1. A gas turbine expands 6 kg/s of air from 8 bar and 700oC to 1 bar isentropically.

Calculate the exhaust temperatu

(Answers 537.1 K and 2.628 MW)

T2/T1 = (p2/p1)^(1-1/r)
ƞis = T (actual)/T(ideal) for an expansion.

p1 = 8 bar T1 = 700 C 973 K

p2 = 1 bar T2= ?
T2 = T1*(p2/p1)^(1-1/r) 537.1395484 K OK
P = 6*1005*(973-537) 2628238.5231 J/s
2.6282385231 MW OK

2. A gas turbine expands 3 kg/s of air from 10 bar and 920oC to 1 bar adiabatically with an isentropic efficiency of 92
(Answers 657.3 K and 1.62 MW)
p1 = 10 bar T1 = 920 C 1193 K
p2 = 1 bar T2 = ?
T2 = T1*(p2/p1)^(1-1/r) 610.74553666 K - ideal
△Actual = △Ideal * ƞis 561.88589373
T2actual = T1-△Actual 631.11410627 K No match
P = 3*1010*(T1 - T2actual) 1702514.25799982
1.70251425799982 MW No match

3. A gas turbine expands 7 kg/s of air from 9 bar and 850oC to 1 bar adiabatically with an isentropic efficiency of 87%
ƴ = 1.4 cp = 1005 J/kg K
(Answers 667.5 K and 3.204 MW)
p1 = 9 bar T1 = 850 C 1123 K
p2 = 1 bar T2 = ?
T2 = T1*(p2/p1)^(1-1/r) 599.43077949 K - ideal
△Actual = △Ideal * ƞis 455.50522184 K
T2actual = T1-△Actual 667.49477816 K OK
P = 7*1005*(T1 - T2 actual) 3204479.23564739 J/s
3.20447923564739 MW OK

Problem:
A gas turbine uses the Joule cycle. The inlet pressure and temperature to the
compressor are respectively 1 bar and -10oC. After constant pressure heating, the
pressure and temperature are 7 bar and 700oC respectively. The flow rate of air is 0.4
kg/s. Calculate the following.
1. The cycle efficiency.
2. The heat transfer into the heater.
3. the nett power output.
 = 1.4 cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K
(Answers 42.7 % , 206.7 kW and 88.26 kW)
Solution:
p1 = 1 bar
T1 = -10 C 263 K
p3 = 7 bar
T3 = 700 C 973 K
pr = 7
ƞ = 1- pr^-0.286 0.4268055712 say 42.7% OK
Heat transfer into the heater = mxcpx(T3-T2)

T2 = T1 x pr^0.286 458.83209398 K
Heat transfer (Qin) =0.4 x 1.005 x (973 - 458.8)
206.7084 KJ/s
206.7 KW
Net power output = ƞ * Qin 88.2207115770895 KW
88.2 KW OK

Problem:
A Joule Cycle uses a pressure ratio of 8. Calculate the air standard efficiency.
The isentropic efficiency of the turbine and compressor are both 90%. The low pressure in the cycle is 120 kPa.
The coldest and hottest temperatures in the cycle are 20oC and 1200oC respectively.
Calculate the cycle efficiency with friction and deduce the change. Calculate the nett power output.
ƴ = 1.4 and cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K. Take the mass flow as 3 kg/s.

Formulas:
T2/T1 = (p2/p1)^(1-1/ƴ) = rp ^ (1-1/ƴ)
ƞth = 1 - (p2/p1)^-(1-1/ƴ) = 1 - rp^-(1-1/ƴ)

Air standard efficiency = 1 - rp ^ -(1-1/ƴ)

0.4479552432 or 44.8%

T2'/T1 = rp^(1-1/ƴ)
T1 = 20 C 293 K
T2'= 530.754067 K say 531 K
Now, (T2' - T1) / (T2 - T1) = ƞi
Hence, T2 = T1 + (T2' - T1)/ƞi 557.444444444444 say 557.4

Now, T3/T4' = rp^(1-1/ƴ)

T3 = 1200 C 1473 K
T4' = 1473/8^(1-1/1.4) 813.161926820763 say 813
(T3 - T4)/(T3 - T4') = ƞi
T4 = T3 - ƞi*(T3 - T4') 879 K
ƞth = (Qin - Qout) / Qin =1 - Qout/Qin = 1 - (T4 - T1)/(T3 - T2) 0.35998253
Change = 44.8 - 36 8.8 %
ƞth = Pnett/Qin
Pnett = ƞth*Qin
Qin = m*cp*(T3 - T2) 2760.534 KJ/s 2760 KW
Pnett = ƞth*Qin 993.6 KW say 994 KW OK

Problem:
The air is drawn into the compressor at 1 bar 15oC and is compressed with an isentropic efficiency of 94% to a press
After heating, the gas temperature is 1000oC, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine is also 94%. The mass flow rate
Determine the following.
1. The net power output.
2. The thermal efficiency of the plant.
ƴ = 1.4 and cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K.
(Answers 612 kW and 40.4%)

Pressure ratio p2'/p1 = p2/p1 = 9 = rp

T1 = 15 C 288 K
T2/T1 = (p2/p1)^(1-1/ƴ) = rp ^ (1-1/ƴ)
ƞth = 1 - (p2/p1)^-(1-1/ƴ) = 1 - rp^-(1-1/ƴ)
T2' = T1 * rp^(1-1/ƴ) =288*rp^(1-1/1.4) 539.551873 say
ƞi = (T2' - T1) / (T2 - T1) = (540 - 288) / (T2 - 288) = 0.94
T2 = 288 + (540 - 288) / 0.94 556.085106382979 say
T3/T4' = rp ^ (1-1/ƴ)
T4' = T3 / rp ^ (1 - 1/ƴ)
T3 = 1000 + 273
T4' 679.497224 say
ƞi = (T3 - T4)/ (T3 - T4')
0.94 = (1273 - T4) / (1273 - 679.5)
0.94 * (1273 - 679.5) = (1273 - T4)
T4 = 1273 - 0.94 * (1273 - 679.5) 715.11 say
Qin = (T3 - T2)
Qout = (T4 - T1)
ƞth = (Qin - Qout) / Qin = ((1273 - 556) - (715 - 288)) / (1273 - 556)
0.4044630404 say 40.40% OK
Qin = 2.1 * 1.005 * (T3 - T2) 1513.2285 say 1513
Pnett = Qin * ƞth 611.252 say 611
Problem:
A gas turbine draws in air from atmosphere at 1 bar and 10oC and compresses it to 5
bar with an isentropic efficiency of 80%. The air is heated to 1200 K at constant
pressure and then expanded through two stages in series back to 1 bar. The high
pressure turbine is connected to the compressor and produces just enough power to
drive it. The low pressure stage is connected to an external load and produces 80 kW
of power. The isentropic efficiency is 85% for both stages.
Calculate the mass flow of air, the inter-stage pressure of the turbines and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
For the compressor  = 1.4 and for the turbines  = 1.333.
The gas constant R is 0.287 kJ/kg K for both.
Neglect the increase in mass due to the addition of fuel for burning.

Cp for compressor =R/(1-(1/ƴ))

1.0045 KJ/Kg.K say 1.005 KJ/Kg.K
Cp for turbines =R/(1-(1/ƴ))
1.1488618619 KJ/Kg.K
say 1.149 KJ/Kg.K
Calculate isentropic disch. Temp. of compressor
T1 283 K ƴ 1.4
pr 5
T2' = T1 * (pr)^(1-1/ƴ) 448.22094928 K T3 = 1200
Power input to compressor = m x cp x (T2 - T1) Compressor ƞ = 0.8
Powe output of HP turbine = m x cp x (T4 - T3) 0.8 = (T2' - T1) / (T2 - T1)
Since these are equal, it follows that: T2 = T1 + (T2' - T1)/0.8
1.005 (489.5 - 283) = 1.149 (1200 - T4) T2= 489.5
T4 = (1.149*1200 -1.005*(489.5 - 283))/1.149
T4 = 1019.3799 K
High pressure turbine:
Turbine ƞ = 0.85
0.85 = (T3 - T4)/(T3 - T4')
T4' = T3 - (T3 - T4)/0.85 987.52941176 K
T4'/T3 = (p4/p3)^(1-1/1.333) p4/p3 = (T4'/T3)^(1/(1-1/1.333))
p4/p3 0.45832046
p4 = 5 x 0.46 2.3 bar
Low pressure turbine
T5'/T4 = (1/2.3)^(1-1/1.333)
T5'/T4= 0.81214931
T5' = 1019.4 x 0.81 825.714 K
0.85 = (T4 - T5)/(T4 - T5')
0.85 x (T4 - T5') = (T4 - T5)
T5 = T4 - 0.85 x (T4 - T5')
= 1019.4 - 0.85 x (1019.4 - 825.7) = 854.755 K
Nett Power
Nett Power = 80 KW
80 = m x cp x (T4 - T5) = m x 1.149 x (1019.4 - 854.8)
m = 80/(1.149 x (1019.4 - 854.8)) 0.422705454400966 Kg/s
Heat Input
Q = m x 1.149 x (1200 - 489.5) = 344.505819 KJ/s or KW
Thermal efficiency
ƞ = (80/344.5)*100 23.222060958 %

Problem
A gas turbine draws in air from atmosphere at 1 bar and 15oC and compresses it to 4.5
bar with an isentropic efficiency of 82%. The air is heated to 1100 K at constant
pressure and then expanded through two stages in series back to 1 bar. The high
pressure turbine is connected to the compressor and produces just enough power to
drive it. The low pressure stage is connected to an external load and produces 100 kW
of power. The isentropic efficiency is 85% for both stages.
For the compressor ƴ= 1.4 and for the turbines  ƴ= 1.3. The gas constant R is 0.287
kJ/kg K for both.
Neglect the increase in mass due to the addition of fuel for burning.
Calculate the mass flow of air, the inter-stage pressure of the turbines and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
(Answers 0.642 kg/s and 20.1 %)
T2'/T1 = (4.5)^(1-1/1.4)
T1 = 15 + 273 = 288 K
T2'= T1 x (4.5)^ (1-1/1.4) 442.61347808 K
ƞ compressor = 0.82
0.82 = (T2' - T1)/(T2 - T1)
0.82 x (T2 - T1) = (T2' - T1)
T2 = (T2' -T1)/0.82 + T1 476.53658537 K
T3 = 1100 K
HP turbine power output = m x cpt x (T3 - T4)
Compressor power input = m x cpc x (T2 - T1)
Since these are equal
cpt x (T3 - T4) = cpc x (T2 - T1)
cpt x T4 = cpt x T3 - cpc x (T2 - T1)
T4 = T3 - (cpc/cpt) x (T2 -T1) = 947.754080566053 K
cp = cv +R
cp/cv = 1 + R/cv
For compressor
1.4 = 1 + 0.287/cv
cv = 0.287 / (1.4 -1) = 0.7175
cp = 0.7175 x 1.4 = 1.0045
For turbine
cv = 0.287 / (1.3 -1) = 0.9566666667
cp = 0.9567 x 1.3 = 1.24371
HP turbine efficiency = 0.85
Isentropic disch temp of HP turbine = T4'
0.85 = (T3 - T4)/(T3 - T4')
T4' = T3 - (T3 - T4)/0.85 = 920.94117647 K
T4'/T3 = (P4/P3)^(1-1/1.3) (1-1/1.3) = 0.23076923
T4'/T3 = (P4/P3)^0.23
P4/P3 = (T4'/T3)^(1/0.23)
P4 = P3 x (T4'/T3)^1/0.23) = 2.07898523631356 bar
LP turbine power = 100 KW
Calculate T5'
T5'/T4 = (1/2.1)^(1-1/1.3)
T5' = T4 x (1/2.1)^(1-1/1.3) = 798.65351165209 K
LP turbine eff. = 0.85
0.85 = (T4 - T5)/(T4 - T5')
T4 - T5 = 0.85 x (T4 - T5')
T5 = T4 - 0.85 x (T4 - T5') = 821.065 K
LP turbine power = 100 KW = m x cpt x (T4 - T5)
m = 100/(cpt x (T4 - T5)) = 0.6339578241 Kg/s OK
Heat input = m x cpt x (T3 - T2) = 0.634 x 1.243 x (1100 - 476.5) = 491.356657
Thermal eff. = 100/491.4 = 20.35002035 % OK

Problem
A gas turbine uses a pressure ratio of 7.5/1. The inlet temperature and pressure are
respectively 10oC and 105 kPa. The temperature after heating in the combustion
chamber is 1300 oC. The specific heat capacity cp for the exhaust gas is 1.15 kJ/kg K.
The adiabatic index is 1.4 for air and 1.33 for the gas. Assume isentropic compression
and expansion. The mass flow rate is 1kg/s. Use the chart below to determine cp for
air.
Calculate the air standard efficiency if no heat exchanger is used and compare it to the
thermal efficiency when an exhaust heat exchanger with a thermal ratio of 0.88 is
used.

Air Standard Efficiency without a heater, assumes air as working fluid and external heat addition, no combustion
T2 = T3
T1 = 10 + 273 = 283 K
P2/P1 = 7.5
T3/T1 = 7.5^(1-1/1.4)
T3 = T1 x 7.5^(1-1/1.4) = 503.27335659 K
Mass flow rate = 1 Kg/s
T4 = 1300+273 = 1573 K
Heat input = m x cpt x (T4 - T3)
cpt = cvt + R R = 0.287 Kj/Kg.K
cpt/cvt = 1 + R/cvt
R/cvt = cpt/cvt - 1
cvt = R / (cpt/cvt - 1) = 0.287/(1.4-1) = 0.86969697
cpt = 1.4 x 0.87 = 1.218 Kj/Kg.K
Heat input = 1 x 1.22 x (1573 - 503.3) 1305.034 KW
Heat output = m x cpt x (T4 - T5)
T5/T4 = (1/7.5)^(1-1/1.4)
T5 = T4 x (1/7.5)^(1-1/1.4) 884.527253775965 K
Turbine output = 1 x 1.22 x (1573 - 884.5) 839.97 KW
Compressor input = 1 x cpc x (T3 - T1) = 1 x 1.22 x (503.3 - 283) = 268.766
Nett output = 840 - 269 = 571 KW
Air Standard Efficiency = (571/1305) x 100 = 43.7547893 %
or 43.8 %
Simplifying
Air Eff. = 1 - 1/rp^(1-1/ƴ) 0.437681339
or 43.8 %
Solution with heat exchangers:
T2 = 503.3 K
T5 = T4 x (1/7.5)^(1-1/1.33) 954.131554381172 K
Use thermal ratio to estimate T3 with cp = 1.005 KJ/Kg.K
0.88 = cpc x (T3 - T2)/cpt x (T5 - T2) = 1.005 x (T3 - 503.3)/1.15 x (954 - 503.3)
1.005 x (T3 - 503.3) = 0.88 x 1.15 x ((954 - 503.3)
T3 = (0.88 x 1.15 x(954 - 503.30) + 1.005 x 503.3)/1.005 = 957.139204
Avg. temp. of air in the heater = (T2 + T3)/2 730.15 K
At 7.5 bar and 730 K, cp is 1.08 KJ/Kg.K
Recalculate T3
T3 = (0.88 x 1.15 x(954 - 503.3) + 1.08 x 503.3)/1.08 = 925.622593
Calculate thermal eff.:
Pcomp. = m x cpc x (T2 - T1) = 237.924 KW
Pturb. = m x cpt x (T4 - T5) = 711.85 KW
Nett power output = 712 - 238 = 474 KW
Heat input to comb. Chamber = m x cpt x (T4 - T3) =1 x 1.15 x (1573 - 926) =
Th. Eff. = 474/744 = 63.709677419 63.70%

Problem
A gas turbine uses a pressure ratio of 7/1. The inlet temperature and pressure
are respectively 10oC and 100 kPa.
The temperature after heating in the combustion chamber is 1000 oC.
The specific heat capacity cp is 1.005 kJ/kg K and the adiabatic index is 1.4 for air and gas.
Assume isentropic compression and expansion. The mass flow rate is 0.7 kg/s.
Calculate the net power output and the thermal efficiency when an exhaust heat exchanger
with a thermal ratio of 0.8 is used.
(Answers 234 kW and 57%)

T1 = 10+273 283 K
T2/T1 = (P2/P1)^(1-1/1.4)
T2= T1 x (p2/P1)^(1-1/1.4) 493.4498467 K
Calculate T5:
T4 = 1000+273 1272 K
T5/T4 = (1/7)^(1-1/1.4)
T5 = T4 x (1/7)^(1-1/1.4) 728.9352756 K
Heat Exchanger Th. Eff. = 0.8
0.8 = (T3 - T2)/(T5 - T2)
T3 = 0.8 x (T5 - T2) + T2 681.88 K
Av. Temp. of air in heat Exch. = (493.4+682)/2 587.7 K
cp of air @ 7 bar and 588K = 1.055
Recalculate T3
0.8 = 1.055 x (T3 - T2) / 1.005 x (T5 - T2)
T3 = (0..8 x 1.005 x (T5 - T2) + 1.055 x T2) / 1.055 672.947299 K
Av. Temp. of air in heat Exch. = (493.4+673)/2 583.2 K
cp of air @ 7 bar and 588K = 1.055
Pout = 0.7 x 1.005 x (T4 - T5) 436.572 KW
Pin = 0.7 x 1.055 x (T2 - T1) 155.3804 KW
Nett power = Pout - Pin 281.2 KW
Heat input = 0.7 x 1.005 x (T4 - T3) 421.3965 KW
Thermal Eff. = (281.2/421.4) x 100 66.7299477930707 %

Problem:
A gas turbine uses a pressure ratio of 6.5/1. The inlet temperature and pressure are
respectively 15oC and 1 bar. The temperature after heating in the combustion chamber
is 1200 oC. The specific heat capacity cp for air is 1.005 kJ/kg K and for the exhaust
gas is 1.15 kJ/kg K. The adiabatic index is 1.4 for air and 1.333 for the gas. The
isentropic efficiency is 85% for both the compression and expansion process. The mass
flow rate is 1kg/s.
Calculate the thermal efficiency when an exhaust heat exchanger with a thermal ratio
of 0.75 is used.
(Answer 48.3%)

T1 = 15 C 288 K
T2'/T1 = (6.5)^(1-1/1.4)
T2' = T1 x (6.5)^(1-1/1.4) = 491.64706038 K
0.85 = (T2' - T1)/(T2 - T1)
T2 = ((T2' - T1) + T1 x 0.85)/0.85 528 K
T4 = 1200 C 1473 K
T5'/T4 = (1/6.5)^(1-1/1.333)
T5' = T4 x (1/6.5)^(1-1/1.333) 922.840970099757 K
0.85 = (T4 - T5)/(T4 - T5')
T5 = T4 - 0.85 x (T4 - T5') 1005.5 K
Heat Exchanger
0.75 = 1.005 x (T3 - T2)/1.15 x (T5 - T2)
T3 = (0.75 x 1.15 x (T5 - T2) + 1.005 x T2)/1.005 938.223881 K
Av. Temp. in air side = (T2 + T3)/2 733 K
cp of air @ 6.5 bar and 733 K from chart = 1.085
Recalculate T3:
T3 = (0.75 x 1.15 x (T5 - T2) + 1.085 x T2)/1.085 907.976959 K
Av. Temp in air side = (528 + 908)/2 718 K
cp of air @ 6.5 bar and 733 K from chart
= 1.085 - checks well
Pout = m x cpgas x (T4 - T5) 537.05 KW
Pin = m x cp air x (T2 - T1) 260.4 KW
Nett power output = Pout - Pin 276.65 KW
Hea input:
= m x cpair x (T3 - T2) 412.3 KW
Thermal Eff. = (Nett power output)/(Heat input) 67.0991996 %

Prob.:
A gas turbine has a free turbine in parallel with the turbine which drives the compressor.
An exhaust heat exchanger is used with a thermal ratio of 0.8. The isentropic efficiency of
the compressor is 80% and for both turbines is 0.85.
The heat transfer rate to the combustion chamber is 1.48 MW. The gas leaves the
combustion chamber at 1100oC. The air is drawn into the compressor at 1 bar and 25oC.
The pressure after compression is 7.2 bar.
The adiabatic index is 1.4 for air and 1.333 for the gas produced by combustion. The specific
heat cp is 1.005 kJ/kg K for air and 1.15 kJ/kg K for the gas. Determine the following.
i. The mass flow rate in each turbine.
ii. The net power output.
iii. The thermodynamic efficiency of the cycle.

5
1
Turb 2
Compress Turb 1 Load

Comb. Chamber
2 3 4
6

Heat Exchanger
Solution:
T1 = 25 C 298 K
T2' = T1 x 7.2^(1-1/1.4) = 523.80351195 say 524 K
T5'/T4 = (1/7.2)^(1-1/1.333)
T4 = 1100 C 1373 K
T5' = T4 x (1/7.2)^(1-1/1.333) = 838.490609481267 say 838.5 K
Compressor:
Eff. = 0.8
0.8 = (T2' - T1)/(T2 - T1)
T2 =((T2' T1) + 0.8 x T1) / 0.8 = 580.5 K
Turbines:
Eff. = 0.85
0.85 = (T4 - T5)/(T4 - T5')
T5' = T4 x (1/7.2)^(1-1/1.333) = 837.879909838528 K
T5 = T4 - 0.85 x (T4 - T5') = 918.675 say 918.7 K
Heat Exchanger:
Thermal ratio = 0.8
0.8 = 1.005 x (T3 - T2)/1.15 x (T5 - T2)
T3 = (0.8 x 1.15 x (T5 - T2) + 1.005 x T2) / 1.005 = 890.09602 say 890.1 K
Combustion chamber:
Qin = m x cp x (T4 - T3) = 1480 KW
m = 1480/(1.15*(1373 - 890.1)0 = 2.66505802803713 say 2.665 Kg/s
Compressor:
Pin = m x cp x (T2 - T1) = 756.6268125 say 756.63 KW
Turbine 1:
Pout = 756.63 = m1 x cp x (T4 - T5) = m1 x 1.15 x (1373 - 918.7)
m1 = 756.63/(1.15 x (1373 - 918.7)) = 1.45144304088856 say 1.451 Kg/s
Mass flow thru Turbine 2 = 2.665 - 1.451 = 1.214 Kg/s
Pnett from Turbine 2 = 1.214 x 1.15 x (1373 - 918.7) = 634.24823 say 634.2 KW
Thermal Eff. = 634.2/1480 = 42.8513513513514 say 42.9 %

Problem:
List the relative advantages of open and closed cycle gas turbine engines.
Sketch the simple gas turbine cycle on a T-s diagram. Explain how the efficiency can
be improved by the inclusion of a heat exchanger.
In an open cycle gas turbine plant, air is compressed from 1 bar and 15oC to 4 bar. The
combustion gases enter the turbine at 800oC and after expansion pass through a heat
exchanger in which the compressor delivery temperature is raised by 75% of the
maximum possible rise. The exhaust gases leave the exchanger at 1 bar. Neglecting
transmission losses in the combustion chamber and heat exchanger, and differences in
compressor and turbine mass flow rates, find the following.
(i) The specific work output.
(ii) The work ratio
(iii) The cycle efficiency
The compressor and turbine polytropic efficiencies are both 0.84.
Compressor cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K = 1.4
Turbine cp = 1.148 kJ/kg K = 1.333
Note for a compression:
T2 = T1 x (p2/p1)^((ƴ - 1)/(ƴ x ƞ)
For expansion:
T2 = T1 x (p2/p1)^((ƴ -1) x ƞ)/ƴ
Solution:
Relative advantages and disadvantages of open and closed cycle gas turbine:
1. The size of the compressor and turbine for closed cycle are small compared to open cycle.
This is due to pre-cooled air and deploying higher than atmospheric pressure at
compressor inlet, resulting in low specific volume of air.
2. In a closed cycle, any fuel of high calorific value can be used as the products of combustion
does not mix with the working fluid. There is no corrosion and accumulation of deposits
of carbon or tar on the blade and nozzle of the turbine. Minimum internal cleaning is required.
For open cycle plant, it is essential that dust should be prevented from entering into the
compressor to decrease the erosion and depositin on the blades and passages of the
compressor and turbine. The deposition of carbon and ash content on the turbine blades
is not desirable as it reduces the overall efficiency of the open cycle plant.
3. By using working fluid of better thermodynamic properties, like helium, higher temperatures
and higher plant efficiencies can be achieved for closed cycle plant. Molybdenum alloys
can be used for turbine design, which has high stress properties at elevated temperatures
above 1000 C.
4. Open cycle gas turbine is sensitive to changes in atmospheric air temperature, pressure
and humidity.
5. For an open cycle plant, once the turbine is brought upto the rated speed by the starting
motor and the fuel is ignited, the gas turbine will be accelerated from cold start to full load
without warm up,time.


The above sketch shows the T-s diagram of a gas turbine plant with exhaust heat exchanger.
1 -2 : Represents the isentropic compression step.
2 - 3: Represents contant pressure heating of air in the exhaust heat exchanger.
3 -4: Represents constant pressure heat addition in the combustion chamber by
burning fuel.
4 - 5: Represents isentropic expansion through the turbine.
5 - 6: Represents constant pressure heat recovery in the exhaust heat exchanger for
recovering heat in the exhaust heat exchanger.
6 - 1: Represnts constant pressure cooling of the exhaust gas from the
exhaust heat exchanger to inlet conditions of air at the compressor inlet. Cooling
of the exhaust gas is by the atmosphere.
T1 = 15 C 288 K
Polytropic eff. Of compressor = 0.84
T2 = T1 x (p2/p1)^((ƴ - 1)/(ƴ x ƞ) 461.503286100069 K
T4 = 800 C 1073 K
T5 / T4 = (1/4)^((1.333-1)*0.84)/1.333 0.74758787666265
T5 = 1073 x 0.748 802.604 K
say 803 K
Max. possible rise = T5 - T2 =803 - 461.5 341.5 K
75% of max possible rise = 0.75 x 341.5 256.125 K
Hence T3 = T2 + 256 717.5 K
Specific work output:
Turbine output:
Pout = 1 x 1.148 x (T4 - T5) 309.96 KW
Compessor input:
Pin = 1 x 1.005 x (T2 - T1) 174.87 KW
Pnett = Pout - Pin 135.09 KW
say 135 KW
Work ratio:
=Pin / Pout 56.416957 %

Cycle Eff.
Heat input = 1 x 1.148 x (T4 T3) 408.114 KW
Thermal Eff. = Pnett/Heat input 33.0882352941176 %

Problem:
A gas turbine for aircraft propulsion is mounted on a test bed. Air at 1 bar and 293K
enters the compressor at low velocity and is compressed through a pressure ratio of 4
with an isentropic efficiency of 85%. The air then passes to a combustion chamber
where it is heated to 1175 K. The hot gas then expands through a turbine which drives
the compressor and has an isentropic efficiency of 87%. The gas is then further
expanded isentropically through a nozzle leaving at the speed of sound. The exit area
of the nozzle is 0.1 m2. Determine the following.
(i) The pressures at the turbine and nozzle outlets.
(ii) The mass flow rate.
(iii) The thrust on the engine mountings.
Assume the properties of air throughout.
The sonic velocity of air is given by a= (ƴRT)½. The temperature ratio before and
after the nozzle is given by
T(out)/T(in) = 2/(ƴ+1)
pcr/p1 = (2/(ƴ+1))^(ƴ/(ƴ-1))

Compressor Turbine p4
T1 1 bar T4'
293 K T4

ƴis = 85% ƴis = 87%

T2'
T2 Combustion Chamber T3
4 bar 1175K

Calculate T2':
T2'/T1 = (4)^(1-1/1.4)
T2' = T1 x (4)^(1-1/1.4) 435.39632672
435.4 K
(T2' - T1)/(T2 - T1) = 0.85
(T2' - T1) = (T2 - T1) x 0.85
T2 = ((T2' - T1) + T1 x 0.85) / 0.85 460.529411764706
460.5 K

Calculate T4':
T4'/T3 = (p4/4)^(1-1/1.4)
T4' = T3 x (p4/4)^0.286
(T3 - T4) / (T3 - T4') = 0.87
(T3 - T4) = (T3 - T4') x 0.87
T4 = T3 - (T3 - T4') x 0.87
T4 = T3 - (T3 - T3 x (p4/4)^0.286) x 0.87
= 1175 - 0.87 x 1175 x (1 - (p4/4)^0.286)
=1175 - 1022 x (1-(p4/4)^0.286)
Calculate energy balance between compressor and turbine:
Let mass flow be m kg/s
m x cp x (T2 - T1) = m x cp x (T3 - T4)
T2 - T1 = T3 - T4
T4 = T3 - (T2 - T1) = T3 -T2 + T1 = 1007.5 K
T4 = 1175 - 1022 x (1 - (p4/4)^0.286) = 1007.5
1175 - 1022 + 1022 x (p4/4)^0.286) = 1007.5
1022 x (p4/4)^0.286) = 1007.5 -1175 + 1022 = 854.5
(p4/4)^0.286 = 854.5/1022 = 0.836105675146771
(p4/4) = (0.836)^(1/0.286) = 0.534793245566785
p4 = 4 x 0.535 = 2.1391729823
2.14 bar Pressure at turbine outlet
Calculate pressure at nozzle outlet pcr:
pcr/p4 = (2/(ƴ +1))^(ƴ/(ƴ -1)) = (2/(1.4 + 1))^(1.4 / (1.4 -1))
pcr / p4 = 0.52828179
pcr = p4 x 0.528 = 1.1305230257
1.13 bar Pressure at nozzle outlet
Calculate mass flow rate m:
Calculate temperature at nozzle outlet:
T5 / T4 = 2 / (ƴ + 1) = 0.8333333333
T5 = T4 x 0.833 = 839.58333333
839.6 K
Sonic velocity a =( g x ƴ x R x T)^0.5 where R = 29.2 kg-m/kg.K for air
g = 9.8 m/s2
a = (9.8 x 1.4 x 29.2 x 839.6)^0.5 = 579.968887441387 m/s 580
Pressure at nozzle outlet = pcr = 1.13 x 1.033 Kg/cm2 = 1.16729 kg/cm2a
pV = nRT
V = nRT/p = (29.2 x 839.6) / (1.167 x 100^2) = 2.10079863 m3/Kg
mass flow rate m = (Area of nozzle outlet) x a / V = 27.6085481

Thrust on engine mountings:

Thrust = mass flow rate of air x exhaust velocity = 27.6 kg/s x 580 m/s = 16008 kg.m/s2 or Newtons

Problem:
(A). A gas turbine plant operates with a pressure ratio of 6 and a turbine inlet temperature of 927oC.
The compressor inlet temperature is 27oC. The isentropic efficiency of
the compressor is 84% and of the turbine 90%. Making sensible assumptions, calculate the following.
(i) The thermal efficiency of the plant.
(ii) The work ratio.
Treat the gas as air throughout.
(B). If a heat exchanger is incorporated in the plant, calculate the maximum possible efficiency
which could be achieved assuming no other conditions are changed.
Explain why the actual efficiency is less than that predicted.

(A)
T1 = 27 C 300 K
p2/p1 = 6
T2' = isentropic temperature of compressor outlet.
T2'/T1 = (6)^(1-1/k), k = 1.4
T2' = T1 x (6)^(1-1/1.4) = 500.55313231 K
500.6 K
(T2' - T1)/(T2 - T1) = 0.84
(T2' - T1) = 0.84 x (T2 - T1)
T2 = ((T2' - T1) + 0.84 x T1)/0.84 = 538.809523809524 538.8 K
T3 = 927 C 1200 K
T4' = isentropic temperature of exhaust gas
T4'/T3 = (1/6)^(1-1/k) k = 1.4
T4' = T3 x (1/6)^(1-1/k)
T4' = 1200 x (1/6)^(1-1/k) 719.20436965 K
719.2 K
(T3 - T4)/(T3 - T4') = 0.9
(T3 - T4) = 0.9 x (T3 - T4')
T4 = T3 - 0.9 x (T3 - T4') = 767.28 K
767.3 K
Power input to compressor = Pin = m x cp x (T2 - T1)
Power output from turbine = Pout = m x cp x (T3 - T4)
Net power output = m x cp x (T3 - T4 - T2 + T1)
Heat input to combustion chamber = m x cp x (T3 - T2)
Thermal efficiency of the plant = (T3 - T4 - T2 +T1)/(T3 - T2)
= 29.3254688445251
29.30%
Work ratio = fraction of work produced by turbine that is consumed by the compressor
= (T2 - T1)/(T3 - T4) = (538.8 - 300)/(1200 - 767.3) 55.1883522 %
say 55.20%
(B)
If a Heat Exchanger is incorporated in the plant, Pin and Pout will remain same.
Heat input to the combustion chamber will reduce.
Maximum heat that can be recovered = m x cp x (T5 - T2) = m x cp x (767.3 - 538.8) … (T5 is same as T4 from Part A)
Heat picked up by air in the Heat Exchanger = m x cp x (T3 - T2) = m x cp x (T3 - 538.8)
Maximum heat recovered = heat picked up by air
(767.3 - 538.8) = (T3 - 538.8)
T3 = 767.3
Heat Input to the combustion chamber = m x cp x (1200 - 767.3)
Thermal Efficiency = ((T4 - T5) - (T2 -T1))/((1200-767.3)
= ((1200 - 767.3) - (538.8 - 300))/(1200 - 767.3) = 44.8116478 %
say 44.8 %
For recovering maximum heat in the heat exchanger, the heat exchanger area has to be infinite.
Hence, for a heat exchanger with finite area, heat recovery will be less than maximum.
the exhaust temperature and the power output. ƴ = 1.4 , cp = 1005 J/kg K

entropic efficiency of 92%. Calculate the exhaust temperature and the power output.  = 1.41 cp = 1010 J/kg K

ntropic efficiency of 87%. Calculate the exhaust temperature and the power output.
 T-s Diagram

0.44795524
530.754067
813.161927
557.444444
879
0.63973799
0.36026201
0.44828313
8.8
2761.74
994.2264

he cycle is 120 kPa.

K
 say 0.36 0r 36% OK

ciency of 94% to a pressure of 9 bar.

94%. The mass flow rate is 2.1 kg/s.

540 K

556 K

1273 K
679.5

715 K

KJ/s
KW OK
K

K
 KW

tion, no combustion
KW

744.05 KJ
y 634.2 KW
Exit area = 0.1 m2
pcr
T5
Nozzle
 m/s

kg/s

.m/s2 or Newtons
ame as T4 from Part A)
cp = 1010 J/kg K