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Chapter 1 - (Philoid-IN) PDF
Chapter 1 - (Philoid-IN) PDF
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n Class VI you learnt that food is utilisation by the body. The mode of
essential for all living organisms. nutrition in which organisms make food
You also learnt that carbohydrates, themselves from simple substances is
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proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are called autotrophic (auto = self; trophos
components of food. These components = nourishment) nutrition. Therefore,
of food are necessary for our body and plants are called autotrophs. Animals
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are called nutrients. and most other organisms take in ready
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All living organisms require food. made food prepared by the plants. They
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Plants can make their food themselves
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but animals including humans cannot. other).
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They get it from plants or animals that
eat plants. Thus, humans and animals
are directly or indirectly dependent on Paheli wants to know why
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The nutrients enable living Leaves are the food factories of plants.
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organisms to build their bodies, to grow, The synthesis of food in plants occurs
to repair damaged parts of their bodies in leaves. Therefore, all the raw
and provide the energy to carry out life materials must reach there. Water and
processes. Nutrition is the mode of minerals present in the soil are absorbed
taking food by an organism and its by the roots and transported to the
Cells
You have seen that buildings are made of bricks.
Nucleus
Similarly, the bodies of living organisms are
made of tiny units called cells. Cells can be seen
only under the microscope. Some organisms
are made of only one cell. The cell is enclosed by Cytoplasm
a thin outer boundary, called the cell membrane.
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Most cells have a distinct, centrally located
Cell membrane
spherical structure called the nucleus (Fig. 1.1).
The nucleus is surrounded by a jelly-like
substance called cytoplasm.
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Fig. 1.1 Cell
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leaves. Carbon dioxide from air is taken
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in through the tiny pores present on the called chlorophyll. It helps leaves to
surface of the leaves. These pores are
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capture the energy of the sunlight. This
surrounded by ‘guard cells’. Such pores energy is used to synthesise (prepare)
are called stomata [Fig. 1.2 (c)]. food from carbon dioxide and water.
Since the synthesis of food occurs in the
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Besides leaves, photosynthesis also takes place in other green parts of the
plant — in green stems and green branches. The desert plants have scale- or
spine-like leaves to reduce loss of water by transpiration. These plants have
green stems which carry out photosynthesis.
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impossible on the earth.
During photosynthesis, chlorophyll
Carbon
containing cells of leaves (Fig. 1.2), in
dioxide
the presence of sunlight, use carbon Chlorophyll
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Oxygen in leaf
dioxide and water to synthesise
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carbohydrates (Fig. 1.3). The process
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can be represented as an equation:
Water and
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sunlight
Carbon dioxide + water ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
chlorophyll
→ minerals
Activity 1.1
Stomatal opening Take two potted plants of the same kind.
(c) Stomata
Keep one in the dark (or in a black box)
Fig. 1.2 for 72 hours and the other in the
NUTRITION IN PLANTS 3
sunlight. Perform iodine test with the process of photosynthesis. The
leaves of both the plants as you did in carbohydrates are made of carbon,
Class VI. Record your results. Now leave hydrogen and oxygen. These are used
the pot which was earlier kept in the to synthesise other components of food
dark, in the sunlight for 3 – 4 days and such as proteins and fats. But proteins
perform the iodine test again on its are nitrogenous substances which
leaves. Record your observations in your contain nitrogen. From where do the
notebook. plants obtain nitrogen?
The leaves other than green also have Recall that nitrogen is present in
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chlorophyll. The large amount of red, abundance in gaseous form in the air.
brown and other pigments mask the However, plants cannot absorb nitrogen
green colour (Fig. 1.4). Photosynthesis in this form. Soil has certain bacteria that
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takes place in these leaves also. convert gaseous nitrogen into a usable
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form and release it into the soil. These
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soluble forms are absorbed by the plants
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seen farmers adding fertilisers rich in
nitrogen to the soil. In this way the
plants fulfil their requirements of
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OF IN
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structure is the modified part of the leaf.
The apex of the leaf forms a lid which
can open and close the mouth of the
pitcher. Inside the pitcher there are hair
which are directed downwards. When
an insect lands in the pitcher, the lid
closes and the trapped insect gets
entangled into the hair. The insect is
digested by the digestive juices secreted
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in the pitcher. Such insect-eating plants
are called insectivorous plants.
Is it possible that such plants do not
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get all the required nutrients from the
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soil in which they grow?
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Fig. 1.5 Cuscuta (Amarbel) on host plant
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on which it is climbing. The plant on
which it climbs is called a host. Since it Boojho is confused. If the
deprives the host of valuable nutrients, pitcher plant is green and
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Lid
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1.4 SAPROTROPHS
You might have seen packets of
mushrooms sold in the vegetable
market. You may have also seen fluffy
umbrella-like patches growing on rotting
wood during the rainy season (Fig. 1.7).
Let us find out what type of nutrients Fig. 1.8 Fungi
they need to survive and from where growing on bread
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they get them.
Write down your observations in your
notebook. Most probably you will see
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cotton-like threads spread on the piece
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of bread.
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They have a different mode of nutrition.
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They secrete digestive juices on the dead
Fig. 1.7 Packet of mushrooms, a mushroom and decaying matter and convert it into
growing on decayed material
a solution. Then they absorb the
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mouths like animals do. They are Fungi also grow on pickles, leather,
not like green plants as they lack clothes and other articles that are left
chlorophyll and cannot make food in hot and humid weather for long time.
by photosynthesis.
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fungus provides shelter, water and
minerals to the alga and, in return, the
alga provides food which it prepares by
Boojho says once his photosynthesis.
grandfather told him that his
wheat fields were spoiled by a 1.5 HOW NUTRIENTS ARE
fungus. He wants to know if REPLENISHED IN THE SOIL
fungi cause diseases also. Have you seen farmers spreading
manure or fertilisers in the fields, or
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Paheli told him that many fungi gardeners using them in lawns or in
like yeast and mushrooms are pots? Do you know why they are added
useful, but some fungi to the soil?
cause diseases in plants,
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You learnt that plants absorb
animals and humans.
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mineral nutrients from the soil. So, their
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Some fungi are also used
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in medicines. Fertilisers and manures contain plant
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nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium,
phosphorous, etc. These nutrients need
During the rainy season they spoil many to be added from time to time to enrich
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things. Ask your parents about the the soil. We can grow plants and keep
menace of fungi in your house. them healthy if we can fulfil the nutrient
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and grow. Now, can you figure out how soil becomes deficient in nitrogen. You
we can protect our things from getting learnt that though nitrogen gas is available
spoiled? in plenty in the air, plants cannot use it
Some organisms live together and in the manner they can use carbon
share shelter and nutrients. This is dioxide. They need nitrogen in a soluble
called symbiotic relationship. For form. The bacterium called Rhizobium can
example, certain fungi live in the roots take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it
of trees. The tree provides nutrients to into a soluble form. But Rhizobium cannot
the fungus and, in return, receives help make its own food. So it lives in the roots
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from it to take up water and nutrients of gram, peas, moong, beans and other
from the soil. This association is very legumes and provides them with
important for the tree. nitrogen. Most of the pulses (dals) are
In organisms called lichens, a obtained from leguminous plants. In
chlorophyll-containing partner, which is return, the plants provide food and
an alga, and a fungus live together. The shelter to the bacteria. They, thus, have
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a symbiotic relationship. This of nutrition like parasitic and
association is of great significance for saprotrophic. They derive nutrition
the farmers. They do not need to add from other organisms. All animals
nitrogen fertiliser to the soil in which are categorised as heterotrophs since
leguminous plants are grown. they depend on plants and other
In this chapter you learnt that animals for food. Can we say that
most of the plants are autotrophs. the insectivorous plants are partial
Only a few plants adopt other modes heterotrophs?
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Keywords
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Autotrophic Insectivorous Photosynthesis
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Chlorophyll
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Heterotrophs Nutrition Saprotrophic
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Host Parasite Stomata
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All organisms take food and utilise it to get energy for the growth and
maintenance of their bodies.
Green plants synthesise their food themselves by the process of
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their survival.
Fungi derive nutrition from dead, decaying matter. They are saprotrophs.
Plants like Cuscuta are parasites. They take food from the host plant.
A few plants and all animals are dependent on others for their nutrition
and are called heterotrophs.
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Exercise
1. Why do organisms need to take food?
2. Distinguish between a parasite and a saprotroph.
3. How would you test the presence of starch in leaves?
4. Give a brief description of the process of synthesis of food in green plants.
5. Show with the help of a sketch that the plants are the ultimate source
of food.
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6. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Green plants are called _________________ since they synthesise
their own food.
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(b) The food synthesised by the plants is stored as _________________.
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(c) In photosynthesis solar energy is captured by the pigment called
___________.
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(d) During photosynthesis plants take in ______________________ and
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release __________________.
7. Name the following:
(i) A parasitic plant with yellow, slender and tubular stem.
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(ii) A plant that has both autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
(iii) The pores through which leaves exchange gases.
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Animals Leaf
Insects Parasite
10. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:
(i) Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis. (T/F)
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(ii) Plants which synthesise their food themselves are called
saprotrophs. (T/F)
(iii) The product of photosynthesis is not a protein. (T/F)
(iv) Solar energy is converted into chemical energy during
photosynthesis. (T/F)
11. Choose the correct option from the following:
Which part of the plant takes in carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis?
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(i) Root hair (ii) Stomata (iii) Leaf veins (iv) Sepals
12. Choose the correct option from the following:
Plants take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere mainly through their:
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(i) roots (ii) stem (iii) flowers (iv) leaves
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Extended Learning — Activities and Projects
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1. Project
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Take a potted plant with broad
leaves. Take two strips of black
paper and cut out a small square
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www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/photosynth/
overview.htm
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