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Solution
π 2 π
Vs = D L = × 202 × 30 = 9424.8 cc
4 4
= 0.2262 m3 at NTP/min
16.2 The following observations have been made from the test of a four-
cylinder, two-stroke gasoline engine. Diameter = 10 cm; stroke = 15 cm;
speed = 1600 rpm; Area of the positive loop of the indicator diagram =
5.75 sq cm; Area of the negative loop of the indicator diagram = 0.25
sq cm; Length of the indicator diagram = 55 mm; Spring constant =
3.5 bar/cm; Find the indicated power of the engine.
Solution
5.5
Average height of the diagram = = 1 cm
5.5
pim = Average height of the diagram × Spring constant
Solution
2πN T 2 × π × 1800 × 8
bp = = = 1.508 kW
60000 60000
Friction power = 1.8 − 1.508 = 0.292
0.292 Ans
Percentage loss = × 100 = 19.36% ⇐=
1.508
Solution
Heat equivalent of ip
ηith =
Heat input
25 × 60 × 60 Ans
= × 100 = 34.1% ⇐=
(8 × 10−3 × 750) × 44000
16.5 A four cylinder engine running at 1200 rpm delivers 20 kW. The average
torque when one cylinder was cut is 110 Nm. Find the indicated thermal
efficiency if the calorific value of the fuel is 43 MJ/kg and the engine
uses 360 grams of gasoline per kW h.
Solution
2πN T 2π × 1200 × 110
Avg. bp for 3 cylinders = = = 13.82 kW
60000 60000
Avg. ip with 1 cylinder = 20 − 13.82 = 6.18 kW
= 291.26 g/kW h
= 2 × 10−3 kg/s
524 IC Engines
ip 24.72
ηith = = × 100
ṁf × CV 2 × 10−3 × 43000
Ans
= 28.74% ⇐=
Solution
2πN T pbm LAn
P = =
60000 60000
2πN T 2πN T 16T
pbm = = = 2
LAn L × π4 × D2 N2 D L
16 × 23.5 Ans
= = 5.34 × 105 Pa = 5.34 bar ⇐=
0.082 × 0.11
16.7 Find the mean effective pressure and torque developed by the engine in
the previous problem if its rating are 4 kW at 1500 rpm.
Solution
P × 60000
pbm = π 2 N
× 10−5 bar
4D L 2
4 × 60000 Ans
= π 1500 × 10−5 = 5.78 bar ⇐=
4 × 0.082 × 0.11 × 2
16.8 Find the brake specific fuel consumption in kg/kW h of a diesel engine
whose fuel consumption is 5 grams per second when the power output
is 80 kW. If the mechanical efficiency is 75%, calculate the indicated
specific fuel consumption.
Solution
ṁf 5
bsf c = = = 0.0625 g/kW s
bp 80
0.0625 Ans
= × 3600 = 0.225 kg/kW h ⇐=
1000
Ans
isf c = bsf c × ηm 0.225 × 0.75 = 0.169 kg/kW h ⇐=
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 525
16.9 For engine in the previous problem find the brake specific energy con-
sumption, bsec, given the fuel consumption 5.55 g/s and the lower heat-
ing value of the fuel as 43 MJ/kg. Find also the indicated specific energy
consumption.
Solution
kW heat input CV × ṁf
bsec = = = CV × bsf c
kW work output P
5.55
bsf c = = 0.069 g/kW s = 0.069 × 10−3 kg/kW s
80
CV = 43 MJ/kg = 43 × 103 kJ/kg
Ans
bsec = bsf c × CV = 43 × 103 × 0.069 × 10−3 = 2.97 ⇐=
Ans
isec = bsec × ηm = 2.97 × 0.75 = 2.23 ⇐=
Solution
0.1
Air consumption = × 1.175 = 7.21 × 10−3 kg/s
16.3
10 1
Fuel consumption = × 0.7 × = 0.343 × 10−3 kg/s
20.4 1000
7.21 × 10−3 Ans
Air-fuel ratio = = 21 ⇐=
0.343 × 10−3
WN 7 × 3000
Power output, P = = = 4.2 kW
5000 5000
Fuel consumption (g/h)
bsf c =
Power output
Solution
2πN T 2 × π × 4000 × 150 Ans
bp = = = 62.8 kW ⇐=
60000 60000
bp × 60000 62.8 × 60000
pbm = =
LAnK 0.1 × 4 × 0.082 × 4000
π
2 ×6
Ans
= 6.25 × 105 Pa = 6.25 bar ⇐=
bp 62.8 × 3600 Ans
ηbth = = × 100 = 26.3% ⇐=
ṁf × CV 20 × 43000
Vs + Vcl
r =
Vcl
π 2 π
Vs = D L = × 82 × 10 = 502.65 cc
4 4
502.65 + 70
r = = 8.18
70
1
ηOtto = 1− = 0.568
8.180.4
0.263 Ans
ηrel = × 100 = 46.3% ⇐=
0.568
16.12 An eight-cylinder, four-stroke engine of 9 cm bore and 8 cm stroke with
a compression ratio of 7 is tested at 4500 rpm on a dynamometer which
has 54 cm arm. During a 10 minutes test the dynamometer scale beam
reading was 42 kg and the engine consumed 4.4 kg of gasoline having
a calorific value of 44000 kJ/kg. Air 27 ◦ C and 1 bar was supplied
to the carburettor at the rate of 6 kg/min. Find (i) the brake power
delivered (ii) the brake mean effective pressure (iii) the brake specific
fuel consumption (iv) the brake specific air consumption (v) the brake
thermal efficiency (vi) the volumetric efficiency and (vii) the air-fuel
ratio.
Solution
2πN T
bp =
60000
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 527
Ans
= 6.87 × 105 Pa = 6.87 bar ⇐=
4.4
10 × 60 Ans
bsf c = = 0.252 kg/kW h ⇐=
104.8
6 × 60 Ans
bsac = = 3.435 kg/kW h ⇐=
104.8
bp 104.9 × 60 Ans
ηbth = = 4.4 × 100 = 32.5% ⇐=
ṁf × CV 10 × 44000
Solution
2πN T 2πN W R W N 2πR
bp = = =
60000 60000 60000
40 × 9.81 × 1600 × 3
= = 31.39 kW
60000
bp 31.39 × 60 Ans
ηbth = × 100 = × 100 = 21.40% ⇐=
ṁf × CV 0.2 × 44000
bp 31.39
ηm × 60000 0.8 × 60000
imep = =
LAnK 0.12 × π4 0.12 × 1600
2 ×4
Ans
= 7.8 × 105 Pa = 7.8 bar ⇐=
ṁf 0.2 × 60 Ans
bsf c = = = 0.382 kg/kW h ⇐=
bp 31.39
16.14 The air flow to a four cylinder, four-stroke oil engine is measured by
means of a 5 cm diameter orifice having a coefficient of discharge of 0.6.
During a test on the engine the following data were recorded : bore =
10 cm; stroke = 12 cm; speed = 1200 rpm; brake torque = 120 Nm;
fuel consumption = 5 kg/h; calorific value of fuel = 42 MJ/kg; pressure
drop across orifice is 4.6 cm of water; ambient temperature and pressure
are 17 ◦ C and 1 bar respectively. Calculate (i) the thermal efficiency on
brake power basis; (ii) the brake mean effective pressure and (iii) the
volumetric efficiency based on free air condition.
Solution
2πN T 2 × π × 1200 × 120
bp = = = 15.08 kW
60000 60000
15.08 × 60 Ans
ηbth = 5 × 100 = 25.85% ⇐=
60 × 42000
bp × 60000
pim =
LAnK
15.08 × 60000 Ans
= = 4 × 105 Pa = 4 bar ⇐=
0.12 × π4 × 0.12 × 1200
2 ×4
ρw
!
V̇a = Cd A 2gΔhw
ρa
p 105 3
ρa = = = 1.20 kg/m
RT 287 × 290
!
π 1000
V̇a = 0.6 × × 0.052 × 2 × 9.81 × 0.046 × × 60
4 1.2
= 1.938 m3 /min
π 2
Vs = d LnK
4
π 1200
= × 0.12 × 0.12 × × 4 = 2.262 m3 /min
4 2
1.938 Ans
ηv = × 100 = 85.7% ⇐=
2.262
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 529
Solution
Area of the diagram
pim = × Spring const.
Length of the diagram
8.5
= × 5.5 = 5.5 bar
8.5
pim LAn
ip =
60000
5.5 × 105 × 0.45 × π4 × 0.32 × 200
2
=
60000
Ans
= 29.16 kW ⇐=
2πN W R πN W d
bp = =
60000 60000
π × 200 × (150 − 20) × 9.81 × 1.5
=
60000
Ans
= 20.03 kW ⇐=
20.03 Ans
ηm = × 100 = 68.7% ⇐=
29.16
4
ṁf = × 60 × 10−3 × 800 = 6.4 kg/h
30
6.4 Ans
bsf c = = 0.3195 kg/kW h ⇐=
20.03
ip 29.16 × 3600 Ans
ηith = = × 100 = 38.14% ⇐=
ṁf × CV 6.4 × 43000
Solution
π 2 π
Vs = D L = × 202 × 40 = 12566.4 cc
4 4
Vs 6 1 6
V1 = Vs + = Vs × = × 12566.4 ×
r−1 5 6+1 5
= 2154.24 cc/cycle
Since the residual gases are to be neglected, one can assume a volumetric
efficiency of 100%
Normal pressure = 1 bar
pV p2 V2
=
T NT P T2 working
Ans
= 31.8% ⇐=
1
ηair−std = 1− = 0.512
60.4
0.318 Ans
ηrel = × 100 = 62.11% ⇐=
0.512
Solution
π
Vs = × 0.062 × 0.1 = 2.83 × 10−4 m3 /cylinder
4
= 283 cc/cylinder
283 + 60
r = = 5.71
60
1
ηair−std = 1− = 0.50
5.710.4
ηbth = Relative η × Air-standard η = 0.5 × 0.5 = 0.25
2 × π × 3000 × 66.5
bp = = 20.89 kW
60000
20.89
Heat supplied = = 83.56 kJ/s
0.25
83.56 × 3600 Ans
Fuel consumption = = 7.16 kg/h ⇐=
42000
P × 60000 20.89 × 60000
pbm = =
Vs nK 2.83 × 10−4 × 3000
2 ×4
2 Ans
= 7.38 × 105 N/m = 7.38 bar ⇐=
Calculate (i) the brake power (ii) the torque (iii) the brake specific fuel
consumption (iv) the percentage of excess air and (v) the volumetric
efficiency
Solution
p 1 × 105 3
ρa = = = 1.16 kg/m
RT 287 × 300
ρHg
!
V̇a = Cd A 2gΔHg
ρa
π
= 0.6 × × 0.032 ×
4
!
13600
2 × 9.81 × 0.145 ×
1.16
= 0.077 m3 /s
π 2400 6
Vs = × 0.12 × 0.12 × ×
4 2 60
= 0.113 m3 /s
0.077 Ans
ηv = × 100 = 68.1% ⇐=
0.113
WN 560 × 2400 Ans
bp = = = 67.2 kW ⇐=
20000 20000
bp × 60000
bmep =
LAnK
67.2 × 60000 × 10−5
= = 5.94 bar
0.12 × π4 × 0.12 × 2400
2 ×6
bp × 60000
T =
2πN
67.2 × 60000 Ans
= = 267.3 Nm ⇐=
2 × π × 2400
100
ṁf = × 10−6 × 831 × 3600 = 14.96 kg/h
20
14.96 Ans
bsf c = = 0.223 kg/kW h ⇐=
67.2
32 8
O2 required/kg of fuel = 0.83 × + 0.17 ×
12 1
= 3.57 kg/kg of fuel
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 533
Solution
32 8
0.82 × 12 + 0.18 × 1
Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio = = 15.77
0.23
Let y mol of air be supplied per kg of fuel then
0.82 0.18
C+ H2 + 0.21yO2 + 0.79yN2 = aCO2 + bO2 + cH2 O + dN2
12 2
0.82
From carbon balance, = a = 0.068
12
0.18
From hydrogen balance, = c = 0.09
2
c
From oxygen balance, 0.21y = a+b+
2
= 0.068 + b + 0.045
= 0.113 + b
0.068 11.2
From exhaust gas analysis. =
d 85.2
85.2
d = × 0.068 = 0.517
11.2
0.79y = 0.517
= 28.92 kg/mol
Volume of air = Va × m
290
Va = 0.783 × = 0.832 m3 /kg
273
= 0.832 × 18.94 = 15.76 m3
Volume of fuel = Vf × m
0.832
= × 1 = 0.245 m3
3.4
Total volume = 15.76 + 0.245
and the engine speed is 1000 rpm. Calculate the mean effective pressure
and the indicated power. If the mechanical efficiency is 75% what is the
brake power developed.
Solution
Solution
Working cycle/minute = 50
400
Dead cycles/minute = − 50 = 150
2
In hit and miss governing the working cycle has the same indicated diagram
at any load. Since at no load, bp is zero
fp = ip − pumping power of dead cycles
π
Vs = × 0.182 × 0.33 = 8.4 × 10−3 m3
4
536 IC Engines
pim × Vs × n pf m × Vs × n
fp = −
60000 60000
5.6 × 105 × 8.4 × 10−3 × 50
= −
60000
0.6 × 105 × 8.4 × 10−3 × 150
60000
= 3.92 − 1.26 = 2.66
Solution
32 8
0.86 × 12 + 0.13 × 1
Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio =
0.23
= 14.49
110
A/F = 1+ × 14.49 = 30.43
100
Let y mol of air be supplied per kg of fuel and the equation of combustion per
kg of fuel is
0.86 0.14
C+ H2 + 0.21yO2 + 0.79yN2 = aCO2 + bH2 O + cO2 + dN2
12 2
0.86
From carbon balance, = a = 0.0717
12
0.13
From hydrogen balance, = b = 0.065
2
b
From oxygen balance, 0.21y = a+ + c = 0.0717 + 0.0325 + c
2
= 0.1042 + c
c = 0.116
Ans
Volumetric composition of dry exhaust gas ⇐=
bp 120
ip = = = 150 kW
ηm 0.8
Heat equivalent of ip
Heat input =
ηith
150 × 60
= = 22500 kJ/min
0.40
22500
ṁf = = 0.523 kg/min
43000
538 IC Engines
Solution
1 1
ηair−std = 1− = 1 − 0.4 = 0.541
rγ−1 7
Thermal efficiency
ηrel =
Air-standard efficiency
ηith = 0.55 × 0.541 = 0.297
1
ηith =
isf c × CV
1 3600
CV = =
ηith × isf c 0.3 × 0.297
Ans
= 40404 kJ/kg ⇐=
pim LAnK
ip =
60000
8.5 × 105 × 0.1 × π4 × 0.092 × 2500
2 ×6
=
60000
= 67.6 kW
Ans
Fuel consumption = isf c × ip = 0.3 × 67.6 = 20.28 kg/h ⇐=
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 539
16.24 A gasoline engine working on four stroke develops a brake power of 20.9
kW. A Morse Test was conducted on this engine and the brake power
(kW) obtained when each cylinder was made inoperative by short cir-
cuiting the spark plug are 14.9, 14.3, 14.8 and 14.5 respectively. The
test was conducted at constant speed. Find the indicated power, me-
chanical efficiency and bmep when all the cylinders are firing. The bore
of the engine is 75 mm and the stroke is 90 mm. The engine is running
at 3000 rpm.
Solution
= 5.25 × 105 Pa
Ans
= 5.25 bar ⇐=
Solution
2040 + 2060 200
Power output when all cylinders fire = ×
2 180
= 2277.8 kW
N
#12
Power output, bp when kth cylinder is cut-off = 180 k=1 Wk
Ans
⇐=
bp × 60000
bmep =
LAnK
2277.8 × 60000
= π 2
0.5 × 4 × 0.4 × 200 × 12
Ans
= 9.06 × 105 Pa = 9.06 bar ⇐=
Solution
First draw a graph of drop in speed versus time taken for the drop.
300
load
Drop in speed (rpm)
d
oa
200
l
50%
No
100
t3
3.4 t2
8.3
0
0 10 20 30
Time (s)
2πN T
P = kW
60000
542 IC Engines
P × 60000
Full load torque, T =
2πN
8 × 60000
= = 160.8 Nm
2 × π × 475
Torque at half load, T 12 = 80.4 Nm
From the graph, time for the fall of 100 rpm at no load, t2 = 8.3 s and time
for the fall of same 100 rpm at half load, t3 = 3.4 s.
t3
Tf = T1
t2 − t3 2
3.4
= × 80.4 = 55.8 Nm
8.3 − 3.4
2πN Tf
fp =
60000
2 × π × 475 × 55.8 Ans
= = 2.77 kW ⇐=
60000
bp 8
ηm = = × 100
bp + f p 8 + 2.77
Ans
= 74.28% ⇐=
Solution
100 1
Gas pressure = 1+ ×
13.6 76
= 1.097 bar
1.097 273
Volume of coal gas at NTP = 0.3 × ×
1 290
= 0.31 m3 /min
0.31
Volume of coal gas used/explosion =
100
= 0.0031 m3 at NTP
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 543
mRT
Volume of air taken at NTP =
p
3 × 287 × 273
=
1 × 105
= 2.35 m3 /min
The engine is running at 240 rpm and therefore there must be 120 firing cycles
per minute. However, there are only 100 cycles per minute. Hence, there are
20 missed cycles. The 2.35 m3 of air per minute at NTP must be made up of
120 normal air charges, V , together with 20 missed cycles each equivalent to
0.0031 m3 at NTP
20 × 0.0031 + 120V = 2.35
V = 0.019 m3
Solution
π 12624
(7.25 − 0.35) × 105 × 0.45 × 4 × 0.32 × 45×2
ip =
60000
= 51.3 kW
7 × 10−3 × 800
Heat supplied = × 42000 = 5226.67 kJ/min
45
9.8 × 150 × π × (1.78 + 0.4) × 12624
bp =
60000 × 54
= 39.23 kW
bp 39.23 Ans
ηm = × 100 = × 100 = 76.47% ⇐=
ip 51.3
Solution
pim LAn
ip =
60000
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 545
Heat equivalent of bp
Ans
= 14.94 × 60 = 896.4 kJ/min ⇐=
ip × 60
ηith = × 100
Heat supplied/min
17.25 × 60 Ans
= × 100 = 30.47% ⇐=
3396.25
bp × 60 14.94 × 60
ηbth = = × 100
Heat supplied 3396.25
Ans
= 26.39% ⇐=
Draw up a heat balance sheet and estimate the mechanical and indicated
thermal efficiencies of the engine. Take R = 287 J/kg K.
Solution
32.1 × 1.29
Mass of air used = = 1.38 kg/min
30
pV 1 × 105 × 2.4
Mass of gas at NTP, mg = = = 3.06 kg
RT 287 × 273
3.06
Mass of gas/min = = 0.102 kg
30
Total mass of exhaust gas = 1.38 + 0.102 = 1.482 kg
bp 6.16 Ans
ηm = × 100 = × 100 = 81.6% ⇐=
ip 7.55
ip × 60 7.55 × 60
ηith = = × 100
Heat supplied 1520
Ans
= 29.8% ⇐=
Draw a heat balance sheet for the test on per hour basis in kJ.
Solution
16.32 A test on a two-stroke engine gave the following results at full load:
Speed = 350 rpm
Net brake load = 65 kg
mep = 3 bar
Fuel consumption = 4 kg/h
Jacket cooling water flow rate = 500 kg/h
Jacket water temperature at inlet = 20 ◦ C
Jacket water temperature at outlet = 40 ◦ C
Test room temperature = 20 ◦ C
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 549
Solution
pim LAn
ip =
60000
3 × 105 × 0.28 × π4 × 0.222 × 350
=
60000
Ans
= 18.63 kW ⇐=
W πN d 65 × 9.81 × π × 350 × 1
bp = =
60000 60000
Ans
= 11.68 kW ⇐=
4 × 43000
Heat supplied/min =
60
Ans
= 2866.7 kJ = 100% (let) ⇐=
1 kg of H2 produces 9 kg of H2 O. Therefore,
(32 + 1) × 4
= = 2.2 kg/min
60
Mass of dry exhaust Mass of wet exhaust gases/min
=
gases/min − Mass of H2 O produced/min
= 0.09 × 848.52
Ans
= 76.4 kJ/min = 2.7% ⇐=
16.33 During the trial of a single-cylinder, four-stroke oil engine, the following
results were obtained.
Cylinder diameter = 20 cm
Stroke = 40 cm
Mean effective pressure = 6 bar
Torque = 407 Nm
Speed = 250 rpm
Oil consumption = 4 kg/h
Calorific value of fuel = 43 MJ/kg
Cooling water flow rate = 4.5 kg/min
Air used per kg of fuel = 30 kg
Rise in cooling water temperature = 45 ◦ C
Temperature of exhaust gases = 420 ◦ C
Room temperature = 20 ◦ C
Mean specific heat of exhaust gas = 1 kJ/kg K
Specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg K
Find the ip, bp and draw up a heat balance sheet for the test in kJ/h.
Solution
Ans
= 4.5 × 60 × 45 × 4.18 = 50787 kJ/h ⇐=
16.34 In a test of an oil engine under full load condition the following results
were obtained.
ip = 33 kW
brake power = 27 kW
Fuel used = 8 kg/h
Rate of flow of water through gas calorimeter = 12 kg/min
Cooling water flow rate = 7 kg/min
Calorific value of fuel = 43 MJ/kg
Inlet temperature of cooling water = 15 ◦ C
Outlet temperature of cooling water = 75 ◦ C
Inlet temperature of water to exhaust = 15 ◦ C
gas calorimeter
Outlet temperature of water to exhaust = 55 ◦ C
gas calorimeter
Final temperature of the exhaust gases = 80 ◦ C
Room temperature = 17 ◦ C
Air-fuel ratio on mass basis = 20
Mean specific heat of exhaust gas = 1 kJ/kg K
Specific heat of water = 4.18 J/kg K
Draw up a heat balance sheet and estimate the thermal and mechanical
efficiencies.
Solution
8 × 43000
Heat supplied = = 5733.3 kJ/min
60
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 553
Ans
Heat equivalent of bp = 27 × 60 = 1620 kJ/min ⇐=
= 176.4 kJ/min
ip × 60
ηith = × 100
Heat supplied/min
33 × 60
= × 100
5733.3
Ans
= 34.5% ⇐=
27 × 60 Ans
ηbth = × 100 = 28.3% ⇐=
5733.3
bp 27
ηm = × 100 = × 100
ip 33
Ans
= 81.8% ⇐=
554 IC Engines
Solution
25 3' 3
8 2
50 4
p (bar) 300 1500 1
2' 3' V (cc)
In order to estimate the heat added to the mixture during the process 2→3,
it is required to calculate the work done and the increase in internal energy
between 2 and 3.
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 555
25 + 8
W2−3 = × 105 × (350 − 300) × 10−6
2
= 1.5772 kJ
This is the quantity of heat actually given to the mixture in one cycle. But
the heat liberated in one cycle must have been
1
× 1.342 × 10−3 × 42000 = 3.3155 kJ
17
Heat lost during explosion = 3.3155 − 1.6597 = 1.6558 kJ
1.6558
Heat lost in kJ/kg =
1.342 × 10−3
Ans
= 1234.1 kJ/kg of charge ⇐=
16.36 The air flow to a four-cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine was measured
by means of a 8 cm diameter sharp edged orifice with Cd = 0.65. During
a test the following data were recorded:
Bore = 10 cm
Stroke = 15 cm
Engine speed = 2500 rpm
Brake power = 36 kW
Fuel consumption = 10 kg/h
Calorific value of fuel = 42 MJ/kg
Pressure drop across the orifice = 4 cm of water
Atmospheric temperature and pressure are 17 ◦ C and 1 bar respectively.
Calculate
Solution
36 × 60 Ans
ηbth = 10 × 100 = 30.86% ⇐=
60× 42000
bp × 60000 36 × 60000
pbm = =
LAnK 0.15 × π4 × 0.12 × 2500
2 ×4
Ans
= 3.67 × 105 Pa = 3.67 bar ⇐=
π 2 π
Vs = d LK = × 102 × 15 × 4 = 4712.4 cc
4 4
Δhw ρw = Δha ρa
p 1 × 105 3
ρa = = = 1.20 kg/m
RT 287 × 290
Δhw 1000
Ca = 2g × ×
1000 ρa
Solution
pim LAn
ip =
60000
7 × 105 × 0.3 × π4 × 0.152 × 300
2
=
60000
= 9.28 kW
9.28 × 3600 Ans
ηith = × 100 = 33.1% ⇐=
2.4 × 42000
2.4 × 22
ṁa = = 0.88 kg/min
60
p 1 × 105 3
ρa = = = 1.19 kg/m
RT 287 × 293
0.88
Volume of air consumed = = 0.739 m3 /min
1.19
π 300
Vs /min = × 0.152 × 0.30 ×
4 2
= 0.795 m3 /min
0.739 Ans
ηv = × 100 = 93% ⇐=
0.795
2πN T 2π × 300 × 200
bp = = = 6.28 kW
60000 60000
2.4 × 42000 Ans
Heat input = = 1680 kJ/min ⇐=
60
Ans
Heat equivalent of bp = 6.28 × 60 = 376.8 kJ/min ⇐=
Ans
Heat in cooling water = 5 × 4.18 × 35 = 731.5 kJ/min ⇐=
= 3235.4 kJ/kg
2.4
= 9 × 0.15 × × (3225.4 − 4.18 × 20)
60
Ans
= 170.2 kJ/min ⇐=
Solution
2πN T
bp =
60000
2 × π × 3200 × 350 × 0.4
=
60000
= 46.91 kW
ip × 60000
imep =
LAnK
80.4 × 60000
=
0.1 × × 0.082 × 3200
π
4 2 ×6
= 10 × 105 Pa = 10 bar
16.39 A full load test on a two-stroke engine yielded the following results:
speed 440 rpm; brake load 50 kg; imep 3 bar; fuel consumption 5.4
kg/h; rise in jacket water temperature 36 ◦ C; jacket water flow 440
kg/h; air-fuel ratio by mass 30; temperature of exhaust gas 350 ◦ C;
temperature of the test room 17 ◦ C; barometric pressure 76 cm of Hg;
cylinder diameter 22 cm; stroke 25 cm; brake diameter 1.2 m; calorific
value of fuel is 43 MJ/kg; proportion of hydrogen by mass in the fuel
15%; R = 0.287 kJ/kg of mean specific heat of dry exhaust gases =
1 kJ/kg K; specific heat of dry steam 2 kJ/kg K. Assume enthalpy of
super heated steam to be 3180 kJ/kg. Determine,
(i) the indicated thermal efficiency
(ii) the specific fuel consumption in g/kW h
(iii) volumetric efficiency based on atmospheric conditions
Draw up a heat balance for the test on the percentage basis indicating
the content of each item in the balance.
Solution
2πN T 2π × 440 × 50 × 9.81 × 0.6
bp = =
60000 60000
= 13.56 kW
pim LAn
ip =
60000
3 × 105 × 0.25 × π4 × 0.222 × 440
=
60000
= 20.91 kW
20.91 × 60 Ans
ηith = 5.4 × 100 = 32.4% ⇐=
60 × 43000
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 561
16.40 A gas engine working on the constant-volume cycle gave the following
results during a one-hour test run. Cylinder diameter 24 cm; stroke
48 cm; torque 770 Nm; average speed 220 rpm; average explosion per
minute 77; mep 7.5 bar; volume of gas used 12 m3 at 17 ◦ C and 770 mm
of mercury pressure; lower calorific value of gas 21 MJ/m3 at NTP;
inlet and outlet temperature of cooling water are 25 ◦ C and 60 ◦ C
respectively; cooling water used 600 kg. Determine (i) the mechanical
efficiency (ii) the indicated specific gas consumption in m3 /kW h and
(iii) the indicated thermal efficiency.
Draw up a heat balance for the engine on minute basis, explaining why
friction power has been included in or omitted from your heat balance.
NTP conditions are 760 mm of Hg and 0 ◦ C.
Solution
2 × π × 220 × 770
bp = = 17.74 kW
60000
7.5 × 105 × 0.48 × π4 × 0.242 × 77
ip =
60000
= 20.9 kW
17.74 Ans
ηm = × 100 = 84.9% ⇐=
20.9
20.9 × 60 × 60 Ans
= × 100 = 31.3% ⇐=
11.44 × 21000
11.44 × 21000
Heat input = = 4004 kJ/min
60
Ans
Heat equivalent ofbp = 17.74 × 60 = 1064.4 kJ/min ⇐=
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 563
600
Heat in cooling water = × 4.18 × (60 − 25)
60
Ans
= 1463 kJ/min ⇐=
The friction heat is not included since it is assumed that friction heat is
rejected to cooling water, exhaust, radiation etc.
Review Questions
Exercise
16.1 Find the bore of the single-cylinder diesel engine working on the four-
stroke cycle and delivers 40 kW at 200 rpm from the following data:
Compression ratio : 14:1
Fuel cut-off : 5% of stroke
Index of compression curve : 1.4
Index for expansion curve : 1.3
Pressure at beginning of compression : 1 atm
Ratio of stroke to bore : 1.5 to 1
Ans: 34.5 cm
16.2 Determine the diameter of a gas engine cylinder to develop 18 kW when
making 100 explosions per minute, gives clearance volume 1/3 swept
volume, law of compression and explosion pV 1.3 , absolute maximum
pressure is 3 times the absolute pressure at the end of the stroke. Take
length of stroke to be twice the bore. Ans: 24.7 cm
16.3 A four-stroke gas engine having a cylinder of 250 mm diameter and
stroke 450 mm has a volumetric efficiency of 80%, ratio of air to gas is 8
to 1, calorific value of gas is 20 MJ/m3 at NTP. Find the heat supplied
to the engine per working cycle. If the compression ratio is 5, what
is the heating value of the mixture per working stroke per m3 of total
cylinder volume? Ans: (i) 40 kJ (ii) 1428.6 kJ/m3
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 565
16.4 The swept volume of a gas engine is 9 litre and the clearance volume is
2.25 litre. The engine consumes 3500 litre of gas per hour, when running
at 160 rpm firing every cycle and developing 4 kW. It has a mechanical
efficiency of 75%. What is the relative efficiency of the engine compared
with air-standard cycle if the calorific value of gas is 20 MJ/m3 . As-
suming a volumetric efficiency of 0.87, find the ratio of air to gas used
by 1 m3 of the mixture in the cylinder. Ans: (i) 57.68% (ii) 9.73
16.5 In order to study the effect of mixture strength on the thermal effi-
ciency of the engine, tests were made on a four-stroke gas engine and
the following heat balance results were obtained.
Engine A Engine B
Test
Lean mixture Rich mixture
Indicated work 37 33
Heat in exhaust gas 42 39
Heat lost 21 28
100 1000
In the test A the supply of gas was 0.23 m3 per minute and in test
B was 0.30 m3 per minute. The calorific value of the gas used was
20 MJ/m3 . Calculate the indicated power and the heat loss to the
cylinder walls and piston per minute in the two cases. Calculate the
indicated thermal efficiencies of the two engines and comment on the
result. Ans: (i) 1702 kJ/min; 1980 kJ/min (ii) 966 kJ; 1680 kJ
(iii) 37%; 33%
Reasons for higher thermal efficiency on lean mixtures
(i) With a weak mixture the temperature rise for a given heat input
is greater than with rich mixture since there is a little or no disso-
ciation and the specific heat is less at the lower temperature.
(ii) The smaller maximum temperature reduces the heat flow to the
cylinder walls.
The more nearly the maximum temperature approaches the tem-
perature at the end of compression will the Otto efficiency ap-
proaches the Carnot.
16.6 An engine of 175 mm bore and 375 mm stroke is governed by hit and
miss type governor to 220 rpm. With a fixed setting of the gas sup-
ply and ignition advance, indicator diagrams gave the following val-
ues of mean effective pressure. Firing, positive loop 5.7 bar, negative
loop 0.25 bar; missing negative loop 0.42 bar. When developing 6 kW
the explosions were 100 per minute and the gas used was 0.1 m3 per
minute. Calculate the friction power and assuming uniform gas sup-
ply per explosion, find the gas consumption per minute at no load.
Ans: (i) 2.13 kW (ii) 0.032 m3
16.7 Calculate the maximum brake power which can be developed in the
cylinder of a four-stroke gas engine which runs at 200 rpm. The diameter
566 IC Engines
of the piston is 300 mm and stroke 400 mm. Clearance volume is 25%
of the swept volume. The gas supplied consists of CO = 19.7%; H2
= 28.8%; CO2 = 14.4%; N2 = 37.1%. Assume that the total mixture
at NTP admitted per suction stroke is 0.875 of total volume behind
the piston at the end of the stroke and that the thermal efficiency is
35%. Calorific value of H2 = 121.4 MJ/kg; Calorific value of carbon
burning from CO to CO2 = 23.4 MJ/kg; Density of air = 1.2 kg/m3 .
Ans: 47 kW
16.8 The following observations were made in a test of a gas engine in which
a waste heat boiler served as an exhaust gas calorimeter. Gross calorific
value of gas 20.0 MJ/m3 at NTP; gas consumption 9.35 m3 /h at NTP;
density of gas = 0.706 kg/m3 ; mass of water vapour of combustion
produced per m3 of gas (at NTP) = 0.72 kg; air consumption = 77.4
kg/h; temperature of air and gas = 17 ◦ C; rate of flow of water through
boiler = 168 kg/h; inlet and outlet temperature of water is 20 ◦ C and
80 ◦ C. Temperature of exhaust gases leaving the boiler 127 ◦ C. Calcu-
late the heat per hour leaving the engine and express as a percentage
of heat supplied. Assume the dew point of the exhaust gases as 50
◦
C; the total heat of dry saturated steam at 50 ◦ C = 2580 kJ/kg; the
mean specific heat of steam as 2 kJ/kg K and the specific heat of flue
gas as 1 kJ/kg K. Take atmospheric temperature = 17 ◦ C as datum.
Ans: (i) 187000 kJ/h (ii) 36.39%
16.9 In olden days in order to compare the various forms and sizes of the
engine a factor known as Tookey factor is defined. It is given by
mep of the cycle in bar
TF =
Heat equivalent of 1 m3 of cylinder mixture in MJ
Calculate the value of the Tookey factor for an engine developing 10
kW using the following data. Piston diameter = 200 mm; stroke = 300
mm; explosion per minute = 100; calorific value of gas = 19 MJ/m3
gas per hour 6 m3 ; clearance volume = 25% of swept volume; volumet-
ric efficiency = 87.5%. (Note: Modern engines will have a TF > 4).
Ans: 3.45
16.10 In a test of a gas engine, the gas used had the following composition by
volume : CH4 = 65%; H2 = 2%; N2 = 2%; CO2 = 31%. The dry exhaust
gas analysis gave O2 = 5.3%; N2 = 83%; CO = 0.3% and CO2 = 11.4%.
Find (i) the air-fuel ratio by volume, to give complete combustion (ii)
the percentage of excess air actually used in the test. Air contains 79%
by volume of nitrogen. Ans: (i) 6.238 (ii) 36.7%
16.11 Assume that an oil engine cylinder is not cooled. One kg of air and
0.00518 of fuel are introduced into the cylinder at 17 ◦ C and 1 bar and
compressed to 4 bar. Taking the specific heat of the product to 0.717
kJ/kg K, find the maximum temperature and pressure at the end of
explosion. The calorific value of the fuel is 46 MJ/kg. Take γ = 1.4.
Ans: (i) 761.55 K (ii) 7.07 bar
Performance Parameters and Characteristics 567
16.13 A nine-cylinder petrol engine of bore 150 mm and stroke 200 mm has a
compression ratio of 6:1 and develops 360 kW at 2000 rpm when running
on a mixture of 20% rich. The fuel used has a calorific value of 43 MJ/kg
and contains 85.3% carbon and 14.7% hydrogen. Assuming volumetric
efficiency of 70% at 17 ◦ C and mechanical efficiency of 90%, find the
indicated thermal efficiency of the engine. Air contains 23.3% by mass
of oxygen. Ans: 30.84%
The brake arm length was 1 m. Plot sf c vs bmep curve and find
the mixture strength for maximum power and maximum economy.
Ans: (i) 0.335 kg/kW h (ii) 0.36 kg/kW h
16.16 The following results were obtained from a set of trials at full throttle on
a single cylinder four-stroke kerosene engine working of constant volume
cycle has a bore of 110 mm and stroke of 200 mm. The speed was kept
constant at 1500 rpm and the compression ratio varied.
16.18 A six-cylinder petrol engine of 100 mm bore and 125 mm stroke was
run at full throttle at a constant speed of 1500 rpm over the practical
range of air-fuel ratio, and the following results were deduced from the
series:
The engine has a compression ratio of 5. The fuel used has a calorific
value of 44300 kJ/kg and the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio is 14.5. Plot
on a base of air-fuel ratio, curves of brake mean effective pressure
and the specific fuel consumption. Point out these characteristics of
petrol engine in general and this engine in particular, revealed by these
curves. Calculate the highest brake thermal efficiency given by these
tests. Ans: 24%
16.20 The fuel supplied to a Diesel engine has a gross calorific value of 44800
kJ/kg and contains 85.4% C and 12.3% H2 . The average tempera-
ture of the exhaust gases is 260 ◦ C and their volumetric analysis gives
CO2 : 5.77%, CO : 0.12%, O2 : 13.09%, N2 (by difference) : 81.02%.
Find (i) the heat carried away by the exhaust expressed as a percent-
age of the heat supplied and (ii) the mass of air per kg of fuel in
excess of that theoretically required for complete combustion. Take
mean specific heat of the dry exhaust gases as 1 kJ/kg K and atmo-
spheric temperature as 17 ◦ C. Air contains 23% oxygen on mass basis.
Ans: (i) 26.61% (ii) 21.42 kg
(a) inversely as sf c
(b) directly as sf c
(c) as square as sf c
(d) as root as sf c
(a) f p to bp
(b) f p to ip
(c) bp to ip
(d) ip to f p
(a) 2N
(b) N/2
(c) N
(d) 4N
(a) N
(b) 2N
(c) N/2
(d) 4N
572 IC Engines
(a) 2 bar
(b) 4 bar
(c) 8 bar
(d) 1 bar
(a) torque
(b) air consumption
(c) cylinder peak pressure
(d) none of the above
(a) ηbth vs bp
(b) air consumption vs speed
(c) heat balance of the engine
(d) torque vs speed
(a) 60%
(b) 80%
(c) 75%
(d) none of the above
14. The bore and stroke of a single cylinder four-stroke engine are 100 mm
and 160 mm respectively. If the brake torque is 50 NM the bmep is
(a) 15 bar
(b) 10 bar
(c) 5 bar
(d) 7.6 bar
(a) 30 to 40%
(b) 40 to 60%
(c) 60 to 70%
(d) 75 to 90%
(a) lower
(b) higher
(c) equal
(d) none of the above
574 IC Engines
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) increases and then decreases
(d) remains constant