Renewables

Microgrid

Conventional Microgrid Advanced Microgrid

Microsources
Solar DC Supply Hybrid AC Load
Power Quadratic or Grid

Wind AC Supply Boost

DC Load
Power Inverter

Advanced Microgrid
 Modular Controller
DC Interface S1
Only one conversion Stage

To Converter Input
V
Microsources V

Filter
ac or Vdc V
S'1 in

V
DC 0 0
Solar Power Supply Proposed Modular To local S2
High Step Up Quadratic DC/AC Ac loads

-
Differential

+
DA S'
Amplifier 2
Boost Topology Converter
AC
Wind Power Supply To grid de lay
+

+
-

0 0

Results with AC microsource

Results with DC microsource
 Modular Controller

Vdc
Vac

High(1) signal to S2, S’2

Low (0) signal to S2, S’2

High (1) signal to S1, S’1

Low (0) signal to S1, S’1

Results with AC microsource

Results with DC microsource
Microsources
Hybrid
Hybrid
Solar DC Supply AC Load
Power Quadratic or Grid
DC AC
Wind AC Supply Boost
DC Load
Power Inverter
Converter
 Universal Microgrid

Each of the four bidirectional switches (Q1–Q4) of BDHC comprises the combination of a switch Si and an antiparallel
diode Di (i = 1 to 4). The boost operation of the proposed converter can be realized by turning on both switches of any
particular leg (either S1–S4 or S3–S2) simultaneously. This is equivalent to shoot-through switching condition as far as VSI
operation is concerned, and it is strictly forbidden in the case of a conventional VSI. However, for the proposed
modification, this operation is equivalent to the switching “on” of the switch “Sa” of the conventional boost converter
The ac output of the BDHC is controlled using a modified version of unipolar sine-PWM switching scheme. The
BDHC, during inverter operation, has the same circuit states as a conventional VSI. The reason for this is as follows:
For conventional VSIs although the input to the bridge is a voltage stiff dc bus, the input dc voltage is required only
during the power intervals, i.e., when there is a power transfer with the source. In the other intervals, the current
freewheels among the inverter switches and these states do not require the input to be at a fixed dc value and hence can
be zero. In the BDHC, the switch node voltage (vsn) acts as the input to the inverter; it switches between the voltage
levels—vdcout and zero.
Universal Microgrid
1) Interval I—Shoot-through interval: The equivalent circuit
schematic during the shoot-through interval is shown in Fig. (a).
The shoot-through interval occurs when both the switches (either
Q1–Q4 or Q3–Q2) of any particular leg are turned on at the same
time. The duration of the shoot-through interval decides the boost
converter duty cycle (Dst). The diode “D” is reverse biased during
this period. The inverter output current circulates within the
bridge network switches. Thus, BDHC allows additional switching
states which are strictly forbidden in a VSI.

2) Interval II—Power interval: The power interval, shown in Fig.

(b), occurs when the inverter current enters or leaves the bridge
network at the switch node “s.” The diode “D” conducts during
this period, and the voltage at the switch node (vsn) is equal to the
vdcout (neglecting the diode voltage drop). In this interval, either Q1–
Q2 or Q3–Q4 is turned on.

3) Interval III—Zero interval: The zero interval occurs when the

inverter current circulates among the bridge network switches and
is not sourced or sunk. The diode “D” conducts during this
interval. Fig. (c) shows the equivalent circuit for this interval.
 Optimal Battery Charging Techniques
Optimal Battery Charging

Icharge Vbat
CV Terminatio
PC CC n V V V V
VREF bat ref bat ref

Current Source

Voltage Source
VBAT Rcell

Battery
Voltage
VMIN
(V) IOPT Current (A)
Vcell
IPRE

Time (s)

Behavioral model of Circuit for CC-CV

CC-CV Charging
charging
Charging Technique
1. Battery is charged with constant current under deep discharge condition.
2. Once the battery state of charge (SOC) is reached near 100 % , it is
charged with small trickle charge with a constant voltage.
Some Other Optimal Battery Charging Techniques

I pulse Ip

t2
0
ton toff to t1 t3
0

T IN

Pulse Charging Reflex Charging

➢ Battery is charged for ton and has
a relax time toff in the charging
process.
➢ This neutralizes the battery
internal electrolytes and helps
to enhance the battery life.
➢ The battery is charged in a
cyclic manner which includes
a positive charging current
(Ip) for a period (to-t1), a
negative discharging period
(t1-t2) at a current (IN), and
rest period (t2-t3).
 Plan

Battery 2
Battery 1
R ce ll Bidirectional R ce ll
DC-DC
Vce ll Converter Vce ll

Automatic
V-I Control

Vbat I bat
(Exhibits Adaptive
(Exhibits Universal
Behaviour)
Behaviour)

➢ Design in converter and control

➢ A charger that can charge any battery with optimal charging current
and adapt to all the existing charging methods.
➢ Smooth transition from CC-CV.
➢ Chargeability check.
Converters

Bidirectional Buck Converter

Bidirectional Boost Converter

 CEA I bat
+
I bat
OUT
D IIlim
ref R cell
d 2 -
PWM V bat
Vbat
D +
V cell
1
OUT
-
VVlim
ref
VEA
Consider a scenario, where the battery is charging under CC mode. In this case, D1 is off as Vbat is smaller than Vref. As the
battery SOC increases, the Vcell and Rcell also increase, which increases Vbat(=Vcell+Ibat*Rcell) and brings it closer to Vref. As
soon as the Vbat exceeds Vref D1 is activated, and voltage error amplifier (VEA) takes over the charging cycle. This will force
the Vbat to follow Vref. Therefore, Ibat under this condition is given by (Vref-Vcell)/Rcell. Due to limited battery SOC at this instant
Rcell is finite and Ibat can also exceed Iref. This can re-activate the CEA.

This creates an ambiguous mode created in the charging cycle where both D1 and D2 try to dominate. Thus, the charger
rapidly transits between the CC to CV mode. Hence, with the conventional implementation CC-CV transition is unsmooth
and not feedback controlled.
 Challenges with the existing charging methods
CEA I bat CEA
- Ibat
OUT Du Iref
Change Iref
d PWM +
PWM
Over Vbat d
-
Db Vbat
OUT Changeover
Vref switching
Vref
+ VEA
VEA Unsmooth CC-
CV transition

1. A change over switch is required to have smooth

transition from one mode to other.
2. Both the loops are not feedback controlled.
3. Chargers are extremely application specific. One
charger can charge only specific type of battery and it
is not versatile in nature.
4. Different control modules are used to adapt different
optimal battery charging techniques.
 Controller Design
• The circuit is capable of taking any battery voltage
and charge the battery with optimum charge CEA IL
-
requirement. to pwm VEA Vbat
• The controller facilitates automatic transition OUT -
between a current source and a voltage source. + OUT
• The charger remains in feedback control in all the Variable voltage
+ Vref
modes of operation. clamping circuit
• The charger is capable of adapting to all the
existing optimal battery charging techniques. 0
• It is capable of checking chargeability

Vin Bi-Directional iL
Converter Vin Vbat
d(t)
I cc Vbat Bi-Directional Vo

Voltage Source
Converter

Current Source
PWM
Rcell

Battery
Carrier K(s) Rcell d(t)

Battery
Carrier PWM
- VEA
OUT
Vvea
CEA +
Vcell iL V - Vcell
vea
Compensator OUT

0 V
ref
Clamping Circuit
Constant current mode Constant Voltage Mode
Power Management Lab
24-Apr-22 15
 Controller Design
• The circuit is capable of taking any battery voltage and charge the battery with
optimum charge requirement.
• The controller facilitates automatic transition between a current source and a
voltage source.
• The charger remains in feedback control in all the modes of operation.
• The charger is capable of adapting to all the existing optimal battery charging
techniques.
• It is capable of checking chargeability

VEA
V
o
-

OUT
CEA IL Vref
- +
to pwm VEA Vbat feedback clamping circuit
OUT -

+ OUT
+ Vref
Variable voltage -
clamping circuit OUT
CEA Vclamp
+
+
0 to PWM
OUT IL
Controller Circuit -

Feedback Clamped Controller

Feedback Clamped Bi-Directional Optimal Charging system

V Vbat =11.9
=6
=8
in Bi-Directional
Converter

Battery
R
cell
Gate
Driver V
cell

CEA
VEA
Vsense
-
1
PWM OUT -
R
+ OUT
Vref =12
+

TS -

OUT Vclamp
=1 I clamp D +
For Time T -
S
OUT Vmin =7
S +
S=ON for 1
S=OFF for 0

Feedback Clamping Circuit

 Verification
Simulation Experimental
Vvea
Iclamp
Iclamp

Vbat Constant Voltage Vbat

Constant Voltage Constant Current

Icharge Ibat
Constant Current

Results for 5 V/2.5 V Buck module

 Optimal Battery Charger

Implementation Digital 6 V 4.5 Ah Battery

 Optimal Battery Charger

To gate To gate
driver driver
Switching Vbat
Switching Logic Ciruit VEA
Logic Ciruit
VEA Vbat Out
Vref
Out Charging Discharging Rest Period
Period Period
Charging Rest Vref
Period Period
PWM Out Logic
Vclamp
Circuit
PWM Out Vclamp Out Feedback clamping circuit
Logic GND V1 V2
Circuit CEA IL
Out Charging
Feedback clamping circuit GND Period
CEA
IL Discharging
Charging Rest Period
Period Period
Rest
Period

Pulse Charging Implementation Reflex Charging Implementation

 Optimal Battery Charger

Charging Current
Charging Current

Inductor Current
Inductor Current

Reflex Charging Pulse Charging

 Optimal Battery Charger

20 V/div
Vbat_b st Vbat_bst 20 V/div
Vbat_bk
PWM 10 V/div
10 µs/div

Pulsed Ibat_bst t2 t3
t1
t1
1 ms/div Reflex charge current 2 A/div 10 µs/div
10 V/div t2 1 A/div 5 ms/div

Pulse Charging Implementation Reflex Charging Implementation