 4) (d) lim
x →3 x→2  
 3x + 1 

3 x3 + 4
(e) lim (2 x − 3 xh) (f) lim
h→0 x →1 x+2

x 2 − 25 x2 − a2
(g) lim (h) lim
x →5 x −5 x→a x−a

x2 + x − 6 2 x 2 − 3x − 20
(i) lim (j) lim
x → −3 x+3 x→4 x−4

x3 − 27 x3 − a 3
(k) lim (l) lim
x →3 x − 3 x→a x − a

5 x 2 h − 2 xh + h x2 − 5x + 6
(m) lim (n) lim
h→0 h x →3 x2 − 4x + 3

x 2 + 8 x + 16 x 2 + 3x + 2
(o) lim (p) lim
x →−4 x+4 x → −2 x2 + x − 2

2 Find f '( x) using the definition of the derivative (that is first principles):

(a) f ( x) = x 2 − 2 x (b) f ( x) = x 2 + x + 1

3 Find the derivative (from first principles) of:

(a) f ( x) = 3 x 2 − 5 (b) f ( x) = 3 x 2 + 21

(c) f ( x) = 4 + 5 x (d) f ( x) = 2 − 3x
 Page 33

4 For the function f ( x) = 3 − 5 x + 2 x 2 :

(a) find the gradient of the chord joining the points P ( x, f ( x) ) and Q ( x + h , f ( x + h) ) ,
(b) deduce the gradient function, and find its value when x = 2 .

5 Find, from first principles, the gradient function of f ( x) = x 2 − 8 x + 16 . Hence, find

f '(4) and state what it represents.

6 Find f '( x) for each of the following from first principles:

1
f ( x ) = ( 2 x + 3)
2
(a) (b) f ( x) =
x

dy
7 Find from first principles:
dx

x2
(a) y = 2 x 2 − 3x (b) y= − 6x + 4
2

dy
8 (a) For the graph of y = (2 x − 1)(3 − x) , determine .
dx

dy
(b) If y = (2 x + 3) 2 , find .
dx

9 (a) A straight line has the equation y = mx + c . Show from first principles that the
gradient of the line is m .

(b) The general form of a quadratic function is y = ax 2 + bx + c (parabola). Show from

dy
first principles that the gradient function = 2ax + b .
dx

10 (a) Find the gradient of the chord PQ to the function f ( x) = x( x + 2) if the

x-coordinates of P and Q are -1 and −1 + h respectively.

(b) Hence, find the gradient of the function at P .

 Page 34

11 Let P and Q be the points on the curve y = 2 x 2 at which x = 2 and x = 2 + h

respectively. Express the gradient of the line PQ in terms of h and hence find the
gradient of the tangent to the curve y = 2 x 2 at x = 2 .

12 Find the derivatives of each of the following:

1 1
(a) (b)
x2 x

3
(c) x2 (d) 4
x

1 1
(e) (f)
x4 3
x

1
(g) (h) x 200
3 2
x

1 1
(i) (j)
x1.4 x 0.9

1
(k) (l) x p/q
3 5
x

dy
13 Find for each of the following:
dx

1 2
(a) y = 2 x 2 − 3x + 5 (b) y=− x + 8 x − 21
4

(c) y = ax 2 + bx + c (d) y = 2 x3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x − 6

1 1
(e) y = − x 3 + x 2 + x + 101 (f) y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
3 2

(g) y = − x 4 − x3 − x 2 + 1 (h) y = 2 x 4 − 4 x3 + 2 x 2 − 3 x + 18
 Page 35

d d  2 x2 + x 
14 (a) Find ( x 2 − 3x) (b) Determine  
dx dx  x 

15 Differentiate each of the following with respect to x:

(a) 2 x3 − 3 x 2 + 5 x (b) 3x(4 − 3x)

1 1
(c) x+ (d) x2 +
x x2

2 x 2 − 3x + 4
(e) (3x − 4) (f)
x

x 2 − 3x + 4 x 2 − 3x + 4
(g) (h)
x2 x

16 For the curve f ( x) = x (2 x 2 − 3 x + 1) find an expression for the gradient of the curve
at any x value. Find f '(4) .

17 Show that the curve y = 2 x 2 − 4 x + 5 has zero gradient when x = 1 .

18 Determine the coordinates of the point on the curve y = x 2 − 4 x + 6 where the gradient is
parallel to the x-axis .

19 Find the slopes of the curves at the points indicated:

(a) y = x 4 + 3x − 4 at (-2 , 6) (b) f ( x) = x3 + 3x at x = 1

20 For the curve y = 2 x 2 − 8 x + 7 :

(a) find the gradient of the curve when x = 2 ,

(b) What are the coordinates of the point where the tangent to the curve is parallel to
the x-axis ?
 Page 36

Exercise 2 - Further Rules of Differentiation

1 Differentiate each of the following with respect to x by applying the chain rule:

1
(a) 9 − 5x (b)
3x − 4

1 1
(c) (d)
( 2 − 3x )
2
6 − 5x

1
( x3 − x2 + x − 1)
3
(e) (f)
7x + 8

1
( x3 + x2 + x − 1)
2
(g) (h)
5x − 7

3
 2 1
( 3x )
2 7
(i) − 15 x (j) x + x+ 
 x

(k) x2 + 8 (l) 8 − x2

(m) 8x2 − 7 (n) 7 − 8x3

(o) x 2 + 3x − 7 (p) 4 x 2 + 3x − 9

(q) x 2 + x − 10 (r) 13 + 12 x − 11x 2

1 1
(s) (t)
x 2 + 10 9 − x2

1 1
(u) (v)
3x 2 + 2 x + 1 7 x2 − 6 x + 5

2 Differentiate each of the following with respect to x:

3 5
(a) x2 + 1 (b) x − x2
 Page 37

(1 + 5x 2 )
−6
(7 − x)
4
(c) (d)

7
 1 3
(e) 5 x −  (f)
 x 1 + x2

1
(1 + x )
5
(g) (h)
7 − 3x

2
(i) (j) −3(1 − x 4 )5
2 − x2

(1 + )
3
(k) 4 1 + x2 (l) 3x

(1 + ) ( 7 − 3x2 )
3 −3
(m) 7x (n)

1
(o) 13 − x (p)
(7 + 8 x)3

(1 − x + 3x2 ) (1 − x2 )
5/ 4 3/ 2
(q) (r)

5
 1
( 2x − 9)
9
(s) (t) 7 1 + 3 
 x 

(9 + 5x + 2 x2 )
3
(u) 1 − 3x − x 3 (v)

dy
3 (a) Given that y = 4 − x 2 verify that y +x =0.
dx

dy
(b) If y = 4 x 2 − 1 show that xy = 1+ y2 .
dx

dy
4 (a) If y = ax 2 + b write down .
dx
 Page 38

d  5 
( )
3
(b) Determine  x + 5x2 4
 .
dx 

5 (a) Determine the gradient of the curve y = 4 + 3x 2 at the point where x = 2 .

(b) Differentiate y = 6 x 2 + 3 x + 5 + 3 2 x3 + 6 x .

6 Differentiate each of the following with respect to x:

(a) ( x 2 + 3 x − 2 ) ( x 2 + 4 x − 3) (b) ( 2 x 2 + 3x − 4 )( x2 + x )
(c) ( x3 + x 2 + x ) ( x 2 + 7 x + 4 ) (d) ( 9 − x2 )( 4 + 7 x + x 2 )
(e) ( 9 x − 2 x3 )( 2 − 4 x2 − 7 x3 ) (f) ( x 2 + x )( 2 + x2 )
( x + 1) ( 2 x + 3) ( 3x + 2 ) ( 4 x − 1)
2 2 2 2
(g) (h)

( x 2 + 1) ( x3 + 4 ) ( x 2 − x ) ( 2 x + 5 )2
2 2
(i) (j)

(k) (1 + x )
−1
( x2 + 2) (l) x 1+ x

−1 −1 −1
(m) ( x + 1) ( x − 3) (n) ( 3 x − 2 ) ( x + 3)

(o) ( x + 4) x3 + 3x (p) (3x + 4) x 2 − 1

7 Differentiate each of the following with respect to x:

x x
(a) (b)
x +1 x −1

4x + 7 x +1
(c) (d)
9x + 3 x2 −1

x2 6x − 5
(e) (f)
x2 −1 2 − x2
 Page 39

3x x 2 − 3x − 1
(g) (h)
1− x 3x − 1

x +1 5− x
(i) (j)
x2 x2

3x 2 − 4 x 1 + 2x − x 2
(k) (l)
3 − 5x2 2 + 3x + x 2

2( x + 1) 1+ x
(m) (n)
x2 + x −1 1− x

1− x x
(o) (p)
1+ x 1 − x2

2x 1 − x2
(q) (r)
1 + x2 1+ x

8 Differentiate each of the following with respect to x:

1 + x2 x2
(a) (b)
1− x ( x + 2)( x + 3)

x3 1 + x3
(c) (d)
x3 + 1 1 − x3

x2 − x −1 2
(e) (f)
x2 + x + 1 3x − 1

1 x+2
(g) (h)
1 − 5x2 x +1

5x 2x −1
(i) (j)
x + 10 3x + 4

x x −1
(k) (l)
x +1 x
 Page 40

x −1 2 + x + x2
(m) (n)
x +1 x

2x 4 2 x 2 − 3x − 4
(o) (p)
1 − x2 3x 2 − x + 1

x1/ 2 + 2 3 − x3/ 2
(q) (r)
x3/ 2 x1/ 2

x−a x+a
(s) (t)
x+a x−a

x( x − 1) x3
(u) (v)
x−2 a2 − x2

x( x + 2) x3 − 1
(w) 2
(x)
x − 5x + 4 x3 + 1

5x 3x
(y) (z)
x −1 x +1

dy
9 Find for:
dx

x 2x
(a) y= (b) y=
2x + 5 3x + 2

x x
(c) y= (d)
ax + b 3 − 2x2

x 3x + 2
(e) y= (f) y = 2x + 5 −
2
ax + b 4x + 3
 Page 41

Exercise 3 - Differentiation of Exponential Functions

1 Differentiate the following with respect to x:

(a) e6 x (b) e8 x (c) e− x (d) e −2 x

(e) e x +3 (f) e x+4 (g) e− x+2 (h) e − x +3

2 3
(i) e4− x (j) e5− x (k) ex (l) ex

2 3
(m) e− x (n) e− x (o) e8 − 5 x (p) e9 − 4 x

2 +2 x 2 +5 x
(q) e7 +3 x (r) e8 + 9 x (s) ex (t) e3 x

2 −3 x +1 2 − 2 x +3
(u) ex (v) ex (w) e x
(x) e2 x

x +3 x+4
(y) e (z) e

2 Differentiate the following with respect to x:

4− x 5− x 2 2
(a) e (b) e (c) e( x + 2) (d) e( x −3)

2 2
(e) e( x −1) (f) e( x −2) (g) x ex (h) 2 x e3 x

e2 x e3 x
(i) 3x e −2 x (j) x e− x (k) (l)
x x

e− x e−2 x
(m) (n) (o) x 2e x (p) x e2 x
x x

(q) x e3 x (r) x 3e x (s) x e− x

(t)
(u) 3x e2 x (v) 5 x e3 x
 Page 42

3 Find the derivative of:

(a) (e x + e − x ) 2 (b) (e x − e − x ) 2 (c) ( x − e x )2 (d) ( x + e− x )2

(e) (e 2 x − e −2 x ) 2 (f) (e 2 x + e −2 x ) 2 (g) ( x + 1)e x (h) ( x − 1)e − x

−3 x x ex e− x
(i) ( x − 3)e (j) ( x + 4)e (k) (l)
x +1 x −1

(m) ex −1 (n) e2 x + 1

dy
4 Determine given that:
dx
e2 x + e− x
(a) y = e x (e 2 x − e −3 x ) (b) y=
ex

e3 x − 2e − x
(c) (d) y = (e 2 x + 1) 2
e− x

2
−2 x 2  1
(e) y = (e 2x
+e ) (f) y =  x +  + (e −3 x ) 2
 x

(g) y = (e 2 x + 3) (h) y = (2e3 x + 5) 4

5 Differentiate each of the following with respect to x :

2 2
(a) e − (1/ 2) x (b) xe
 Page 43

Exercise 4 - Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

1 Find the derivative of:

(a) log e 5 x (b) log e 3x

(c) log e 6 x (d) log e 7x

(e) 2 log e 3x (f) 3 log e 4x

(g) log e ( x − 1) (h) log e (2 x −1)

(i) log e ( x 2 + 3) (j) log e (4 − x 2 )

(k) 2 log e x (l) 3 log e x

1  2 
(m) log e (n) log e  
x  x

(o) (log e x) 4 (p) (log e x)3

(q) log e (2 x 2 + 3) (r) log e (3 x 2 − 1)

(s) log e ( x + x 2 − 4) (t) log e ( x − 1 − x 2 )

2 2 x2 + x − 1
(u) log e ( x + 2)( x + 3) (v) log e
x−3

2 Differentiate the following with respect to x:

(a) x 2 log e x (b) x log e x 2

(c) log e (3 x − 4) (d) log e (2 − 5 x)

3− x
(e) log e
3+ x
 Page 44

3 Find the derivative of each of the following:

x−2
(a) y=
3x + 1

(b) y = log e ( x + 1)3

2 −5 x + 2
(c) y = 4e3 x

(d) f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x 2 + 5 x + 3)

(e) g ( x) = e x ( x 2 + 3)

(2 x + 3)5
(f) g ( x) =
x3 − 5

f ( x) = [ log e (5 x − 1) ]
4
(g)

log e x
(h) y=
x

log e x3/ 2
(i) g ( x) =
x2
 Page 45

Exercises A - Answers

Exercise 1

1 (a) 12 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) 1

2 7

(e) 2 x3 (f) 5
3 (g) 10 (h) 2a

(i) -5 (j) 13 (k) 27 (l) 3a 2

(m) 5x2 − 2 x + 1 (n) 1
2 (o) 0 (p) 1
3

2 (a) 2x − 2 (b) 2x +1

3 (a) 6x (b) 6x (c) 5 (d) -3

4 (a) 4 x − 5 + 2h (b) 4 x − 5, 3

5 (a) 2x − 8 (b) when x = 4 gradient is 0

−1
6 (a) 8 x + 12 (b)
x2

7 (a) 4x − 3 (b) x−6

8 (a) −4 x + 7 (b) 4 (2 x + 3)

10 (a) h (b) 0

11 (a) 8+ h (b) 8

−2 −1 2 x −3/ 2
12 (a) (b) (c)
x3 2 x3 3

x −3/ 4 −4 − x −4/3
(d) (e) (f)
4 x5 3
−2 x −5/3 −1.4
(g) (h) 200 x199 (i)
3 x 2.4
−0.9 −5 x −8/3 p pq−q
(j) (k) (l) x
x1.9 3 q
 Page 46

−x
13 (a) 4x − 3 (b) +8 (c) 2ax + b
2
(d) 6 x 2 − 12 x + 6 (e) − x2 + x + 1 (f) 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
(g) −4 x3 − 3x 2 − 2c (h) 8 x3 − 12 x 2 + 4 x − 3

14 (a) 2x − 3 (b) 2

1
15 (a) 6 x2 − 6 x + 5 (b) 12 − 18x (c) 1−
x2
2 4
(d) 2x − (e) 6 (3x − 4) (f) 1−
x3 x2
3 8 3
(g) − (h) 3
2 x− − 2 x −3/ 2
x 2 x3 2 x

16 5 x 3/ 2 − 9 2 x1/ 2 + 1 2 x −1/ 2 , 31 1 4

18 (2 , 2)

19 (a) -29 (b) 6

20 (a) 0 (b) (2 , -1)

3 (2 x − 1)
22
8 x
 Page 47

Exercise 2

5 3 5
1 (a) − (b) − (c)
2 9 − 5x 2 (3x − 4)3 2 (6 − 5 x)3

6 7
(d) (e) −
(2 − 3x)3 2 (7 x + 8)3

(f) 3 ( x 3 − x 2 + x − 1) 2 (3 x 2 − 2 x + 1) (g) 2 ( x3 + x 2 + x − 1)(3 x 2 + 2 x + 1)

5
(h) − (i) 7 (3x 2 − 15 x)6 (6 x − 15)
3
2 (5 x − 7)
2
 1  1 
(j) 3 x2 + x +   2x + 1 − 2 
 x  x 

x x 8x
(k) (l) − (m)
2 2
x +8 8− x 8x2 − 7

12 x 2 2x + 3 8x + 3
(n) − (o) (p)
3 2
7 − 8x 2 x + 3x − 7 2 4 x 2 + 3x − 9
2x +1 6 − 11x x
(q) (r) (s) −
2 x 2 + x − 10 13 + 12 x − 11x 2 ( x 2 + 10)3

x 3x + 1 7x − 3
(t) (u) − (v) −
(9 − x 2 )3 (3 x 2 + 2 x + 1)3 (7 x 2 − 6 x + 5)3

2x 1− 2x
2 (a) (b) (c) −4 (7 − x)3
2 2 2 4
33 ( x + 1) 55 (x − x )
6
60 x  1  1  6x
(d) − (e) 35  x −  1 + 2  (f) −
(1 + 5 x 2 )7  x  x  (1 + x 2 ) 2

3 5 (1 + x ) 4 4x
(g) (h) (i)
(7 − 3 x) 2 2 x (2 − x 2 ) 2

4x 3 3 (1 + 3x)
(j) 60 x3 (1 − x 4 ) 4 (k) (l)
1 + x2 4 x
 Page 48

3 7 (1 + 7 x) 18x 1
(m) (n) (o) −
4 x (7 − 3x 2 ) 4 2 13 − x
24 4
(p) − (q) 5
4 1 − x + 3x 2 (6 x − 1) (r) −3x (1 − x 2 )
(7 + 8 x) 4
4
8 105  1 −3(1 + x 2 )
(s) 18 (2 x − 3) (t) − 4 1 + 3  (u)
x  x  2 1 − 3 x − x3

(v) 3 (9 + 5 x + 2 x 2 ) 2 (5 + 4 x)

ax
4 (a) (b) ( 3 4) (5 x 4 + 10 x) ( x5 + 5 x 2 ) −1/ 4
2
ax + b

5 (a) 3
2 (b) 12 x + 3 + 2( x 2 + 1) (2 x3 + 6 x) −2/3

6 (a) 4 x3 + 21x 2 + 14 x − 17 (b) 8 x 3 + 15 x 2 − 2 x − 4

(c) 5 x 4 + 32 x3 + 36 x 2 + 22 x + 4 (d) −4 x3 − 21x 2 + 10 x + 63
(e) 84 x 5 + 40 x 4 − 252 x3 − 120 x 2 + 18 (f) 4 x3 + 3x 2 + 4 x + 2
(g) 2 ( x + 1)( 2 x + 3)( 4 x + 5 ) (h) 2 ( 3 x + 2 )( 4 x − 1)( 24 x + 5 )

(i) ( )(
x x 2 + 1 7 x 3 + 3x + 16 ) (j) (
2 x ( x − 1)( 2 x + 5 ) 6 x 2 + 6 x − 5 )
x2 + 2x − 2 3x + 2 4
(k) (l) (m)
(1 + x) 2 2 1+ x ( x + 1) 2

6x + 7 5 x3 + 12 x 2 + 9 x + 12 6x2 + 4x − 3
(n) − (o) (p)
(3x − 2) 2 ( x + 3) 2 2 x 2 + 3x x2 − 1

1 1 51
7 (a) (b) − (c) −
( x + 1) 2 ( x − 1) 2 (9 x + 3) 2

1 2x 2(3x 2 − 5 x + 6)
(d) − (e) − (f)
( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1) 2
2
(2 − x 2 ) 2

3 3x 2 − 2 x + 6 3x + 4
(g) (h) (i) −
(1 − x) 2 (3 x − 1) 2 2 x3 x + 1
3x − 20 2 (10 x 2 − 9 x + 6) 1 − 6x − 5 x 2
(j) (k) (l)
2 x3 5 − x (3 − 5 x 2 ) 2 ( x 2 + 3 x + 2) 2
 Page 49

2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) 1 1
(m) − (n) (o) −
( x 2 + x − 1) 2 1 + x (1 − x) 3
(1 − x) (1 + x)3

1 + x2 2 (1 − x 2 )
(p) (q) (r) -1
(1 − x 2 ) 2 (1 + x 2 ) 2

1 + 2x − x 2 x (5 x + 12) 3x 2
8 (a) (b) − (c)
(1 − x) 2 ( x 2 + 5 x + 6) 2 ( x3 + 1) 2

6 x2 2 x ( x + 2) 6
(d) (e) (f) −
(1 − x 3 ) 2 ( x 2 + x + 1) 2 (3x − 1) 2
10 x 1 50
(g) (h) − (i)
(1 − 5 x 2 ) 2 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 10) 2
11 1− x x +1
(j) (k) (l)
(3 x + 4) 2 2 x ( x + 1) 2 2 x3

1 2 4 x3 (2 − x 2 )
(m) (n) − +1 (o)
( )
2
x x +1 x2 (1 − x 2 ) 2

7( x 2 + 4 x − 1) 1 3 3
(p) (q) − − (r) − −1
(3 x 2 − x + 1) 2 x 2
x5 2 x3

2a 2a x2 − 4x + 2
(s) (t) − (u)
( x + a)2 ( x − a)2 ( x − 2) 2

x 2 (3a 2 − x 2 ) 8 + 8x − 7 x 2 6x 2
(v) (w) (x)
(a 2 − x 2 )2 ( x 2 − 5 x + 4) 2 ( x3 + 1)3
5 3
(y) − (z)
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2

9 (a) ( x + 5)(2 x + 5) −3/ 2 (b) (3x + 4)(3x + 2) −3/ 2 (c) 1

2 (ax + 2b)(ax + b) −3/ 2

12 x + 7
(d) 3 (3 − 2 x 2 ) −3/ 2 (e) b (ax 2 + b) −3 / 2 (f) 2+
2(4 x + 3) 2 3 x + 2
 Page 50

Exercise 3

1 (a) 6e6 x (b) 8e8 x (c) −e − x

(d) −2e −2 x (e) e x +3 (f) e x+4
(g) −e − x + 2 (h) −e − x + 3 (i) −e 4 − x
2 3
(j) −e5− x (k) 2 xe x (l) 3x 2e x
2 3
(m) −2 xe − x (n) −3 x 2 e − x (o) −5e8−5 x
(p) −4e9−4 x (q) 3e7 +3 x (r) 9e8+9 x
2 +2 x 2 +5 x 2 −3 x +1
(s) 2 ( x + 1) e x (t) (6 x + 5) e3 x (u) (2 x − 3) e x

2 − 2 x +3 1 1 2
(v) 2 ( x − 1) e x (w) e x
(x) e x

2 x x
1 x +3 1 x+4
(y) e (z) e
2 x+3 2 x+4

1 1 2
2 (a) − e 4− x
(b) − e 5− x
(c) 2( x + 2) . e( x + 2)
2 4− x 2 5− x
2 2 2
(d) 2 ( x − 3) . e( x −3) (e) 2 ( x − 1) . e( x −1) (f) 2 ( x − 2) . e( x −2)

(g) ( x + 1) e x (h) 2(3x + 1) e3 x (i) 3(1 − 2 x) e −2 x

(2 x − 1) e 2 x (3 x − 1) e3 x
(j) (1 − x) e − x (k) (l)
x2 x2
−(1 + x) e − x −(1 + 2 x) e −2 x
(m) (n) (o) x( x + 2) e x
x2 x2
(p) (1 + 2 x) e 2 x (q) (1 + 3x) e3 x (r) x 2 ( x + 3) e x

(1 − 2 x) e − x (4 x + 1) e 2 x
(s) (t) (u) 3(2 x + 1) e 2 x
2 x 2 x
(v) 5 (3x + 1) e3 x

3 (a) 2 (e 2 x − e −2 x ) (b) 2 (e 2 x − e −2 x ) (c) 2 ( x − e x )(1 − e x )

(d) 2 ( x + e − x )(1 − e− x ) (e) 4 (e 4 x − e −4 x ) (f) 4 (e 4 x − e −4 x )

(g) ( x + 2)e x (h) (2 − x) e − x (i) (10 − 3x) e −3 x

 Page 51

xe x ( x − 2) e x
(j) ( x + 5) e x (k) (l)
( x + 1) 2 ( x − 1) 2

ex e2 x
(m) (n)
2 ex −1 e2 x + 1

4 (a) 3e3 x + 2e −2 x (b) e x − 2e −2 x (c) 4e 4 x

2
(d) 4e 4 x + 4e 2 x (e) (
4 e 4 x − e −4 x ) (f) 2x −
x3
− 6e −6 x

e2 x
(g) (h) 24e3 x (2e3 x + 5)3
2x
e +3

2 2 −1
5 (a) − xe −1/ 2 x (b) e2 xe
 Page 52

Exercise 4

1 1 1
1 (a) (b) (c)
x x x
1 2 3
(d) (e) (f)
x x x
1 2 2x
(g) (h) (i) 2
x −1 2x −1 x +3
−2 x 1 3
(j) (k) (l)
4 − x2 x 2x
1 1 4
(m) − (n) − (o) . (log e x)3
x 2x x
3 2x
(p) (log e x) 2 (q)
x (2 x 2 + 3) log e (2 x 2 + 3)

3x 1
(r) (s)
2 2 2
(3 x − 1) log e (3 x − 1) x −4

x + 1 − x2 2 x (2 x 2 + 5)
(t) (u)
1 − x2  x − 1 − x2  ( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 3)
 

x2 − 6x − 2
(v)
( x 2 + x − 1)( x − 3)

2 (a) x (1 + 2 log e x) (b) 2 (1 + log e x)

3 5
(c) (d)
2 (3x − 4) log e (3x − 4) 2 (5 x − 2) log e (2 − 5 x)

3
(e)
( x − 3)( x + 3)

3x + 8
3 (a)
2 (3x + 1)3

3
(b)
x +1
 Page 53

2 −5 x + 2
(c) 4 (6 x − 5) e3 x (d) 3x 2 + 8 x − 2

(4 x3 − 9 x 2 − 50)(2 x + 3) 4
(e) (
e x x2 + 2 x + 3 ) (f)
( x3 − 5) 2

20 [log e (5 x − 1)]3 1 − 2 log e x

(g) (h)
5x − 1 2 x2
3 − 4 log e x3/ 2
(i)
2 x3