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International Islamic University, Islamabad

BS Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Terminal Exams Fall 2012

Thursday 17th Jan 2013 Time: 08:45-11:45

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1.
(a) Show that the given series
x 2 2 x 2 33 x 3
1   ...
1! 2! 3!
converges for x  1 / e and diverges for x  1 / e . [6]
(b) Let Z  ( Z )
n be a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers with lim( Z n )  0 . Then the

alternating series  (1) n 1


Z n is convergent.

[6]

2.
(a) Let  f n  be a sequence of bounded functions on A  . Then this sequence converges uniformly on

A to a bounded function f if and only if for each  0 there is a number H () such that for all
m, n  H  , then fm  fn A
 .

[6]

 5 5 x
1
Let  x denotes the distance from x to the nearest integer. Then show that the series
n
(b) n

converges uniformly. [3]


x
(c) Show that the series  converges pointwise on [0, b] but uniformly
( nx  1){(n  1) x  1}

convergent only on [ a, b] , where 0  a  b .


[3]

3.
(a) Let x n be a conditionally convergent series of real numbers, and let C be a given real number. Then

there is a rearrangement  yn of  xn which converges to the sum C . [7]


(b) If p  0 & q  0, show that the series
( p  1)( p  2)...( p  n)
 (q  1)(q  2)...(q  n)
converges for q  p  1 and diverges for q  p  1. [5]

4.
(a) Let f  B ( a, b) then f is Reimann integrable if and only if for every   0, there exist a    ( )  0

n b

such that  f (t
k 1
k ) xk   f   for every partition p  {x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn } of [ a, b] such that p 
a

and for every choice of a point t k  [ xk 1 , xk ] .


[6]
(b) Consider the function h defined by h( x)  x  1 for x   0,1 rational, and h( x)  0 for x   0,1
irrational, Prove or disprove that h is Reimann Integrable. [6]

5.
1

x
m 1
(a) Show that the Beta function (1  x ) n 1dx converges for m, n  0.
0

[6]

x
m 1
(b) Show that the integral e  x dx is convergent iff m  0. [6]
0

International Islamic University, Islamabad


BS Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Terminal Exams Spring 2010

Wednesday 9th Jan 2010 Time: 08:45-11:45

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1.
(a) Show that the given series
x 2 2 x 2 33 x 3
  1
 ...
1! 2! 3!
converges for x  1 / e and diverges for x  1 / e . [6]
(b) Let Z  ( Z n ) be a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers with lim(Z n )  0 . Then the

alternating series  (1) n 1


Z n is convergent.

[6]

2.

(a) Let f
n 1
n converges uniformly to f on [ a, b] then [9]

i. If each f n is continuous on [ a, b] then f is continuous on [ a, b] ,


b  b

ii. If f and each f n is integrable on [ a, b] then  f    fn ,


a n 1 a

Moreover, if f
n 1
n converges (pointwise) to f on [ a, b] , each f n has an integrable derivative f n ' and

f
n 1
n ' converges uniformly on [ a, b] to some continuous function, then

iii. f ' ( x)   f n ' ( x) x  [a, b]
n 1

x
(b) Show that the series  (nx  1){(n  1) x  1} converges pointwise on [0, b] but uniformly

convergent only on [ a, b] , where 0  a  b .


[3]

3.
(a) Let f  B ( a, b) then f is Reimann integrable if and only if for every   0, there exist a    ( )  0

n b

such that 
k 1
f (t k ) xk   f   for every partition p  {x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn } of [ a, b] such that p 
a

and for every choice of a point t k  [ xk 1 , xk ] .


[7]
(b) If p  0 & q  0, show that the series
( p  1)( p  2)...( p  n)
 (q  1)(q  2)...(q  n)
converges for q  p  1 and diverges for q  p  1. [5]

4.

sin x m
(a) Test the convergence of 0 x n dx . [6]

(b) Prove that if f is Reimann integrable then so is f or prove a counter example. [6]

5.
1

x
m 1
(a) Show that the Beta function (1  x ) n 1dx converges for m, n  0
0

[6]
1

x
m 1
(b) Check the convergence of (1  x) n 1 log(1 / x ) dx
0

[6]

International Islamic University, Islamabad


MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Terminal Exams Spring 2011

Thursday 9th June 2011 Time: 08:45-11:45

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1.
(a) Prove that
(i) If 0  a  2 , then a  2a  2 [2]
(ii) The sequence 2 , 2 2 , 2 2 2 ,... converges. Hint: Use Part (i) [4]
x 2 x3 x 4 x5
(b) Find the convergence region of the power series log(1  x)  x      ... . [6]
2 3 4 5
2.
(a) Prove that
(i) Sequence of Lower Reimann Sum is bounded and [2]
(ii) It is an increasing sequence. Hence it is convergent sequence. [3]
(b) If f is Reimann Integral and F is antiderivative of f on [ a, b] , then [7]
b b
d

a
f ( x)dx  
a
dx
F ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a) .

3.
(a) Let  f n  be a sequence of bounded functions on A   . Then this sequence converges uniformly on A

to a bounded function f if and only if for each   0 , there is a number H ( ) in N such that for all
m, n  H ( ) , then f m  f n A
 . [7]
(b) Show that the sequence  f n  , where f n ( x )  nxe  nx 2
, x  0 is not uniformly convergent on  0, k 

, k  0. [5]

4.
Show that the sequence  f n  , where f n ( x )  x is uniformly convergent on  0, k  , k  1 and only
n
(a)

pointwise convergent on  0,1 . [7]


(b)  
If ank is a subsequence of  an  , then the series a nk is called a subseries of a n . Show that the

series a n is absolutely convergent if and only if every subseries of it is convergent. [5]

5.
(a) Consider the function h defined by h( x)  x  1 for x   0,1 rational, and h( x)  0 for x   0,1
irrational, Prove or disprove that h is Reimann Integrable. [6]
1
Prove that the series  n  2

(b) p converges when p  1 and diverges for p  1 . [6]
n log n 
International Islamic University, Islamabad
MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Terminal Exams Spring 2012

Friday 18th June 2012 Time: 02:30-05:30

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1.
(a) Prove that
(i) If 0  a  2 , then a  2a  2 [1]
(ii) The sequence 2 , 2 2 , 2 2 2 ,... converges. Hint: Use Part (i) [2]
(b) Show that f ( x )  sin x is Reimann Integrable over  0,   [4]
(c) Let  xn be an absolutely convergent series in  . Then any rearrangement y k of x n

converges to the same limit.


[5]

2.
f ( x)
(a) If f (x ) and g (x ) are positive functions defined on [ a, b] such that lim  l  0 , then
xa 0 g ( x)

b b


a
f ( x )dx and  g ( x)dx
a
behaves alike.

[5]
1
1
(b) Test the convergence of the integral  1  x 
0
3 1/ 3
dx . [3]

x
p
(c) Find the value of p for which the integral dx converges. [4]
a

3.
(a) Let f  B ( a, b) then f is Reimann integrable if and only if for every   0, there exist a    ( )  0

n b

such that  k 1
f (t k ) xk   f   for every partition p  {x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn } of [ a, b] such that
a

p  and for every choice of a point t k  [ xk 1 , xk ] .


[7]
(b) Consider the function h(x) defined on  0,1 by
 x  1, x is rational
h( x )  
0, x is irrational
Prove or disprove that for h( x ) is Reimann Integrable. [5]

4.

( 1) n 1 n
(a) Show that the M-Test Fails to prove the uniform convergence of the series 
n 1 n
x . Further

Prove that the given series converges uniformly. [6]


(b) A sequence  f n  of bounded functions on A   converges uniformly on A to f if and only if

fn  f A
0. [6]

5.
(a) State and prove the Cauchy Criterion for uniform convergence. [8]

(b) Does the series of functions n 2
x sin nx converges uniformly on internal  0,1 / 2 . Justify your
n

n 1

answer [4]
International Islamic University, Islamabad
BS/MSc Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Mid-Term Exams (20 marks) Friday 3rd May 2013

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1. Prove that lim(n1 / n )  1.


2. Let X  ( xn ) be a sequence of positive real numbers such that lim( xn 1 / xn )  L 1. Show that X is
not a bounded sequence and hence is not convergent.
3. Show that if lim(an / n)  L, where L  0, then lim(an )  .
4. Show that the convergence of a series is not affected by changing a finite number of its terms.
5. Show that if a convergent series contains only a finite number of negative terms, then it is absolutely
convergent.

International Islamic University, Islamabad


BS/MSc Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Mid-Term Exams (20 marks) Friday 3rd May 2013
Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1. Prove that lim(n1 / n )  1.


2. Let X  ( xn ) be a sequence of positive real numbers such that lim( xn 1 / xn )  L 1. Show that X is
not a bounded sequence and hence is not convergent.
3. Show that if lim(an / n)  L, where L  0, then lim(an )  .
4. Show that the convergence of a series is not affected by changing a finite number of its terms.
5. Show that if a convergent series contains only a finite number of negative terms, then it is absolutely
convergent.

International Islamic University, Islamabad


MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Terminal Exams Thursday 13th June 2013

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1.
(a) If  bn  is a bounded sequence and lim an   0, show that lim anbn   0.
[4]

1
(b) Use the Cauchy condensation test to discuss the p-series n
n 1
p for p  0. [4]

1
(c) Separate the range of c for which  n(ln n)(ln ln n)
n2
c converges and diverges. [4]

2.


(a) Let f ( x)  0 on  a,  , a  0 and let lim x f ( x)  l , then  f ( x ) dx converges if   1 and
x 
a

diverges if   1 .
[4]
 /2
xm
(b) Show that 
0
sin n ( x)
dx Converges if n  m  1.

[4]

x
p 3
(c) Find the value of p for which the integral e  x dx converges. [4]
0

3.
b b

(a) If f is Reimann Integrable on  a, b , then is f and  f   f . [6]


a a

(b) Consider the function h(x) defined on  0,1 by


sin( x), x is rational
h( x )  
cos( x), x is irrational
Prove or disprove that for h ( x ) is Reimann Integrable. [6]

4.

( 1) n 1 n
(a) Show that the M-Test Fails to prove the uniform convergence of the series 
n 1 n
x . Further

Prove that the given series converges uniformly. [6]


(b) Show that if a  0, then the convergence of the sequence lim  nx
1 n 2 x 2
 for all x   is uniform on the
interval  a,  , but is not uniform on the interval  0, .
[6]

5.
(a) Suppose that  f n  is a sequence of functions which are continuous on  a, b  and that  f n  converges

uniformly on  a, b to f, then f is also continuous on  a, b . [6]



x
(b) Show that the series  is uniformly convergent on any interval  a, b ,
n 1  nx  1   n  1 x  1

0  a  b but only pointwise on  0, b  . [6]

International Islamic University, Islamabad


BS/MSc Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Mid-Term Exams (20 marks) Monday 11th Nov 2013

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1. Let �a(n) be such that (a (n)) is a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers. If s (n) denotes

the nth partial sum, show (by grouping the terms in s (2n ) in two different ways) that

1
2
   
a(1)  2a(2)  ...  2n a(2n ) � a(1)  2a(2)  ...  2 n 1 a(2 n1 )  a(2 n )

Use these inequalities to show that �a(n) converges if and only if �2 a(2 ) converges.
n n

1
2. Show that if c > 1, then the following series are convergent �n(ln n)(ln ln n) c .

3. If (ank ) is a subsequence of (an ) , then the series �a nk is called a subseries of �a n . Show that �a
n

is absolutely convergent if and only if every subseries of it is convergent.


4. Discuss the convergence or the divergence of the series with nth term (for sufficiently large n) given by

(ln n)  ln n .
5. Suppose that none of the numbers a, b, c is a negative integer or zero. Prove that the hypergeometric
series
ab a(a  1)b(b  1) a (a  1)(a  2)b(b  1)(b  2)
   ...
1!c 2!c(c  1) 3!c (c  1)(c  2)
is absolutely convergent for c > a + b and divergent for c < a + b.

International Islamic University, Islamabad


MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Terminal Exams Monday 20th Jan 2014

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1.
(a) Prove that
(i) If 0  a  2 , then a  2a  2 [1]
(ii) The sequence 2 , 2 2 , 2 2 2 ,... converges. Hint: Use Part (i) [2]
(b) Let X  ( xn ) be a sequence of positive real numbers such that lim( xn 1 / xn )  L  1. Show that
X is not a bounded sequence and hence is not convergent. [4]
(c) Let  xn be an absolutely convergent series in �. Then any rearrangement  yk of  xn
converges to the same limit. [5]

2.
 /2
xm
(a) Show that �
0
sin n ( x )
dx converges if n  (m  1). [4]

1
m 1
(b) Show that �
x (1  x) n 1 dx exists if m, n  0. [4]
0

m 1  x
(c) Show that the integral �
x
0
e dx is convergent iff m  0. [4]

3.
(a) If f is Reimann integrable function and if F is anti-derivative of f on [ a, b] , then [4]
b b
d
f ( x)dx  �  F ( x)  dx  F (b)  F ( a).

a
dx a

(b) Consider the function h(x) defined on  0,1 by


� x, x is rational
h( x )  �
0,
� x is irrational
Prove or disprove that for h( x ) is Reimann Integrable. [4]
(c) Show that f ( x)  sin x is Reimann Integrable over  0,   . [4]

4.
(a) Let  f n  be a sequence of bounded functions on A ��. Then this sequence converges

uniformly on A to a bounded function f if and only if for each   0 there is a number H ( ) in �

such that for all m, n �H ( ) , f m  f n A


� .
[8]
(b) A sequence  f n  of bounded functions on A   converges uniformly on A to f if and only if

fn  f A
0. [4]

5.
(a) Test the convergence of the sequence of functions  xn  for x ��. [4]
(b) Test the uniform convergence of the sequence of functions  xn  for x �A : [0,1] . [4]
(c) Write the definition of Pointwise and uniform convergence of the sequence of functions. [4]

Real Analysis
Quiz 10 Marks Monday 12th May 2014

1. Let �a(n) be such that (a (n)) is a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers. If s (n) denotes the nth

partial sum, show (by grouping the terms in s (2n ) in two different ways) that

1
2
   
a(1)  2a (2)  ...  2n a (2 n ) � a (1)  2a(2)  ...  2 n1 a(2 n1 )  a(2 n )

Use these inequalities to show that �a(n) converges if and only if �2 a(2 ) converges.
n n
[4]

2. If (ank ) is a subsequence of (a ) , then the series �a is called a subseries of �a . Show that �a


n nk n n is

absolutely convergent if and only if every subseries of it is convergent. [3]


3. Let 0  a  1 and consider the series

a 2  a  a 4  a 3  ...  a 2 n  a 2 n 1  ...
Show that the Root test applies, but that the Ration Test Does not apply. [3]

Real Analysis
Quiz 10 Marks Monday 12th May 2014

1. Let �a(n) be such that (a (n)) is a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers. If s (n) denotes the nth

partial sum, show (by grouping the terms in s (2n ) in two different ways) that

1
2
  
a(1)  2a (2)  ...  2n a (2 n ) � a (1)  2a(2)  ...  2 n1 a(2 n1 )  a(2 n ) 
Use these inequalities to show that �a(n) converges if and only if �2 a(2 ) converges. n n
[4]

2. If (ank ) is a subsequence of (a ) , then the series �a is called a subseries of �a . Show that �a


n nk n n is

absolutely convergent if and only if every subseries of it is convergent. [3]


3. Let 0  a  1 and consider the series

a 2  a  a 4  a 3  ...  a 2 n  a 2 n 1  ...
Show that the Root test applies, but that the Ration Test Does not apply. [3]

International Islamic University, Islamabad


BS/MSC Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Terminal Exams Spring 2014

Thursday 02nd June 2014 Time: 08:45-11:45

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1.
1
(a) Let x1 : 8 and xn 1 : xn  2 for n ��. Show that ( xn ) is bounded and monotone. Find the limit.
2

[3]
(b) Let X  ( xn ) and Y  ( yn ) be sequence in �and let the partial sum �y n be denoted by ( sn ) with

s0 : 0. If m  n, then [3]
m m 1

�x y   x
k  n 1
k k s  xn 1sn  
m m � x
k  n 1
k  xk 1  sk .

(c) Let X  ( xn ) be a sequence of nonzero real numbers [6]


(i) If there exist numbers a  1 and K ��such that
xn 1 a
�1  for n �K ,
xn n
then �x n is absolutely convergent.
(ii) If there exist numbers a �1 and K ��such that
xn 1 a
�1  for n �K ,
xn n
then �x n is not absolutely convergent.
2.
(a) Let  f n  be a sequence of bounded functions on A  . Then this sequence converges uniformly on

A to a bounded function f if and only if for each  0 there is a number H () such that for all
m, n  H  , then fm  fn A
 .

[5]
1
(b) Let  x denotes the distance from x to the nearest integer. Then show that the series �2  2 x
n
n

converges uniformly. [3]


(c) Define Pointwise and Uniform convergence of the sequence of functions [4]

3.
(a) Show that the following infinite series of functions converges uniformly on  0, � . [4]

cos n x

n 1 n  x
2

(b) Determine whether the following sequence of functions converges uniformly on [1, �] . [4]
2
f n ( x )  n ln x .
xn
(c) Suppose that  f n  is a sequence of functions which are continuous on  a, b  and that  f n  converges
uniformly on  a, b  to f . Then f is also continuous on  a, b  . [4]

4.
(a) Let f  B ( a, b) then f is Reimann integrable over [a, b] if and only if for every   0, there is a

partition p  {x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn } of [ a, b] such that [6]


U ( f , p)  L( f , p)  
(b) Consider the function h defined by h( x )  x for x   0,1 rational, and h( x )   x for x   0,1
irrational, Prove or disprove that h is Reimann Integrable. [6]

5.
b
1
(a) Show that the integral �
 x  a
a
n
dx converges iff n  1. [4]

 /2
x m1
(b) Show that the integral � n dx converges if n  m. [4]
0
sin x

p
(c) Show that the integral �
x dx converges iff
a
p  1. [4]

International Islamic University, Islamabad


BS/MSC Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Mid-Term Exams Fall 2014

Thursday 06th Nov 2014 Time: 11:30-01:00

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

 
1. Suppose that xn �0 for all n ��and that (1) xn exists. Show that  xn  converges.
n

2. Let x1  8 and xn 1  2  xn / 2 for all. Show that  xn  is bounded and monotone. Find the limit.

3. If  bn  is a bounded sequence and lim an   0, show that lim anbn   0.

4. Show that if lim(an / n)  L, where L  0, then lim(an )  .


5. Every contractive sequence is a Cauchy sequence and therefore is a convergent.

International Islamic University, Islamabad


BS/MSC Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Mid-Term Exams Fall 2014

Thursday 06th Nov 2014 Time: 11:30-01:00

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks


 
1. Suppose that xn �0 for all n ��and that (1) xn exists. Show that  xn  converges.
n

2. Let x1  8 and xn 1  2  xn / 2 for all. Show that  xn  is bounded and monotone. Find the limit.

3. If  bn  is a bounded sequence and lim an   0, show that lim anbn   0.

4. Show that if lim(an / n)  L, where L  0, then lim(an )  .


5. Every contractive sequence is a Cauchy sequence and therefore is a convergent.

International Islamic University, Islamabad


BS/MSC Mathematics
Real Analysis
Terminal Exams Fall 2014

Thursday 29th Jan 2014 Time: 08:45-11:45

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1.
(a) Show that if a series is conditionally convergent, then the series obtained from its positive terms is
divergent, and the series obtained from its negative terms is divergent. [3]
(b)  
If ank is a subsequence of sequence  an  , then the series a nk is called a subseries of a n . Show

that the series a n is absolutely convergent if and only if every subseries of it is convergent. [5]
(c) If X  ( xn ) be a decreasing sequence with lim xn  0 , and if the partial sums ( sn ) of �y n are
bounded, then the series �x y n n is convergent. [4]

2.
Show that the sequence of functions  f n  , where f n ( x)  xe converges uniformly to f ( x)  0 on
 nx
(a)

[0, �) . [5]

(c) Does the series of functions �n x 2 n
sin( nx) converges uniformly on the interval  0,1/ 2 ? Justify your
n 1
Answer. [7]

3.
(a) Let  f n  be a sequence of bounded functions on A  . Then this sequence converges uniformly on

A to a bounded function f if and only if for each  0 there is a number H () such that for all
m, n  H  , then fm  fn A
 .

[7]

x
(b) Show that the series   nx  1   n  1 x  1
n 1
is uniformly convergent on any interval  a,b ,

0  a  b but only pointwise on  0, b  . [5]

4.
(a) Let  be a negative real number and f is Reimann integrable on [ a, b] , then prove that  f is also

b b

Reimann integrable and  f   f .


� � [6]
a a

(b) Let f �B( a, b) , then f is Reimann integrable over [ a, b] if and only if for every   0, there is a

partition P of [ a, b] such that U ( f , p)  L( f , p)   . [6]

5.
 /2
xm
(a) Show that the integral �
0
sin n x
dx converges if n  (m  1). [6]

x e  x dx is convergent iff m  0.
m 1
(b) Show that the integral [6]
0

International Islamic University, Islamabad


BS/MSC Mathematics Real Analysis
Quiz Spring 2015

Monday 1st June 2015 Time: 02:30-03:45

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1. (a) Show that the sequence of functions ( x 2 e  nx ) converges uniformly to on [0, �) . [3]
(b) Show that if 0  b  1 then the convergence of the sequence  x n

1 x n
for all x   is uniform on the

interval  0, b  , but is not uniform on the interval  0,1 . [3]


x
(c) Show that the series  converges pointwise on [0, b] but uniformly
(nx  1){(n  1) x  1}

convergent only on [ a, b] , where 0  a  b .


[3]

(d) Does the series of functions �n x 2 n
sin( nx) converges uniformly on the interval  0,1/ 2 ? Justify your
n 1

answer. [3]
(e) Define the Point-wise and Uniform convergence of the sequence of functions. [3]

International Islamic University, Islamabad


BS/MSC Mathematics Real Analysis
Quiz Spring 2015

Monday 1st June 2015 Time: 02:30-03:45

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

1. (a) Show that the sequence of functions ( x 2 e  nx ) converges uniformly to on [0, �) . [3]
(b) Show that if 0  b  1 then the convergence of the sequence  x n

1 x n
for all x   is uniform on the

interval  0, b  , but is not uniform on the interval  0,1 . [3]


x
(c) Show that the series  converges pointwise on [0, b] but uniformly
(nx  1){(n  1) x  1}

convergent only on [ a, b] , where 0  a  b .


[3]

(d) Does the series of functions �n x 2 n
sin( nx) converges uniformly on the interval  0,1/ 2 ? Justify your
n 1

answer. [3]
(e) Define the Point-wise and Uniform convergence of the sequence of functions. [3]

International Islamic University, Islamabad


MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Terminal Exams Spring 2015

Sat 6th June 2015 Time: 02:30-05:30

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

Q. No.1:

(a) Let 0  a  1 and consider the series

a 2  a  a 4  a 3  ...  a 2 n  a 2 n 1  ... .
Show that the Root Test applies, but the Ratio Test does not apply. [3]
(b) Show that if a convergent series contains only a finite number of negative terms, then it is absolutely
convergent. [5]
(c) Let x1  8 and xn 1  2  xn / 2 for all n. Show that  xn  is bounded and monotone. Find the limit.

[4]
Q. No.2:
Show that the sequence of functions  f n  , where f n ( x)  x e converges uniformly to f ( x )  0
2  nx
(a)

on [0, �) . [5]
(b) Let  M n  be a sequence of positive real numbers such that f n  x  �M n for x �A, n ��. If the

series �M n is convergent, then �f n is uniformly convergent on A. [3]



(c) Does the series of functions �n x 3 n
cos( nx) converges uniformly on the interval  0,1/ 2 ? Justify
n 1

your answer. [4]


Q. No.3:
(a) Show that the sequence of functions (e  nx ), x �0 converges uniformly on the interval [a, �), a  0 ,

but not uniformly on the interval [0, �) . [4]



(b) Let f
n 1
n converges uniformly to f on [ a, b] then [8]

i. If each f n is continuous on [ a, b] then f is continuous on [ a, b] ,


b  b

ii. If f and each f n is integrable on [ a, b] then f    fn ,


a n 1 a

Moreover, if f
n 1
n converges (pointwise) to f on [ a, b] , each f n has an integrable derivative f n '


and f
n 1
n ' converges uniformly on [ a, b] to some continuous function, then

iii. f ' ( x)   f n ' ( x) , x  [a, b] .
n 1

Q. No.4:
b b

(a) If f is Reimann Integrable on  a, b , then is f and  f   f . [6]


a a

(b) Consider the function h(x) defined on  0,1 by


� x, x is rational
h( x )  �
� x, x is irrational
Prove or disprove that for h( x ) is Reimann Integrable. [3]
(c) Prove that if f is Reimann Integrable then so is f or prove a counter example. [3]
Q. No.5:
(a) If f (x ) and g (x ) are Reimann Integrable functions defined on [a, l ], l  a such that

� �
f ( x)
lim  l �0 , then both the integrals �
f ( x)dx and �
g ( x) dx behave alike. [5]
x �� g ( x)
a a
 /2
xm
(b) Show that 
0
sin n ( x)
dx Converges if n  m  1.

[3]
1

x
m 1
(c) Check the convergence of (1  x) n 1 log(1 / x ) dx
0

[4]

International Islamic University, Islamabad


MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Terminal Exams Fall 2015

Tuesday 12th Jan 2016 Time: 08:45-11:45

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

Q. No.1:
(a) If X  ( xn ) be a decreasing sequence with lim xn  0 , and if the partial sums ( sn ) of �y n are

bounded, then show that the series �x y n n is convergent. [3]

(b) Show that if a convergent series contains only a finite number of negative terms, then it is absolutely
convergent. [5]
(c) Let x n be an absolutely convergent series in  . Then any rearrangement y k of x n

converges to the same limit. [4]


Q. No. 2:

( 1) n 1 n
(a) Show that the M-Test Fails to prove the uniform convergence of the series n 1 n
x .

Further, prove that the given series converges uniformly.


[6]
(b) Prove that a sequence  fn  of bounded functions on A   converges uniformly on A to f if

and only if f n  f A
0.

[6]

Q. No. 3:
(a) Let  f n  be a sequence of bounded functions on A   . Then prove that this sequence converges

uniformly on A to a bounded function f if and only if for each   0 , there is a number


H ( ) in N such that for all m, n  H ( ) , then f m  f n A
 . [7]

(b) Does the series of functions n 2
x n sin nx converges uniformly on internal  0,1 / 2 . Justify
n 1

your answer. [5]


Q. No.4:
1/ 2 1/ 2
b
b  b 2
(a) If f and g are Reimann Integrable over  a,b , then prove that  f g    f 2   g 
  . [3]
a a  a 

(b) If f and g are Reimann Integrable over  a, b , then prove that


1/ 2
b 2
 b 2
1/ 2
b 2
1/ 2

   f  g      f     g  . [3]
 a  a  a 
(c) Let f �B( a, b) , then f is Reimann integrable over [ a, b] if and only if for every   0, there is

a partition P of [ a, b] such that U ( f , p)  L( f , p)   .

Q. No.5:
 /2
xm
(a) Show that the integral � n dx converges if n  (m  1). [6]
0
sin x

x e  x dx is convergent iff m  0.
m 1
(b) Show that the integral [6]
0
International Islamic University, Islamabad
MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Terminal Exams Fall 2016

Thursday 12th Jan 2017 Time: 08:45-11:45

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

Q. No. 1:
(a) If X  ( xn ) be a decreasing sequence with lim xn  0 , and if the partial sums ( sn ) of �y n are

bounded, then show that the series �x y n n is convergent. [6]

(b) Let Z  ( Z n ) be a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers with lim(Z n )  0 . Then show

that the alternating series  (1) n 1


Z n is convergent. [6]

Q. No. 2:
(a) Determine whether the following sequence of functions converges uniformly on [1, �] [6]
2
f n ( x )  n ln x .
xn
(b) Prove that a sequence  fn  of bounded functions on A   converges uniformly on A to f if

and only if f n  f A
0.

[6]

Q. No. 3:
(a) Let  M n  be a sequence of positive real numbers such that f n  x   M n for x  A, N  . If the


series M n is convergent, then prove that fn 1
n is uniformly convergent on A. Further, Let

 2 2 x
1
 x denotes the distance from x to the nearest integer. Then show that the series n
n

converges uniformly. [4+3]



(b) Does the series of functions n 2
x n cos nx converges uniformly on internal  0,1 / 2 . Justify
n 1

your answer. [5]

(P.T.O)
Q. No. 4:
1/ 2 1/ 2
b
b 2 b 2
(a) If f and g are Reimann Integrable over  a, b , then prove that  f g    f   g 
  . [3]
a a  a 

(b) If f and g are Reimann Integrable over  a,b , then prove that
1/ 2
b 2
 b 
1/ 2
b 
1/ 2

   f  g      f 2     g 2  . [3]
 a  a  a 
(c) Let f �B( a, b) , then show that f is Reimann Integrable over [ a, b] if and only if for every

  0, there is a partition P of [ a, b] such that U ( f , p)  L( f , p )   .


[6]

Q. No. 5:
(a) If f (x ) and g (x ) are Reimann Integrable functions defined on [a, l ], l  a such that

� �
f ( x)
lim  l �0 , then show that both the integrals �
f ( x)dx and �
g ( x) dx behave alike. [6]
x �� g ( x )
a a
1

x
m 1
(b) Show that the Beta function (1  x ) n 1dx converges for m, n  0 .
0

[6]

International Islamic University, Islamabad


MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Terminal Exams Spring 2017

Wednesday 31st May 2017 Time: 02:30-05:30


Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

Q. No. 1:
(a) If X  ( xn ) be a decreasing sequence with lim xn  0 , and if the partial sums ( sn ) of �y n are

bounded, then show that the series �x y n n is convergent. [6]

(b) Let Z  ( Z n ) be a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers with lim(Z n )  0 . Then the

alternating series  (1) n 1


Z n is convergent.

[6]
Q. No. 2:
(a) Determine whether the following sequence of functions converges uniformly on [1, �] [5]
2
f n ( x )  n ln x .
xn
(b) Let J   be a bounded interval and let  f n  be a sequence of functions on J to R.
Suppose that there exists x0  J such that  f n  x 0   converges, and that the sequence  f n '
of derivatives exists on J and converges uniformly on J to a function g . Then prove that the

sequence  f n  converges uniformly on J to a function f that has a derivative at every point of


J and f '  g.
[7]
Q. No. 3:
(a) Let  M n  be a sequence of positive real numbers such that f n  x   M n for x  A, N  . If the


series M n is convergent, then prove that fn 1
n is uniformly convergent on A. Further, Let

1 
 x denotes the distance from x to the nearest integer. Plot the graph of  x  and show that the series
2 

 3 3 x
1 n
n
converges uniformly. [3+4]

(b) Does the series of functions n 2
x n cos nx converges uniformly on internal  0,1 / 2 . Justify
n 1

your answer. [5]

(P.T.O)
Q. No. 4:
(a) Consider the function h(x) defined on  0,1 by
� x, x is rational
h( x )  �
0,
� x is irrational
Prove or disprove that for h( x ) is Reimann Integrable. [3]
(b) Let f  B ( a, b) then f is Reimann integrable if and only if for every   0, there exist a

n b
   ( )  0 such that 
k 1
f (t k ) xk   f   for every partition p  {x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn } of [ a, b]
a

such that p  and for every choice of a point t k  [ xk 1 , xk ] .


[7]
b b

(c) If f and g are Reimann Integral and if f  g on [ a, b] . Then Prove that 


a
f   g.
a
[2]

Q. No. 5:
1

x
m 1
(a) Show that the Beta function (1  x ) n 1dx converges for m, n  0 .
0

[4]

x e  x dx is convergent iff m  0.
m 1
(b) Show that the integral [4]
0
 /2
xm
(c) Show that the integral �
0
sin n x
dx converges if n  (m  1). [4]
International Islamic University, Islamabad
MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Mid-Term Exams Fall 2017

Wednesday 17th November 2017 Time: 02:30-04:00

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

Q. No. 1: If X  ( xn ) be a decreasing sequence with lim xn  0 , and if the partial sums ( sn ) of �y n are

bounded, then show that the series �x y n n is convergent. [5]

Q. No. 2: Let 0  a  1 and consider the series

a 2  a  a 4  a 3  ...  a 2 n  a 2n 1  ...
Show that the Root test applies, but that the Ration Test Does not apply. [5]


Q. No. 3: Let f be a positive, decreasing function on  t : t  1. Then show that the series  f k
k 1

 b

converges if and only if the improper integral  f  t dt  lim  f  t dt.


b 
1 1

n
exist. In the case of convergence, also show that the partial sum S n   f k
k 1
and the sum

  b
S   f k
k 1
satisfy the estimate  f  t dt  S  S
n 1
n   f  t dt.
n
[5]


Q. No. 4: If  a n  is a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers and if a n is convergent, show
n 1

that lim
n 
 na n   0 [5]

Q. No. 5: If a series in  is absolutely convergent, then show that it is convergent. [5]


International Islamic University, Islamabad
MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Terminal Exams Fall 2017

Tuesday 23rd Jan 2018 Time: 02:30-04:30

Attempt all questions and each question carries equal marks

Q.No.1:
(a) Show that the given series
x 2 2 x 2 33 x 3
1    ...
1! 2! 3!
converges for x  1 / e and diverges for x  1 / e . [6]
(b) Let Z  ( Z )
n be a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers with lim( Z n )  0 . Then prove

that the alternating series  (1) n 1


Z n is convergent. [6]

Q.No.2:
(a) Prove that every sequence of bounded functions  f n  on A   converges uniformly on A to f

if and only if f n  f A  0 . [6]


(b) Determine whether the sequence of functions defined by
2
f n ( x )  n ln x .
xn
converges uniformly on 1,  or not. [6]

Q.No.3:
(a) Let  M n  be a sequence of positive real numbers such that f n  x   M n for x  A, N  . If the


series  M n is convergent, then prove that f
n 1
n is uniformly convergent on A. Further,

 5 5 x
1
Let  x
n
denotes the distance from x to the nearest integer. Then show that the series n

converges uniformly.
[4+3]
x
(c) Show that the series  (nx  1){(n  1) x  1} converges pointwise on [0, b] but uniformly

convergent only on [ a, b] , where 0  a  b . [5]

P.T.O
Q.No.4:
(a) Let f  B ( a, b) then prove that f is Reimann integrable over [a, b] if and only if for every   0,

there is a partition p  {x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn } of [ a, b] such that [6]


U ( f , p)  L( f , p)  
b b

(b) Prove that if f is Reimann Integrable on  a, b , then is f and  f   f . Also check the
a a

converse of this theorem. [6]

Q.No.5:

2
sin  x 
(a) Test the convergence of the integral 
0 xp
dx . [4]



(b) Let f ( x)  0 on  a,  , a  0 and let lim x f ( x)  l , then prove that  f ( x)dx converges if
x 
a

  1 and diverges if   1 .
[4]

x
p 3
(c) Find the value of p for which the integral e  x dx converges. [4]
0

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