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Qip Ice Problems PDF
Qip Ice Problems PDF
Engine Fundamentals
1. A four-stroke SI engine delivers a brake power of 442 kW with a mechanical efficiency
of 85 %. The measured fuel consumption is 160 kg of fuel in one hour and air
consumption is 410 kg during one sixth of an hour. The heating value of the fuel is
42000 kJ/kg. Calculate (i) indicated power, (ii) frictional power, (iii) air-fuel ratio, (iv)
indicated thermal efficiency and (v) brake thermal efficiency.
[520 kW, 78 kW, 15.37, 0.278, 0.236]
2. A spark-ignition engine has a fuel-air ratio of 0.067. How many kgs of air per hour are
required for a brake power output of 73.6 kW at an overall brake thermal efficiency of
20 %. How many m3 of air are required per hour if the density of air is 1.125 kg/m3. If
the fuel vapour has a density four times that of air, how many m3 per hour of the
mixture is required? The calorific value of the fuel is 42000 kJ/kg.
[418.47 m3/hr, 425.47 m3/hr]
3. The engine of the Fiat car has four cylinders of 68 mm bore and 75 mm stroke. The
compression ratio is 8. Calculate the cubic capacity of the engine and the clearance
volume of each cylinder. [1089.48 cm3, 38.9 cm3]
4. A twin-cylinder two-stroke engine has a swept volume of 150 cm3. The maximum
power output is 19 kW at 11000 rpm. At this condition, the bsfc is 0.11 kg/MJ, and the
gravimetric air/fuel ratio is 12:1. If the ambient test conditions were 100C and 1.03 bar,
and the fuel has a calorific value of 44 MJ/kg, calculate the bmep, the brake thermal
efficiency and the volumetric efficiency. [6.91 bar, 20.6 %, 72 %]
5. The Rolls Royce CV12 turbocharged four-stroke direct injection diesel engine has a
displacement of 26.1 litres. The engine has a maximum output of 900 kW at 2300 rpm
and is derated to 397.5 kW at 1800 rpm for industrial use. What is the bmep for each of
these types? [18 bar, 10.15 bar]
6. The high performance version of the CV12 has a bsfc of 0.063 kg/MJ at maximum
power, and a minimum bsfc 0f 0.057 kg/MJ. Calculate the brake thermal efficiencies
for both conditions, and the fuel flow rate at maximum power. The calorific value of
the fuel is 42 MJ/kg. [37.79 %, 41.77 %, 0.0567 kg/s]
7. During the power stroke of an engine, the gas pressure force acting on the piston is
transmitted to the crankshaft via the connecting rod. List the forces acting on the
piston during this part of the operating cycle. Show the direction of the forces acting on
the piston in a piston, cylinder, connecting rod and crank mechanism. Write out the
force balance for the piston (a) along the cylinder axis and (b) transverse to the cylinder
axis in the plane containing the connecting rod.
8. Suggest reasons why multi-cylinder engines prove more attractive than single cylinder
engines once the total engine displaced volume exceeds a few hundred cubic
centimeters.
9. State the impact on airflow, maximum torque and maximum power when there is a
change in a spark ignition engine from 2 valves per cylinder to 4 valves (2 inlet and 2
exhaust) per cylinder.
10. What are the advantages of over square and under square engines?
Engine Parameters
11. A six-cylinder diesel engine with displaced volume of 10 litres operates at 2100 rpm
and with mean piston speed of 8 m/s. Calculate the airflow if volumetric efficiency
is 0.92. If F/A ratio is 0.05, what is the fuel flow rate, and mass of fuel injected per
cylinder per cycle? [190 gm/s, 76 mg/cycle/cylinder]
12. A pickup truck has a five-litre, V6, SI engine operating at 2400 rpm. The engine has
a compression ratio of 10.2:1 and its volumetric efficiency is 0.91. The bore and the
stroke are related as L=0.92B. Calculate (a) stroke length, (b) average piston speed,
(c) clearance volume of one cylinder and (d) airflow rate into the engine.
[9.65 cm, 7.72m/s, 90.6 cm3, 0.107 kg/s]
13. A six cylinder two-stroke engine produces a torque of 1100 Nm at a speed of 2100
rpm. It has a bore of 123 mm and a stroke of 127 mm. What is its bmep and mean
piston speed? [7.63 bar, 8.89 m/s]
15. A single-cylinder, two-stroke cycle model airplane engine with 7.54 cm3
displacement produces 1.42 kW of brake power at 23,000 RPM. The square engine
(B=L) uses 31.7 gm/min of castor oil-methanol-nitromethane fuel at an air-fuel
ratio AF=4.5. During intake scavenging, 65 % of the incoming air-fuel mixture gets
trapped in the cylinder, while 35 % of it is lost with the exhaust before the exhaust
port closes. Assuming combustion efficiency of 94 %, calculate (a) brake specific
fuel consumption, (b) average piston speed, (c) unburnt fuel exhausted to
atmosphere and (d) torque. [1339 gm/kW-hr, 16.33 m/s, 12.3 gm/min, 0.59 N-m]
16. The power per unit piston area (termed as specific power) is a measure of the
designer’s success in using the available piston area regardless of size. Derive an
expression for specific power in terms of mep and mean piston speed for two-
stroke and four-stroke cycles.
17. Explain why the bmep of a naturally aspirated diesel engine is lower than that of a
naturally aspirated spark-ignition engine. Explain why the bmep is lower at the
maximum rated power for a given engine than the bmep at the maximum torque.
18. The values of mep at rated speed, maximum mean piston speed, and maximum
specific power are essentially independent of cylinder size for naturally aspirated
engines of a given type. If we also assume that engine weight per unit displaced
volume is essentially constant, how will the specific weight of an engine at fixed
total displaced volume vary with the number of cylinders? Assume the bore and
stroke are equal.
32. An engine working on dual combustion cycle, the temperature and pressure at the
beginning of compression are 363 k and 1 bar. The compression ratio is 13:1. The
heat supplied per kg of air is 1675 kJ, half of which is supplied at constant volume
and half at constant pressure. Calculate (i) the maximum pressure in the cycle, and
(ii) the percentage of stroke at which cut-off occurs. Take k for compression = 1.4,
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K and cv for products of combustion to be 0.71 + 20 x 10-5 T.
[66.2 bar, 2.64 % of stroke]
33. What is the effect on the efficiency of a Diesel cycle having a compression ratio of
20, with cut-off ratio at 5 % of the swept volume, if the specific heat at constant
volume increases by 1%. Take cv = 0.717 kJ/kg K and R = 0.287 kJ/kg K. [-565 %]
34. How do the specific heats vary with temperature? What is the physical explanation
for this variation?
Carburettor
35. A four-stroke, four-cylinder engine with a total displaced volume of 0.00377 m3
running at 2000 rpm has a carburetor venturi with a 3 cm throat. Determine the
suction at the throat assuming volumetric efficiency of the engine to be 70 %.
Assume density of air to be 1.2 kg/m2 and coefficient of airflow 0.8. [0.339 bar]
36. A petrol engine consumes 7.5 kg of petrol per hour. The specific gravity of fuel is
0.75. The air temperature is 298 K. The air fuel ratio is 15. The choke tube has a
diameter of 22 mm. Calculate the diameter of the fuel jet of a simple carburetor. The
top of jet is 4 mm above the petrol level in the float chamber. Take coefficient of
discharge as 0.82 and 0.7 for air and fuel respectively. Assume atmospheric pressure
= 1.013 bar. [1.244 mm]
37. Determine the change of air-fuel ratio in an aircraft carburetor when it takes off from
sea level to a height of 5000 m. Carburetor is adjusted for 15:1 ratio at sea level
where the air temperature is 270 C and pressure 1 bar. Assume the variation of
temperature of air with altitude at t=ts-0.0065h, where h is in metres and t is in 0C.
The air pressure decreases with altitude as per relation h = 19200 log10 (1/p), where
p is in bar. Calculate the air-fuel ratio at the altitude of 5000 m. [11.77]
38. A carburetor, tested in a laboratory has its float chamber vented to atmosphere. The
main metering system is adjusted to give an air-fuel ratio of 15:1 at sea level
conditions. The pressure at the venturi throat is 0.8 bar. The atmospheric pressure is
1 bar. The same carburetor is tested again when an air cleaner is fitted at the inlet to
the carburetor. The pressure drop to air cleaner is found to be 30 mm Hg when
airflow at sea level condition is 240 kg/h. Assuming zero lip and constant coefficient
of flow, calculate (i) the throat pressure when the air cleaner is fitted and (ii) air-fuel
ratio when the air cleaner is fitted. [0.76 bar, 13.7]
39. A 4-cylinder, 4-stroke Ambassador car has a capacity of 1490 cm3. It develops a
maximum power at 4200 rpm and air-fuel ratio required is 13:1. The volumetric
efficiency of the engine=0.70. The air speed at venturi is limited to 90 m/s and
nozzle has a lip of 6 mm. Assuming coefficient of discharge for the venturi to be
0.85, and that for the nozzle 0.66 and density of fuel=740 kg/m3, calculate the
diameter of the venturi and the nozzle. An allowance is to be made for the capillary
tube whose diameter should be taken as 0.4 times the venturi diameter. Atmospheric
pressure and temperature are 1.013 bar and 293 K. [2.74 cm, 1.56 mm]
40. Explain why a rich mixture is required for idling?
41. Explain the advantages of having a multi-barrel carburetor.
42. Port fuel-injection systems are replacing carburetors in automobile spark-ignition
engines. List the major advantages/disadvantages of fuel metering with port fuel
injection relative to carburetor.
49. What is purpose of using a governor in CI engines? Explain the working principle
of any one-type of governor.
50. With sketches, explain the types of fuel nozzles used in CI engines.
51. A 5.6 litre V8 engine with a compression ratio of 9.4:1 operates on an air-standard
Otto cycle at 2800 RPM, with a volumetric efficiency of 90 % and a stoichiometric
air-fuel ratio using gasoline. The exhaust flow undergoes a temperature drop of
440C as it passes through the turbine of the supercharger. Calculate (a) mass flow
rate of exhaust gas and (b) power available to drive the turbocharger compressor.
[0.148 kg/s, 7.22 kW]
52. Two identical motorcars fitted with 4-stroke engines of the same dimensions and
having swept volume of 3300 cc. One engine is normally aspirated and develops a
bmep of 9.3 bar at 4500 rpm, its indicated thermal efficiency being 28.5 % and its
mechanical efficiency 90 %. The other engine is fitted with a supercharger and
develops a bmep of 12.1 bar at 4500 rpm (its compression ratio being lowered to
avoid detonation); its indicated thermal efficiency is 24.8 % and its mechanical
efficiency 90 %. The mass of the unboosted engine is 205 kg and that of the
boosted engine (with accessories) is 225 kg. If both the cars are supplied with
sufficient petrol for a test of ‘H’ hours duration, what is the maximum value of ‘H’
if the specific mass (i.e., the ratio of mass of engine plus fuel to bp) of the boosted
engine is always to be less than that of the unboosted one. The fuel used for both
the cars is the same and its calorific value is 44000 kJ/kg. [5.87 hours]
53. The entire output of a supercharged four-stroke cycle oil engine is used to drive an
air compressor 293 K, and is delivered to a cooler which removes heat at the rate of
1340 kJ/min. the air leaves the cooler at 333 K and 1.72 bar. Part of this air flow is
used to supercharge the engine which has a volumetric efficiency of 0.70 based on
induction manifold condition of 333 K and 1.72 bar. The engine, which has six
cylinders of 90 mm bore, and 100 mm stroke runs at 2000 rpm and delivers an
output torque of 147 N-m. The mechanical efficiency of the engine is 0.75.
Determine (a) the engine imep, (b) the air consumption in kg/min, and (c) the
airflow into the compressor in kg/min. [6.45 bar, 4.8 kg/min, 12.6 kg/min]
54. A diesel engine is fitted with a turbocharger, which comprises a radial compressor
driven by a radial exhaust turbine. The air is drawn into the compressor at a
pressure of 0.95 bar and at a temperature of 288 K, and is delivered to the engine at
a pressure of 2.0 bar. The engine is operating on a gravimetric air/fuel ratio of 18:1,
and the exhaust leaves the engine at a temperature of 873 K, and at a pressure of
1.8 bar; the turbine exhaust at 1.05 bar. The isentropic efficiencies of compressor
and turbine are 70 % and 80 % respectively. Using the values Cp for air = 1.01
kJ/kg K, γ = 1.4; and Cp for exhaust gas = 1.15 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.33, calculate (i) the
temperature of the air leaving the compressor, (ii) the temperature of the gases
leaving the turbine, and (iii) the mechanical power loss in the turbocharger
expressed as a percentage of the power generated in the turbine.
[372 K, 785 K, 7.34 %]
55. Compare the cooling effect of fuel evaporation on charge temperature in a
turbocharged SI engine for the following two cases: (a) the carburetor placed before
the compressor, (b) the carburetor placed after the compressor. The specific heat
capacity of the air and latent heat of evaporation of the fuel are both constant. For
the air/fuel ratio of 12.5 :1, the evaporation of the fuel causes a 25 K drop in
mixture temperature. The compressor efficiency is 70 % for the pressure ratio of
1.5, and the ambient air is at 288 K. Assume Cp for air = 1.01 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.4; Cp
for air/fuel mixture = 1.05 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.34. Finally, compare the compressor
work in both cases. [303.7 K, 313.5 K, 46.15 kJ/kg, 51.01 kJ/kg]
56. An eight-cylinder turbocharged aftercooled four-stroke cycle diesel engine operates
with an inlet pressure of 1.8 atmosphere at its maximum rated power at 2000 rpm.
Bore and strokes of the engines are 128 mm and 140 mm respectively, and
volumetric efficiency based on inlet manifold conditions of 1.8 atm and 325 K after
the aftercooler is 0.9. The compressor isentropic efficiency is 0.7. Calculate (a) the
power required to drive the turbocharger compressor, (b) the pressure at the
turbine inlet if the exhaust gas temperature is 923 K and the turbocharger isentropic
efficiency is 0.65, and the turbine exhausts to the atmosphere. Assume a fuel-air
ratio of 0.035, and the following property values: Cp for air = 1.00 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.4;
Cp for gas = 1.25 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.31. [33 kW, 1.568 atm]
57. (a) Why is the compression ratio of an SI engine often reduced when the engine is
redesigned to be used with a turbocharger? (b) Is brake power increased or
decreased? (c) Why isn’t reducing the compression ratio as important when a
turbocharger is added to a CI engine design?
58. What are the advantages and disadvantages in using an inter-cooler? Explain under
what circumstances it should be used?
59. What is a two-stage supercharging?
60. What do understand by the term turbo-lag?
Combustion
67. The spark plug is fired at 180 bTDC in an engine running at 1800 RPM. It takes 80
of engine rotation to start combustion and get into flame propagation mode. Flame
termination occurs at 120 aTDC. Bore diameter is 8.4 cm and the spark plug is
offset 8 mm from the centerline of the cylinder. The flame front can be
approximated as a sphere moving out from the spark plug. Calculate the effective
flame front speed during the flame propagation. [24.5 m/s]
68. The engine in problem-67 is now run at 3000 RPM. As speed is increased in this
engine, greater turbulence and swirl increase the flame front speed at a rate such
that effective flame speed is proportional to 0.85 N. Flame development after spark
plug firing still takes 80 of engine rotation. Calculate how much ignition timing
must be advanced such that flame termination again occurs at 120 aTDC. [3.920]
69. An automobile has a 3.2-litre, five-cylinder, four-stroke cycle engine operating at
2400 RPM. Fuel injection occurs from 200 bTDC to 50 aTDC. The engine has a
compression ratio of 18:1 and operates on an air-standard Dual cycle. At 2400
RPM, combustion starts at 70 bTDC and lasts for 420 of engine rotation. The ratio
of connecting rod length to crank offset is R=3.8. Calculate (a) ignition delay and
(b) cycle cut-off ratio. [130, 2.91]
70. A CI engine with a 3.2-inch bore and 3.9-inch stroke operates at 1850 RPM. In
each cycle, fuel injection starts at 160 bTDC, and lasts for 0.0019 second.
Combustion starts at 80 bTDC. Due to higher temperature, the ignition delay of
any fuel injected after combustion starts is reduced by a factor of two from the
original ID. Calculate (a) ID of first fuel injected in second, (b) ID of first fuel
injected in degrees of engine rotation and (c) crank angle position when
combustion starts on last fuel droplets injected. [0.00072 sec, 80, 9.10]