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International Islamic University, Islamabad BS Mathematics Real Analysis II
International Islamic University, Islamabad BS Mathematics Real Analysis II
BS Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Terminal Exams Fall 2012
1.
(a) Show that the given series
x 2 2 x 2 33 x 3
1 ...
1! 2! 3!
converges for x 1 / e and diverges for x 1 / e . [6]
(b) Let Z ( Z )
n be a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers with lim( Z n ) 0 . Then the
[6]
2.
(a) Let f n be a sequence of bounded functions on A . Then this sequence converges uniformly on
A to a bounded function f if and only if for each 0 there is a number H () such that for all
m, n H , then fm fn A
.
[6]
5 5 x
1
Let x denotes the distance from x to the nearest integer. Then show that the series
n
(b) n
3.
(a) Let x n be a conditionally convergent series of real numbers, and let C be a given real number. Then
4.
(a) Let f B ( a, b) then f is Reimann integrable if and only if for every 0, there exist a ( ) 0
n b
such that f (t
k 1
k ) xk f for every partition p {x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn } of [ a, b] such that p
a
5.
1
x
m 1
(a) Show that the Beta function (1 x ) n 1dx converges for m, n 0.
0
[6]
x
m 1
(b) Show that the integral e x dx is convergent iff m 0. [6]
0
1.
(a) Show that the given series
x 2 2 x 2 33 x 3
1
...
1! 2! 3!
converges for x 1 / e and diverges for x 1 / e . [6]
(b) Let Z ( Z n ) be a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers with lim(Z n ) 0 . Then the
[6]
2.
(a) Let f
n 1
n converges uniformly to f on [ a, b] then [9]
f
n 1
n ' converges uniformly on [ a, b] to some continuous function, then
iii. f ' ( x) f n ' ( x) x [a, b]
n 1
x
(b) Show that the series (nx 1){(n 1) x 1} converges pointwise on [0, b] but uniformly
3.
(a) Let f B ( a, b) then f is Reimann integrable if and only if for every 0, there exist a ( ) 0
n b
such that
k 1
f (t k ) xk f for every partition p {x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn } of [ a, b] such that p
a
4.
sin x m
(a) Test the convergence of 0 x n dx . [6]
(b) Prove that if f is Reimann integrable then so is f or prove a counter example. [6]
5.
1
x
m 1
(a) Show that the Beta function (1 x ) n 1dx converges for m, n 0
0
[6]
1
x
m 1
(b) Check the convergence of (1 x) n 1 log(1 / x ) dx
0
[6]
1.
(a) Prove that
(i) If 0 a 2 , then a 2a 2 [2]
(ii) The sequence 2 , 2 2 , 2 2 2 ,... converges. Hint: Use Part (i) [4]
x 2 x3 x 4 x5
(b) Find the convergence region of the power series log(1 x) x ... . [6]
2 3 4 5
2.
(a) Prove that
(i) Sequence of Lower Reimann Sum is bounded and [2]
(ii) It is an increasing sequence. Hence it is convergent sequence. [3]
(b) If f is Reimann Integral and F is antiderivative of f on [ a, b] , then [7]
b b
d
a
f ( x)dx
a
dx
F ( x)dx F (b) F (a) .
3.
(a) Let f n be a sequence of bounded functions on A . Then this sequence converges uniformly on A
to a bounded function f if and only if for each 0 , there is a number H ( ) in N such that for all
m, n H ( ) , then f m f n A
. [7]
(b) Show that the sequence f n , where f n ( x ) nxe nx 2
, x 0 is not uniformly convergent on 0, k
, k 0. [5]
4.
Show that the sequence f n , where f n ( x ) x is uniformly convergent on 0, k , k 1 and only
n
(a)
5.
(a) Consider the function h defined by h( x) x 1 for x 0,1 rational, and h( x) 0 for x 0,1
irrational, Prove or disprove that h is Reimann Integrable. [6]
1
Prove that the series n 2
(b) p converges when p 1 and diverges for p 1 . [6]
n log n
International Islamic University, Islamabad
MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Terminal Exams Spring 2012
1.
(a) Prove that
(i) If 0 a 2 , then a 2a 2 [1]
(ii) The sequence 2 , 2 2 , 2 2 2 ,... converges. Hint: Use Part (i) [2]
(b) Show that f ( x ) sin x is Reimann Integrable over 0, [4]
(c) Let xn be an absolutely convergent series in . Then any rearrangement y k of x n
2.
f ( x)
(a) If f (x ) and g (x ) are positive functions defined on [ a, b] such that lim l 0 , then
xa 0 g ( x)
b b
a
f ( x )dx and g ( x)dx
a
behaves alike.
[5]
1
1
(b) Test the convergence of the integral 1 x
0
3 1/ 3
dx . [3]
x
p
(c) Find the value of p for which the integral dx converges. [4]
a
3.
(a) Let f B ( a, b) then f is Reimann integrable if and only if for every 0, there exist a ( ) 0
n b
such that k 1
f (t k ) xk f for every partition p {x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn } of [ a, b] such that
a
4.
( 1) n 1 n
(a) Show that the M-Test Fails to prove the uniform convergence of the series
n 1 n
x . Further
fn f A
0. [6]
5.
(a) State and prove the Cauchy Criterion for uniform convergence. [8]
(b) Does the series of functions n 2
x sin nx converges uniformly on internal 0,1 / 2 . Justify your
n
n 1
answer [4]
International Islamic University, Islamabad
BS/MSc Mathematics
Real Analysis II
Mid-Term Exams (20 marks) Friday 3rd May 2013
1.
(a) If bn is a bounded sequence and lim an 0, show that lim anbn 0.
[4]
1
(b) Use the Cauchy condensation test to discuss the p-series n
n 1
p for p 0. [4]
1
(c) Separate the range of c for which n(ln n)(ln ln n)
n2
c converges and diverges. [4]
2.
(a) Let f ( x) 0 on a, , a 0 and let lim x f ( x) l , then f ( x ) dx converges if 1 and
x
a
diverges if 1 .
[4]
/2
xm
(b) Show that
0
sin n ( x)
dx Converges if n m 1.
[4]
x
p 3
(c) Find the value of p for which the integral e x dx converges. [4]
0
3.
b b
4.
( 1) n 1 n
(a) Show that the M-Test Fails to prove the uniform convergence of the series
n 1 n
x . Further
5.
(a) Suppose that f n is a sequence of functions which are continuous on a, b and that f n converges
1. Let �a(n) be such that (a (n)) is a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers. If s (n) denotes
the nth partial sum, show (by grouping the terms in s (2n ) in two different ways) that
1
2
a(1) 2a(2) ... 2n a(2n ) � a(1) 2a(2) ... 2 n 1 a(2 n1 ) a(2 n )
Use these inequalities to show that �a(n) converges if and only if �2 a(2 ) converges.
n n
1
2. Show that if c > 1, then the following series are convergent �n(ln n)(ln ln n) c .
3. If (ank ) is a subsequence of (an ) , then the series �a nk is called a subseries of �a n . Show that �a
n
(ln n) ln n .
5. Suppose that none of the numbers a, b, c is a negative integer or zero. Prove that the hypergeometric
series
ab a(a 1)b(b 1) a (a 1)(a 2)b(b 1)(b 2)
...
1!c 2!c(c 1) 3!c (c 1)(c 2)
is absolutely convergent for c > a + b and divergent for c < a + b.
1.
(a) Prove that
(i) If 0 a 2 , then a 2a 2 [1]
(ii) The sequence 2 , 2 2 , 2 2 2 ,... converges. Hint: Use Part (i) [2]
(b) Let X ( xn ) be a sequence of positive real numbers such that lim( xn 1 / xn ) L 1. Show that
X is not a bounded sequence and hence is not convergent. [4]
(c) Let xn be an absolutely convergent series in �. Then any rearrangement yk of xn
converges to the same limit. [5]
2.
/2
xm
(a) Show that �
0
sin n ( x )
dx converges if n (m 1). [4]
1
m 1
(b) Show that �
x (1 x) n 1 dx exists if m, n 0. [4]
0
�
m 1 x
(c) Show that the integral �
x
0
e dx is convergent iff m 0. [4]
3.
(a) If f is Reimann integrable function and if F is anti-derivative of f on [ a, b] , then [4]
b b
d
f ( x)dx � F ( x) dx F (b) F ( a).
�
a
dx a
4.
(a) Let f n be a sequence of bounded functions on A ��. Then this sequence converges
fn f A
0. [4]
5.
(a) Test the convergence of the sequence of functions xn for x ��. [4]
(b) Test the uniform convergence of the sequence of functions xn for x �A : [0,1] . [4]
(c) Write the definition of Pointwise and uniform convergence of the sequence of functions. [4]
Real Analysis
Quiz 10 Marks Monday 12th May 2014
1. Let �a(n) be such that (a (n)) is a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers. If s (n) denotes the nth
partial sum, show (by grouping the terms in s (2n ) in two different ways) that
1
2
a(1) 2a (2) ... 2n a (2 n ) � a (1) 2a(2) ... 2 n1 a(2 n1 ) a(2 n )
Use these inequalities to show that �a(n) converges if and only if �2 a(2 ) converges.
n n
[4]
a 2 a a 4 a 3 ... a 2 n a 2 n 1 ...
Show that the Root test applies, but that the Ration Test Does not apply. [3]
Real Analysis
Quiz 10 Marks Monday 12th May 2014
1. Let �a(n) be such that (a (n)) is a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers. If s (n) denotes the nth
partial sum, show (by grouping the terms in s (2n ) in two different ways) that
1
2
a(1) 2a (2) ... 2n a (2 n ) � a (1) 2a(2) ... 2 n1 a(2 n1 ) a(2 n )
Use these inequalities to show that �a(n) converges if and only if �2 a(2 ) converges. n n
[4]
a 2 a a 4 a 3 ... a 2 n a 2 n 1 ...
Show that the Root test applies, but that the Ration Test Does not apply. [3]
1.
1
(a) Let x1 : 8 and xn 1 : xn 2 for n ��. Show that ( xn ) is bounded and monotone. Find the limit.
2
[3]
(b) Let X ( xn ) and Y ( yn ) be sequence in �and let the partial sum �y n be denoted by ( sn ) with
s0 : 0. If m n, then [3]
m m 1
�x y x
k n 1
k k s xn 1sn
m m � x
k n 1
k xk 1 sk .
A to a bounded function f if and only if for each 0 there is a number H () such that for all
m, n H , then fm fn A
.
[5]
1
(b) Let x denotes the distance from x to the nearest integer. Then show that the series �2 2 x
n
n
3.
(a) Show that the following infinite series of functions converges uniformly on 0, � . [4]
�
cos n x
�
n 1 n x
2
(b) Determine whether the following sequence of functions converges uniformly on [1, �] . [4]
2
f n ( x ) n ln x .
xn
(c) Suppose that f n is a sequence of functions which are continuous on a, b and that f n converges
uniformly on a, b to f . Then f is also continuous on a, b . [4]
4.
(a) Let f B ( a, b) then f is Reimann integrable over [a, b] if and only if for every 0, there is a
5.
b
1
(a) Show that the integral �
x a
a
n
dx converges iff n 1. [4]
/2
x m1
(b) Show that the integral � n dx converges if n m. [4]
0
sin x
�
p
(c) Show that the integral �
x dx converges iff
a
p 1. [4]
1. Suppose that xn �0 for all n ��and that (1) xn exists. Show that xn converges.
n
2. Let x1 8 and xn 1 2 xn / 2 for all. Show that xn is bounded and monotone. Find the limit.
2. Let x1 8 and xn 1 2 xn / 2 for all. Show that xn is bounded and monotone. Find the limit.
1.
(a) Show that if a series is conditionally convergent, then the series obtained from its positive terms is
divergent, and the series obtained from its negative terms is divergent. [3]
(b)
If ank is a subsequence of sequence an , then the series a nk is called a subseries of a n . Show
that the series a n is absolutely convergent if and only if every subseries of it is convergent. [5]
(c) If X ( xn ) be a decreasing sequence with lim xn 0 , and if the partial sums ( sn ) of �y n are
bounded, then the series �x y n n is convergent. [4]
2.
Show that the sequence of functions f n , where f n ( x) xe converges uniformly to f ( x) 0 on
nx
(a)
[0, �) . [5]
�
(c) Does the series of functions �n x 2 n
sin( nx) converges uniformly on the interval 0,1/ 2 ? Justify your
n 1
Answer. [7]
3.
(a) Let f n be a sequence of bounded functions on A . Then this sequence converges uniformly on
A to a bounded function f if and only if for each 0 there is a number H () such that for all
m, n H , then fm fn A
.
[7]
x
(b) Show that the series nx 1 n 1 x 1
n 1
is uniformly convergent on any interval a,b ,
4.
(a) Let be a negative real number and f is Reimann integrable on [ a, b] , then prove that f is also
b b
(b) Let f �B( a, b) , then f is Reimann integrable over [ a, b] if and only if for every 0, there is a
5.
/2
xm
(a) Show that the integral �
0
sin n x
dx converges if n (m 1). [6]
x e x dx is convergent iff m 0.
m 1
(b) Show that the integral [6]
0
1. (a) Show that the sequence of functions ( x 2 e nx ) converges uniformly to on [0, �) . [3]
(b) Show that if 0 b 1 then the convergence of the sequence x n
1 x n
for all x is uniform on the
answer. [3]
(e) Define the Point-wise and Uniform convergence of the sequence of functions. [3]
1. (a) Show that the sequence of functions ( x 2 e nx ) converges uniformly to on [0, �) . [3]
(b) Show that if 0 b 1 then the convergence of the sequence x n
1 x n
for all x is uniform on the
answer. [3]
(e) Define the Point-wise and Uniform convergence of the sequence of functions. [3]
Q. No.1:
a 2 a a 4 a 3 ... a 2 n a 2 n 1 ... .
Show that the Root Test applies, but the Ratio Test does not apply. [3]
(b) Show that if a convergent series contains only a finite number of negative terms, then it is absolutely
convergent. [5]
(c) Let x1 8 and xn 1 2 xn / 2 for all n. Show that xn is bounded and monotone. Find the limit.
[4]
Q. No.2:
Show that the sequence of functions f n , where f n ( x) x e converges uniformly to f ( x ) 0
2 nx
(a)
on [0, �) . [5]
(b) Let M n be a sequence of positive real numbers such that f n x �M n for x �A, n ��. If the
and f
n 1
n ' converges uniformly on [ a, b] to some continuous function, then
iii. f ' ( x) f n ' ( x) , x [a, b] .
n 1
Q. No.4:
b b
� �
f ( x)
lim l �0 , then both the integrals �
f ( x)dx and �
g ( x) dx behave alike. [5]
x �� g ( x)
a a
/2
xm
(b) Show that
0
sin n ( x)
dx Converges if n m 1.
[3]
1
x
m 1
(c) Check the convergence of (1 x) n 1 log(1 / x ) dx
0
[4]
Q. No.1:
(a) If X ( xn ) be a decreasing sequence with lim xn 0 , and if the partial sums ( sn ) of �y n are
(b) Show that if a convergent series contains only a finite number of negative terms, then it is absolutely
convergent. [5]
(c) Let x n be an absolutely convergent series in . Then any rearrangement y k of x n
and only if f n f A
0.
[6]
Q. No. 3:
(a) Let f n be a sequence of bounded functions on A . Then prove that this sequence converges
f g f g . [3]
a a a
(c) Let f �B( a, b) , then f is Reimann integrable over [ a, b] if and only if for every 0, there is
Q. No.5:
/2
xm
(a) Show that the integral � n dx converges if n (m 1). [6]
0
sin x
x e x dx is convergent iff m 0.
m 1
(b) Show that the integral [6]
0
International Islamic University, Islamabad
MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Terminal Exams Fall 2016
Q. No. 1:
(a) If X ( xn ) be a decreasing sequence with lim xn 0 , and if the partial sums ( sn ) of �y n are
(b) Let Z ( Z n ) be a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers with lim(Z n ) 0 . Then show
Q. No. 2:
(a) Determine whether the following sequence of functions converges uniformly on [1, �] [6]
2
f n ( x ) n ln x .
xn
(b) Prove that a sequence fn of bounded functions on A converges uniformly on A to f if
and only if f n f A
0.
[6]
Q. No. 3:
(a) Let M n be a sequence of positive real numbers such that f n x M n for x A, N . If the
series M n is convergent, then prove that fn 1
n is uniformly convergent on A. Further, Let
2 2 x
1
x denotes the distance from x to the nearest integer. Then show that the series n
n
(P.T.O)
Q. No. 4:
1/ 2 1/ 2
b
b 2 b 2
(a) If f and g are Reimann Integrable over a, b , then prove that f g f g
. [3]
a a a
(b) If f and g are Reimann Integrable over a,b , then prove that
1/ 2
b 2
b
1/ 2
b
1/ 2
f g f 2 g 2 . [3]
a a a
(c) Let f �B( a, b) , then show that f is Reimann Integrable over [ a, b] if and only if for every
Q. No. 5:
(a) If f (x ) and g (x ) are Reimann Integrable functions defined on [a, l ], l a such that
� �
f ( x)
lim l �0 , then show that both the integrals �
f ( x)dx and �
g ( x) dx behave alike. [6]
x �� g ( x )
a a
1
x
m 1
(b) Show that the Beta function (1 x ) n 1dx converges for m, n 0 .
0
[6]
Q. No. 1:
(a) If X ( xn ) be a decreasing sequence with lim xn 0 , and if the partial sums ( sn ) of �y n are
(b) Let Z ( Z n ) be a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers with lim(Z n ) 0 . Then the
[6]
Q. No. 2:
(a) Determine whether the following sequence of functions converges uniformly on [1, �] [5]
2
f n ( x ) n ln x .
xn
(b) Let J be a bounded interval and let f n be a sequence of functions on J to R.
Suppose that there exists x0 J such that f n x 0 converges, and that the sequence f n '
of derivatives exists on J and converges uniformly on J to a function g . Then prove that the
series M n is convergent, then prove that fn 1
n is uniformly convergent on A. Further, Let
1
x denotes the distance from x to the nearest integer. Plot the graph of x and show that the series
2
3 3 x
1 n
n
converges uniformly. [3+4]
(b) Does the series of functions n 2
x n cos nx converges uniformly on internal 0,1 / 2 . Justify
n 1
(P.T.O)
Q. No. 4:
(a) Consider the function h(x) defined on 0,1 by
� x, x is rational
h( x ) �
0,
� x is irrational
Prove or disprove that for h( x ) is Reimann Integrable. [3]
(b) Let f B ( a, b) then f is Reimann integrable if and only if for every 0, there exist a
n b
( ) 0 such that
k 1
f (t k ) xk f for every partition p {x0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xn } of [ a, b]
a
Q. No. 5:
1
x
m 1
(a) Show that the Beta function (1 x ) n 1dx converges for m, n 0 .
0
[4]
x e x dx is convergent iff m 0.
m 1
(b) Show that the integral [4]
0
/2
xm
(c) Show that the integral �
0
sin n x
dx converges if n (m 1). [4]
International Islamic University, Islamabad
MSC/BS Mathematics
Real Analysis
Mid-Term Exams Fall 2017
Q. No. 1: If X ( xn ) be a decreasing sequence with lim xn 0 , and if the partial sums ( sn ) of �y n are
a 2 a a 4 a 3 ... a 2 n a 2n 1 ...
Show that the Root test applies, but that the Ration Test Does not apply. [5]
Q. No. 3: Let f be a positive, decreasing function on t : t 1. Then show that the series f k
k 1
b
n
exist. In the case of convergence, also show that the partial sum S n f k
k 1
and the sum
b
S f k
k 1
satisfy the estimate f t dt S S
n 1
n f t dt.
n
[5]
Q. No. 4: If a n is a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers and if a n is convergent, show
n 1
that lim
n
na n 0 [5]
Q.No.1:
(a) Show that the given series
x 2 2 x 2 33 x 3
1 ...
1! 2! 3!
converges for x 1 / e and diverges for x 1 / e . [6]
(b) Let Z ( Z )
n be a decreasing sequence of strictly positive numbers with lim( Z n ) 0 . Then prove
Q.No.2:
(a) Prove that every sequence of bounded functions f n on A converges uniformly on A to f
Q.No.3:
(a) Let M n be a sequence of positive real numbers such that f n x M n for x A, N . If the
series M n is convergent, then prove that f
n 1
n is uniformly convergent on A. Further,
5 5 x
1
Let x
n
denotes the distance from x to the nearest integer. Then show that the series n
converges uniformly.
[4+3]
x
(c) Show that the series (nx 1){(n 1) x 1} converges pointwise on [0, b] but uniformly
P.T.O
Q.No.4:
(a) Let f B ( a, b) then prove that f is Reimann integrable over [a, b] if and only if for every 0,
(b) Prove that if f is Reimann Integrable on a, b , then is f and f f . Also check the
a a
Q.No.5:
2
sin x
(a) Test the convergence of the integral
0 xp
dx . [4]
(b) Let f ( x) 0 on a, , a 0 and let lim x f ( x) l , then prove that f ( x)dx converges if
x
a
1 and diverges if 1 .
[4]
x
p 3
(c) Find the value of p for which the integral e x dx converges. [4]
0