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1.construction of Subgrade Subbase and Base BBMP PDF
1.construction of Subgrade Subbase and Base BBMP PDF
Dr. Anjaneyappa
Department of Civil Engineering
RV College of Engineering
Bengaluru – 59
Email: anjaneyappa@rvce.edu.in
Pavement Types
Flexible pavements
Vehicle
Base(250) Road
Crust
Sub Base ( 100-250)
Sub
500mm Grade ( 300-500)
450
Embankment
Ground Level
Subgrade
• Layer of Natural Soil Prepared to Receive
Layers of Pavement placed over
• The loads on Pavement are Received by Soil
Subgrade for dispersion to the Earth mass
Sub Base
• To act as drainage layer / Protect Subgrade
• To improve the load supporting capacity by
Distributing the load - Flexible pavement
• Prevent mud pumping, continuous support for
slab & to protect subgrade
Base Layer
• Structural layer / Distribute stresses
• Strength and Stability to pavement system
• WBM, WMM, CRM
Binder courses
• Bear High Stresses
• Distribution of Stresses
• BM, DBM
Surface Course
• To give Smooth riding surface
• To resist wear and tear due to traffic
• To resist Water infiltration
• SDBC, BC, CGPS (MSS)
Rigid Pavements / Cement Concrete Pavements
Sub Base layers:
• Granular layers – WBM,WMM etc
• DLC - Dry lean Concrete/ Roller compacted concrete
Surface Layers
• PQC
• Interlocking Concrete paving blocks
Flexible Pavements / Bituminous Pavements
1. Fill/ Subgrade - Soil Layers
2. Granular Layers ( Subbase & base layer) -GSB, WBM,
WMM, CRM
3. Bituminous Layers
3.1 Interface treatments
3.2 Thin Surface Layers
3.3 Thick Surface layers
4. Bituminous Binder Courses & Surface Courses
5. Functional & Structural Layers
Bituminous Layers _ Thick Layers
• Grouted / Penetration / Sprayed
Built Up Spray Grout
Penentration Macadam
• Bituminous Precoated Layers
Bituminous Macadam
Dense Bituminous Macadam
Bituminous Concrete
Bituminous Thin Layers - Structural Layer
• Semi Dense Bituminous Concrete - 25 mm
19.5 10
9
Dry Density (KN/m3)
19
8
18.5 7
18 6
CBR (% )
5
17.5 4 Dry Density
17 3 CBR (Soaked)
2
16.5
1
16 0
7 9 11 13 15 17
Moisture Content (%)
Weight
Speed Weight
Thickness
Roller
Vibratory Rollers
Load
Amplitude
Frequency
Operation
Low Frequency High Frequency
Impact Spacing
FREQUENCY
DIRECTION OF TRAVEL
24
AMPLITUDE
25
Impact Rammer
Walk Behind Rollers – Single Drum
Walk Behind Rollers – Double drum
Light Compacting Equipment
Applications
Trenches
Back fills
Precaution
Layer Thickness to be 100-150 mm
Types of Gradations
* Uniformly graded
- Few points of contact
- Poor interlock (shape dependent)
- High permeability
* Well graded
- Good interlock
- Low permeability
* Gap graded
- Only limited sizes
- Good interlock
- Low permeability
Stress distribution through granular layers
Construction of GSB
Compacted granular sub-base
Sub-base course
l Intermediate layer between
subgrade and granular base course
l Essentially a drainage layer
l Distributes the stresses imposed by
traffic
Materials for sub-base
l Locally available materials
§ Natural sand
§ Gravel or moorum
§ Kankar
§ Crushed stone
§ Laterite
AIV 40 Maximum
LL 25 Maximum
PI 6 Maximum
CBR at 98% density 30 Minimum unless specified
Test Frequency
Gradation one test per 400 cu.m
Atterberg limits One test per 400 cu.m
Moisture content One test per 400 cum
Density One test per 1000 sq.m
CBR
Construction Steps
Spreading
Mix shall be mechanically by a suitable mixer equipped
with provision of control addition of water
Motor grader for required slope and grade
Compaction
for layers less than 100 mm static roller may be used
Up to 200 mm Vibrator roller 8-10 tonne vibratory roller
Gradation for WMM
Sieve Size (mm) % Passing
53 100
45 95-100
26.5 -
22.40 60-80
11.20 40-60
4.75 25-40
2.36 15-30
0.60 8-22
0.075 0-5
Test Frequency
Gradation 1 test per 200 cum
AIV 1 test per 1000 cum
CI 1 test per 500 cum
Density 1 test per 1000 cum
Advantages of Using WMM
• Homogeneous mix as it is controlled mechanically
• Laying by Pavers , hence better surface finish
• Quicker
• Mix can be mixed at suitable locations - where water is available
• Because of premixing with water segregation reduces
• Can achieve higher unit weight hence higher strength
• Less compactive effort to achieve max density
• Uniform coating of moisture film around aggregates
• More output in construction
• Controlled gradation / crushed
Limitations
• After construction of top layer immediate
sealing with bituminous surface
• Lateral confinement
• Water Requirement – Scarcity areas?
Construction Operations
1. Preparation of Base
2. Provision of lateral confinement of aggregates
3. Preparation of Mix
• for small quantity concrete mixer may be
used
• find OMC after replacing retained on
22.4 mm with material 4.75 to 22.4 mm
4. Spreading of Mix
• Spreading of mix to be done uniformly / evenly
• Should not be dumped in heaps
• Finishing by Paver / exceptional cases grader
• Due importance for segregation
5. Compaction
• 8to 10 tonne static compactor up to 100 mm
• 8-10 vibratory roller up to 200 mm
• Speed of compactor not to exceed 5 km/hour
• Displacement occurring due to roller operations are to be rectified
• Use small compactors near kerb/places not assessable
to roller
• Rolling not be done when subgrade is soft/yielding
/causes wave like motion
• If irregularities during rolling more than 12 mm for straight
edge , surface to be loosened and premixed material
to be added
6. Any defections on the surface to be rectified
7. Setting and Drying
8. Opening to traffic after sealing
Crusher Run Macadam
l Crushed aggregates from aggregate crushing
plants to be used as such
l Screening, separation of aggregates and
remixing is avoided
l Physical requirements of aggregates are same as
that of WMM / WBM
l Two gradations provided in MoRTH
specifications and rural roads manual
l Construction procedure similar to WMM
Gradation requirement of CRM
IS Sieve Per cent passing
53 mm max size 35 mm max size
63.0 mm 100 –
45.0 mm 87 – 100 100
22.4 mm 50 – 85 90 – 100
5.6 mm 25 – 45 35 – 55
710 micron 10 – 25 10 – 30
90 micron 2–5 2–5
Advantages & Disadvantages
• One material to be handled hence cost of
construction cheap
• Maintaining gradation is difficult
• While transporting mix to longer distances the
aggregates may segregate
• While spreading at some places only fines & some
places only coarse aggregates
• During construction fine material tends to go down
resulting loss of stability / difficult in compaction
Construction Operations
1. Preparation of Base
2. Spreading, Mixing, Watering & Compaction
• may be with /without spreader
• blade mixed to full depth
• watering prior & during mixing
• Minimum segregation
• Finished to required profile by Motor grader
3. Check for irregularities & surface finish
Construction of Granular layers