1

English Consonants

labio- inter-
bilabial alveolar palatal velar glottal
dental dental
p t k 
stop
b d 

f  s  h
fricative
v ð z  []

t
affricate
d

nasal m n 

l
liquid
r

glide w y

Notes:  = š
 = ž
t = č
d = j

English Vowels

i u

 

e o


  


æ a
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SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY: CONSONANTS & VOWELS

English Consonants (Non-distinctive Features Included) not available in

the Indonesian Consonant System

[ph] [p] [th] [t] [kh] [k]

peak speak till still kill skill
pill spill take stake cool school
pin spin tall stall can scan
pit spit tone stone crew screw
pray spray talk stalk care scare

1. Peter, Tom, and Kenny always come to class on time.

2. Whenever she has trouble with her computer, Cathy calls Terry for help.
3. ……….

English Consonants (Non-distinctive Features Included) not available in

the Indonesian Consonant System

[t-] [-t] [d-] [-d]

child reach jaw large
chalk beach jail bridge
China search jeep badge
chance watch jean huge
church catch jazz judge

1. Judge Richard Smith sends his children to Georgetown high schools.

2. During the Deng regime, China built several huge bridges over this river.
3. ……….

Distribution Problem: Indonesian has [b, d, g] but these voiced stops

never occur word-finally.

[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]

lap lab mate made back bag
cap cab feet feed lock log
sop sob foot food lack lag
lip lib sat sad tack tag
mop mob mat mad sack sag
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1. Ted and Bob disliked the food and complained of jet lag.
2. The name tag on the bag was partly erased. Did it belong to Job?
3. ……….

English Consonants not available in the Indonesian Consonant System

[f] [v] [] [ð] [s] [z] [] []

few view thigh thy seal Zeal show genre
fast vast though thou sue zoo shine decision
leaf leave bath bathe rice rise wash prestige
wife wives breath breathe price prize rush garage
near minimal not minimal pairs
pairs

1. The first overview on the short-story “Friends or Foes” was given by a

Vietnamese novelist.
2. Sue and Liz were puzzled by “She sells sea-shells by the sea-shore”.
3. ……….

Consonant Clusters or Phonotactic Problems—syllable structures not

available in Indonesian

Examples:
[spr/l-] [str-] [skr-] [-bz] [-gz] [-rdz]
spray strike scrap labs bags words
spread stream screw grabs lags birds
spring strip screen robs hugs lords
splash straw scrabble bribes mugs records
splint strand scramble suburbs wigs rewards

1. The new workers are assigned to clean up screens in the computer labs.
2. The landlords lost records of employees who had got rewards.
3. ……….
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English Vowels

i u

 

e o


  


æ 

English Vowels

beat boot
bit book

bait boat
bet but bought

bat
bar

English Vowels and Diphthongs

i:  u:  e o :  æ
beat bit fool full pain old saw bet bat
seat sit pool pull take most law bed bad
heat hit lose luz make host raw set sat
feet fit foot put lady toast jaw bend band
lead lid wood would sane roam paw send sand

e  u: o / a a 
bait bat boot boat box right town boy
made mad moon moan lock white noun toys
hate hat cool coal mock kind sound coin
lake lack root rote god line round joint
laid lad mood mode rod while bound voice
Latinate Affixes – affixation changing stress patterns and affecting vowel qualities
 5

photograph geographic morphologically analytically

photography geographically nature geometry
photographic mathematics natural geometric
photographically mathematical naturally geometrical
history mathematically theology geometrically
historic phonology theological economy
historical phonological theologically economic
historically phonologically analysis economics
geography morphology analyses economical
geographic morphological analytical economically

according to astronomy, not astrology students of geology or geography?

his amazing photographic memory
statistics
Theologically speaking, …
doing phonetics and phonology exercises
linguistics
economic and political problems
mathematically impossible
formed
politics and economics professors
very good at mathematics and
in physics and biology departments
both theoretical and applied
historic sites and historical events
phonologically and syntactically well-
scholars in theology and philosophy