Electronic Circuit I

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT I
Small-signal amplifier
with BJT
 Small-signal amplifier
How is a small signal?
– No clear boundary between small- vs
large-signal
– Can be base on the magnitude of the
input signal and its relative to the scale of
the device characteristics

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 3

 Small-signal amplifier
• AC amplification:
– Consider AC power: Pout > Pin
– Caused by the exchange of DC power
supply

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 4

 Small-signal amplifier
• Separation of DC & AC analysis
– Superposition theorem is applicable
– AC analysis based on equivalent model
of devices

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 5

BJT operation

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 6

BJT amplifier operation

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 7

 Analysis approach
• Graphical analysis

• Equivalent model analysis

– Equivalent model of hybrid paras H
– Equivalent model of re

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 8

 Graphical analysis
• Show the operating point Q and load
lines on the VI characteristics of device

• Load line: shown the movement of Q

point when the signal varies
• DC load line: VCE = VCC-ICRC
• AC load line: vce = VCC-ic(RC//RL)
Steeper than DC load line affecting the AC
output voltage on the load resistor

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 9

Graphical analysis

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 10

Graphical analysis

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 11

 Graphical analysis

Vị trí Q khi: Rc, Vcc, Ib lần lượt

thay đổi
Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 12
 Graphical analysis
Affects of operating point Q on the
output voltage

• Q near cut-off region: the positive swing of the

output voltage is cut

• Q near saturation: the negative swing of the output

voltage is cut

• Too large input signal results in the output voltage

cut at both swings

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 13

Equivalent model analysis

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 14

Two-port system

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AC analysis

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AC analysis

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 NOTES
• When analyzing the circuit in AC mode
– Consider the capacitors as short-circuit
– Consider the DC sources at 0 volt

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 18

Small-signal equivalent circuit

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 19

re equivalent model- Common Base conf

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 20

 re equivalent model- Common Base conf

• Input: input current ie

and re is AC resistor of a
normal diode
re = 26mV/IE

• Separation of input and

output

• Output: a controlling
current ie,
ic = α*ie
Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 21
 re equivalent model- Common Base conf

• Z i = re (nΩ-50Ω)

• Zo = ro ≈ ∞ (nMΩ)
Zo is the slope of the output characteristic

• Av = α*RL/re ≈ RL/re
Voltage gain rather large and Vo & Vi in phase

• Ai = -α ≈ -1
Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 22
re equivalent model- Common Emitter

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 23

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 24
re equivalent model- Common Emitter

• Input current ib and an

AC resistor of a normal
diode
re = 26mV/IE

• Output: a source of a
controlled collector
current
ic = β*ib

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 25

 re equivalent model - Common Emitter

• Zi = vbe/ib ≈ βre (n100Ω – nKΩ)

• Zo = ro (40-50KΩ)

• Av = - RL/re (consider ro= ∞)

• Ai = ic/ib = β

Medium Zi, Zo & rather large Av, Ai

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 26
 re equivalent model - Common Emitter

Homework

• Investigate the output impedance in

case of Common Emitter vs Common
Base
• Concept of Early voltage

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re equivalent model- Common Collector

Homework

• Use Common Emitter model

– See reference book

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Example: Common Base

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Example: Common Base

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 Common Base configuration
1) Zi = Re||re Rather small

2) Zo = Rc Rather large

3) Av = αRc/re ≈ Rc/re Rather large

Vi & Vo in phase

4) Ai = - α ≈ -1 No current gain

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 31

Common Emitter with Fix-base current bias

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 32

Common Emitter with Fix-base current bias

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 33

Common Emitter with Fix-base current bias

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 34

 Common Emitter with Fix-base current bias

• Zi = Rb||βre ≈ βre when Rb ≥ 10βre

• Zo = Rc||ro ≈ Rc when ro ≥ 10Rc
• Av = - (Rc||ro)/re ≈ - Rc/re when ro ≥ 10Rc
• Ai = βRbro / [(ro+Rc)(Rb+βre)] ≈β

Medium input & output resistance

Vi & Vo in reversed phase

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 35

Common Emitter with Voltage feedback bias

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Common Emitter with Voltage feedback bias

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 37

 Common Emitter with Voltage feedback bias

• Zi = re/(1/β+Rc/Rf)
• Zo = Rc//Rf
• Av = -Rc/re
• Ai = βRf/(Rf+ βRc) ≈ Rf/Rc when βRc >> Rf

NOTE: - considering ro= ∞

- see Ref book for the case of realistic ro

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 38

Common Collector with Fix-base current bias

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 39

Common Collector

Equivalent model for

calculating output
resistor
Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 40
Common Collector

Vo

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 41

 Common Collector
• Zi = RB || [βre+(β+1)RE] ≈ RB || β(re+RE)
• Zo = RE||re ≈ re vì RE >> re
• Av = RE/(RE+re) ≈1
• Ai = - βRB/[RB+ β(re+RE)]

• Very high input impedance but low output

impedance
• “Repeat” the input voltage at the output =>
“emitter repeater”
• Impedance matching
Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 42
An “alright” BJT amplifier should
work as follows

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 43

Trouble shooting: Lower output
voltage than expectation

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 44

Trouble shooting: Lower output
voltage than expectation

A rather large voltage

at Emitter lead

What is the problem?

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 45

What trouble?

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 46

 Design BJT amplifier
• Design a voltage-divider network using
a supply of 24V, a transistor with beta
of 110, and an operating point at IC =
4mA and VCE = 8V

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 47

 Design BJT amplifier
• Design an BJT amplifier that provides a
voltage gain at 80 and can function
well with the source that has RS = 1k
and the load of 5K

Phung Kieu Ha, HUST 48