GRP 1: COMMUNICATION ETHICS

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

● The​ ​act or process of communicating​; fact of being communicated

● The ​imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or
signs.

WHAT IS ETHICS?

•​ A
​ ​system of moral principles

• ​Deals with values relating to human conduct​, with respect to the rightness and
wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends
of such actions.

COMMUNICATION ETHICS

● The principle that governs communication, ​the right and wrong aspects of it, ​the moral-
immoral dimensions relevant to Interpersonal communication are called the ​ethics of
Interpersonal communication.
● Maintaining the ​correct balance between the speaking and listening​ the legitimacy
of fear and emotional appeal.
● The ​principle of honesty on both sides should be completely applied because ​any
amount of insincerity from either the listener or the speaker would not be prudent.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION

•​ R
​ esponsible Thinking

•​ D
​ ecision Making

•​ D
​ evelopment of Relationships and communities

•​ C
​ ontexts

•​ C
​ ultures

•​ C
​ hannels

•​ M
​ edia
UNETHICAL COMMUNICATION

● threatens the quality of all communication and consequently the well-being of

individuals and the society.

PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL COMMUNICATION

• Advocate truthfulness, accuracy, honesty, and reason as essential to the integrity of

​

communication.

• Endorse freedom of expression, diversity of perspective, and tolerance of dissent to

​

achieve the informed and responsible decision making fundamental to a civil

society.

• Strive to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and

​

responding to their message.

• Being ​committed to the courageous expression of personal convictions in pursuit of

​

fairness and justice.

• Advocate sharing information, opinions, and feelings when facing significant choices
​

while also respecting privacy and confidentiality​.

• Accept responsibility for the short- and long- term consequences for our own
​

communication and expect the same of others.

• Promote access to communication resources and opportunities as necessary to fulfill

​

human potential and contribute to the well-being of families, communities, and

society.

• promote communication climates of caring and mutual understanding that ​respect the
​

unique needs​ and ​characteristics​ of individual communicators.

• condemn communication that degrades individuals and humanity through distortion,

​

intimidation, coercion, and violence, and through the expression of intolerance and
hatred.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

- This refers to ​communication with another person. This kind of communication is

​

subdivided into:
 •​ D
​ yadic communication

•​ P
​ ublic communication

•​ ​ ​Small-group communication

FOUR PRINCIPLES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

1. Inescapable
2. Irreversible
3. Complicated
4. Contextual
○ Psychological context
○ Relational context
○ Situational context
○ Environmental context
○ Cultural context

FUNCTIONS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION

1. Gaining Information
2. Building a Context of Understanding
3. Establishing Identity
4. Interpersonal Needs

•​ I​ nclusion

•​ C
​ ontrol

•​ A
​ ffection

DISTANCE

1. Provides ​necessary space for each communicative partner to contribute to the

relationship.
2. Is interpersonal space that nourishes the very thing that ​keeps the person together
interpersonally—relationship.
3. Is an ​ethical responsibility,​ not a flaw or a limitation.
 4. The importance of distance keeps us from equating interpersonal communication with
ever more closeness.

INTERPERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY

• Begins with ​each person’s commitment to active care for interpersonal relationship​,
owned by neither and nurtured with or without the support of the Other.

• Adheres to the insight of ​Emmanuel Levinas​, abandoning the expectation of

​

reciprocity for attentiveness to a call to responsibility with or without the approval of

the other.

•​ I​ nvolves:

• Caring for an interpersonal relationship. As one seeks a path in life, interpersonal

​

relationship responsibility invites a balance between distance and closeness in each

relationship, which defines the quality of our interpersonal lives (Stewart, 2006).

•​ S
​ ympathy

•​ E
​ mpathy

ETHICAL FRAMEWORKS

1.​ D
​ EONTOLOGICAL ETHICS

• The ​usual basis of our decision making process​, expressing a commitment to the
​

most basic principles.

•​ I​ t is ​regarded as universal​, always applicable whatever the circumstance is.

•​ W
​ e follow these rules since we ​think of them as duties​.

2.​ U
​ TILITARIAN ETHICS

​ ocuses on the results ​ and whether or not it would benefit the majority.
•​ F

•​ ​ ​Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of each action or decision.

3.​ V
​ IRTUE ETHICS

• ​Concerned with moral character and places more weight or ​value on the dignity of
an individual​ and humanity's task of caring for one another.
 •​ I​ t ​emphasizes character​ as opposed to duty or consequence.

4.​ S
​ ITUATIONAL OR CONTEXTUAL ETHICS

• There is ​no absolute approach to situations, each ​situation should be addressed

​

differently.

•​ ​Every problem should be evaluated in its particular context or

situation.

UNETHICAL COMMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE

Three broad types of theories:

1.​ C
​ onsequentialist theories

•​ T
​ he Utilitarian Approach

•​ T
​ he Egoistic Approach

•​ C
​ ommon Good Approach

2.​ N
​ on-consequentialist theories

•​ D
​ uty- Based Approach

•​ T
​ he Rights Approach

•​ F
​ airness Approach

•​ D
​ ivine Command Approach

3.​ A
​ gent-centered theories

•​ T
​ he Virtue Approach

•​ F
​ eminist Approach

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

•​ ​Basic human right​ refers to f​reedom to seek, receive, and impart information and
opinions​ of any kind in any form.
 •​ ​Protected under the ​Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

•​ U
​ sed to​ seek answers and express opinions.

ETHICAL FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

•​ F
​ reedom of Expression must be balance.

•​ T
​ here should be limits.

•​ P
​ eople should refrain from hate speech.

MASS COMMUNICATION

•​ ​Mass communication is ​used to describe the various means ​by which ​individuals and
entities relay information through mass media​ to large segments of the population at
the same time.

•​ ​It is ​the mass production of messages​ (message) or information that is intended to

reach a large amount of people

•​ ​ ​Uses mass media;​ such as newspapers, TV, radio, books etc.

MASS COMMUNICATION ETHICS

•​ Truth
​

•​ ​Censorship

•​ ​Laws

•​ ​Privacy

•​ ​Appropriateness

•​ ​Sensitivity to other cultures

•​ ​Respect dignity, privacy, and well being of a person

ETHIC CODES

•​ ​Ethic Codes (or Ethical Codes) are ​moral guidelines that are used to help assist
people in making decisions​, to tell the ​ difference between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’​ and to
utilize this understanding to make ethical choices.

•​ T
​ here are 3 levels;

•​ C
​ ode of Ethics (social issues)

•​ C
​ ode of Conduct (influence to behavior of employees)

•​ C
​ ode of Practice (professional responsibility)

CORPORATE CODES OF ETHICS

•​ Courtesy
​

•​ ​Honesty

•​ ​Confidentiality

•​ ​Credit

•​ ​Free Speech

If you want to leave this world peacefully and respectfully then practice communication
ethics, and make it a legacy.
 GRP 2: Varieties of Spoken and Written Communication

A​ ​'Written Communication'​ ​means the ​sending of messages, orders or instructions in writing

through letters, circulars, manuals, reports, telegrams, office memos, bulletins, etc.​ It is a ​formal
method of communication​ and is ​less flexible​.

Advantage

§​ ​Easy to preserve
§​ ​Prevention of wastage of time and money
§​ ​Less distortion possibility
§​ ​No opportunity to misinterpret
§​ ​Permanent record
§​ ​Delegation of authority

Disadvantage

§​ ​Expensive
§​ ​Time consuming
§​ ​Difficult to maintain secrecy
§​ ​Delay in response
§​ ​Lack of direct relation
§​ ​Useless for illiterate person

Spoken Communication

-​ The ​sharing of information between individuals by using speech.​ Individuals working

​

within a business need to effectively use verbal communication that employs readily
understood spoken words, as well as ensuring that the enunciation, stress and tone of voice
with which the words are expressed is appropriate.

Advantages

§​ ​Time saving
§​ ​Effectiveness
§​ ​Immediate feedback
§​ ​Maintaining secrecy
§​ ​Correction of errors
§​ ​More powerful
 Disadvantages

§​ ​Vague and imprecise

§​ ​Not everybody prefers
§​ ​Costly
§​ ​Distortion of information

Importance of Written and Spoken Communication

● If ​we are clear in our point, we can make them to get a clear understanding.​ Second thing,
if ​we are clear in what we are saying, the flow will be good while speaking.
● In today's hectic world, we ​rely heavily on sharing information,​ resulting in greater
emphasis being placed on having good communication skills. Good verbal and written
communication skills are essential ​in order to deliver and understand information quickly
and accurately. Being able to communicate effectively is a vital life skill and should not
be overlooked.

6 ELEMENTS:​ ​Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver, Feedback, Noise

6 C’s OF COMMUNICATION:​ ​Clarity, Completeness, Concreteness, Consideration,

Correctness, Conciseness

PRINCIPLES​:​ Inescapable, Irreversible, Complicated, Contextual, Psychological, Situational,

Relational, Environmental, Cultural

COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION

Technological Determinism

-​ A ​philosophical standpoint emphasizing the impact of technology upon society.

​

-​ Technology determines societies​ (social structures and cultural values).

​

-​ “changes in technology are the primary influence on human-social relations” –​ Karl

​

Marx

-​ ​Technological Determinism​ seeks to show technical developments as the KEY MOVER

in history and social change.
TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISTIC DISCOURSE

1. The printing press (Gutenberg, 15​th​ Century).

2. Emergence of the ‘imagine community’.

3. Formation of nation states.

4. Democratization of religion -> reformation.

5. Emphasis on vernacular.

6. Computer mediated communication

7. Re-invention of direct democracy

8. Revolutions in education

9. Completely new ways of thinking

10.​ ​Knowledge-society

11.​ ​No social class

GLOBALIZATION AND COMMUNICATION

-​ ​ ​Globalization Is the uprooting of human activities​- political, cultural, economic, social.

-​ Interconnectedness or Interdependencies​ of many different part in the world.

​

-​ From a communication studies perspective:

​

Why Globalization?​ - because ​it is possible to communicate on a global scale.

-​ “Only in the past couple of centuries, as every human community has gradually been
​

drawn into a single web of trade and a global network of information, have we come to a
point where each of us can realistically imagine contacting any other of our six billion
conspecifics and sending that person something worth having: a radio, an antibiotic, a
good idea” – Appiah, 2006.
TRACING THE HISTORY

-​ ​​John Thompson​ stated main points from the book​ Media and Modernity (1995).

1. Today ​communication is increasingly globally.

2. This ​promotes a ‘reordering’ of time and space.

3. This in turn,​ promotes global interconnections interdependencies​=

globalization

4. Globalization is a progress, not an end of state.​ Started mainly with three

process during the 19​th​ century.

·​ ​ ​1830​- ​The telegraph, electric communication via transatlantic underwater cables.​ No

more messengers.

·​ 1843​- ​Washington and Baltimore connected.

​

·​ 1865​- ​Britain and India connected.

​

·​ 1870​- ​Europe linked to large parts of the world.

​

·​ ​​1924​- ​King George V sends a message to himself that circulated the globe in 80 seconds.

THE DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Cultural​:

a. Global images

b. Global audiences

c. Value-spreading

d. Neo-imperialism/media imperialism

e. World Culture

2. Social​:

a. Global social relations

 b. Mobility

c. Tourism

d. Sense of global of community

3. Political​:

a. Supranational organizations: UN, WTO, etc.

b. Supra-national governance ‘world-police’

c. Regionalization EU.

d. Cosmopolitanism

4. Economic​:

a. Common discourse

b. Trade links

c. Instant money transaction- global business

d. Global exploitation of labor.

Common thread: they all depends on global communication infrastructure

CONCEPTUALIZING GLOBALIZATION

·​ Appadurai, A. (1996).
​

o​ ‘​ Scapes’ that capture the globalization of all human activity:

1.​ E
​ thnoscapes,

2.​ F
​ inancescapes,

3.​ M
​ ediascapes, and

4.​ T
​ echnoscapes, etc.

·​ Castells, M. (1996).
​
 o​ I​ n globalization- new logic of space: from ​‘space of place’ to ‘space of
flows’.

§​ ​‘Flows’ are ​purposeful, repetitive, programmable sequences of

exchange and interaction between physically disjointed positions​.

§​ ​Flows are ​“expressions of processes dominating our economic,

political and symbolic life.”

EXPRESSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

·​ How is the organization of our world different now (in the midst of the process the
​

globalization) compared to before?

EXPRESSION 1: The Rise of Global Cities

·​ Mainly located and considered within the ​economy- dimension of globalization.

​

·​ According to Castells ​‘​trilogy’​, in globalization, cities have become ​increasingly

​

important nodes for all human activity.

·​ Globalization demands infrastructural nodes.

​

EXPRESSION 2: Cosmopolitanism

·​ Political Cosmopolitanism
​

1. Supra- national governance

2. the ​lessening power of the nation and the increasing power of

supra-national power.

i.​ E
​ ​ g. The United Nations.

3. The ​world as one nation,​ world citizenship.

·​ Socio-cultural Cosmopolitanism​:
​

1. A global awareness.

2. Openness towards diversity and multi- culturalism.

3. Lifestyle.

4. Travelling.

5. ‘A willingness to engage with the other’​ ​(Hannerz, 1990; Rantanen, 2005).

EXPRESSION 2: Meditated Cosmopolitanism

·​ What do we actually do online?

​

1. Trolling

2. Flaming- irrationality and inhospitality on online public spaces.

3. Same 10 websites over and over again.

4. ‘Not engaging with the other.’

·​ (Tomlinson, 2001)​: Technologies of the heart: new technologies are merely new ways in
​

which we communicate with the same people.

·​ (Bauman, 2001):​ Compassion is still local, not global- we can see but cannot/ will not act.
​

EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS

What is the message?

- In rhetorical and communication studies, a message is defined as ​information conveyed

by words (in speech or writing), and/or other signs and symbols​. A message (verbal or
nonverbal, or both) is the ​content of the communication process.

Message​ -​ It refers to the ​content that the sender passes on to the receiver.​ It is the​ core of
communication.
Messages can consist of symbols or words​. ​Transformation of an idea into a message by the
sender ​is known an ​encoding​ and ​converting this message into some meaning by the receiver​ is
known as ​decoding​.

What is the purpose of the message?

•​Persuade​ — to ​cause (someone) to do something​ by asking, arguing, or giving reasons : ​to

cause (someone) to believe something.

— e.g. product advertisement, political campaigns, etc.

•​Inform​ — to ​give/provide information.

— e.g. traffic signage, pamphlets, flyers

•​Entertain​ ​— to ​amuse people

— e.g. songs, movies, performances

How is the message conveyed by the test and/or image?

2 TYPES: Physical Media and Mechanical Media

Physical Media

- With physical media, ​we mean channels where the person who is talking can be seen and
heard by the audience.​ The whole point here is to ​be able to not only hear the messages
but also to see the body language and feel the climate in the room.​ This does not need to
be two-way channels. In certain situations, the receiver expect physical communication.
This is the case especially when dealing with high concern messages, e.g. organizational
change or down sizing. If a message is perceived as important to the receiver they expect
to hear it live from their manager.

Examples:

● Large meetings, town hall meetings

● Department meetings (weekly meetings)
● Up close and personal (exclusive meetings)
● Video conferences
● Viral communication or word of mouth
Mechanical Media

- The second of the two types of communication medium is mechanical media. With
mechanical media ​we mean written or electronic channels.​ These channels can be used as
archives for messages or for giving the big picture and a deeper knowledge. But they can
also be very fast. Typically though, because ​it is written, it is always interpreted by the
reader based on his or her mental condition.​ ​Irony or even humour rarely travels well in
mechanical channels.

Examples:

● E-mail
● Weekly letters or newsletters
● Personal letters
● Billboards
● Intranet
● Magazines or papers
● SMS
● Social media

Who is the target audience of the message?

Audience​ - is a ​group of readers, viewers, observers who read, view, witness a particular piece
of work.

Technically, there are two (2) types of audiences:

General Audience​ - public, lay, nonacademic

Scholarly Audience​ ​- experts, and academic

Consider these factors to determine the target audience of a finished text or of a piece of work.

1.Where was the work published?

- If it is on a​ newspaper, magazine, news organization or popular website, then it is

intended for general audience
- If it is on an ​academic journal, periodic publications, and long articles, then it is intended
for scholarly audience
2.What kind of language does the article use?

- - If it uses ​everyday language (layman's term), then it is meant for the general audience

- - If it uses ​technical language and uses citations, then it is likely meant for scholarly
audience

3.What is the author(s)’ background?

- If the author is a ​reporter/columnist,​ then the author’s work is for​ the general audience
- If the author is a ​professional​ (professor, employees, employers, lawyers, business
people, medical personnel, etc) or a subject matter expert, ​then his work is for the
scholarly audience

What other ways of presenting the message are there?

1. Visual ● videos (film/movie, documentaries,

TV programs/commercials, etc.)
● signages
● pictures/images 4. Performance Art
● written works/accounts
● indicators ● dancing
● poster, pamphlets, invitation, tickets ● theater plays/opera
and etc. ● phantomime
● maps ● speech choir
● symbols
5. Media
2. Audio
● SMS
● music ● mass media
● spoken poetry ● social media
● recordings
6. Nonverbal Communication

● body language (movement, posture)

● facial expressions
● gestures
● eye contact
● space
3. Audio-visual ● touch
● sign language