Frequency Spectrum and Applications: E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics

E4.
18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Frequency Spectrum
and Applications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Si CMOS/BJTs SiGe HBT III - V FETs/HBTs
Automotive
Road Transport Collision
Pricing communications Avoidance
Navigation/Aerospace
GPS x - band
Radar
A/D + D/A Converters

Communications
GSM DCS ISM
DECT
WLAN DBS WLAN
G -Ethernet LMDS
0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100

Frequency (GHz)
Wireless Applications
Defence Applications
Phased-array radar Secure Communications
Electronic warfare Explosive/Biological

(e.g. Electronic Surveillance weapon Detection
Measures, ECM, ECCM, decoys)
Altimeters
Smart munitions
Remote sensing, for surveillance
(e.g. Synthetic aperture radar,
Radiometers for passive millimetre-wave imaging)
Space Applications
Astronomy (using
radiometers)
Communications satellites
(e.g. Low earth orbit mobile systems, Altimeters
Steerable phased-array antennas
For footprint control) Station-keeping
Remote sensing, for environmental monitoring
(e.g. Synthetic aperture radar, Radiometers)
Civil Applications
Direct Broadcasting by Satellite (DBS)
Satellite TVRO
VSAT earth terminals Bluetooth
Mobile phones Autonomous cruise control
LOS communications Automatic tolling & telematics
Fibre-optic systems Search & rescue
Global positioning (GPS) Security scanners
Broadband Wireless RFID and tagging
(e.g. MVDS Æ LMDS) Smart cards
Wireless local loop Medical systems
Wireless WANs, LANs, HANs, PANs
Wireless Communications
RFID and Tagging

Short Range
Received signal from
Reader @ frequency Fi
Nonlinear
Reader Antenna Device
(read range 1-2m)
Transmitted signal to
Reader @ Frequencies
Fi, 2Fi, 3Fi
Incident frequency Fi: 2.400-2.4835GHz or 5.725-5.875GHz

Often used for Road Tolling – windscreen tag
Microwaves required – high frequency = narrow antenna beam
Medium Range
Tolling and Access
Tags for auto tolls

RFID for gate and garage entry
Telematics
Long Range
www.carnetics.co.uk
Uses Orange network and internet
~ £430
FleetCAD Trakker (USA)

Space Systems
Iridium now used by the US Military only!
DBS
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

The 3 signals arrive at slightly different
times, so position can be calculated
Basic GPS £129 Voice direction £499

Satellite TV: 10.7-12.5 GHz (Europe)
Astra 2D UK spot beam
50cm dish + indoor unit
Astra 2D
Built by Boeing, launched Ariane 5, Dec 2000
2 metre dish, 16 x 39W transmitters
1600 watt solar panels, 1445 kg launch mass
Mobile Communications
In the very, very, very

early days of mobile
radio telephony…..
First Generation of Mobile

Phones (German’s C-Net)
…… circa 1988
Motorola CD/CF451:
Analogue Technology
8V 3Ah Ni-Cd battery
4.6 Kg…Paving Stone?
GSM
GSM/CDMA
CDMA
W-CDMA
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

Spatial Division Multiple Access Scheme
BS
MicroNet: Wireless Interconnects

Micronet or Network-on-Chip : a network of entities which operate concurrently and
communicate asynchronously
Fractal model of system design: network of sub-systems, down to network of transistors
Control is layered and distributed locally - behaviour can be decomposed to run on
architectural clusters with the optimal mix of computational elements
A clean separation between computation and communication, and, behaviour and timing -
leads to a compositional design style
www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/~dka
B. A. Floyd et al., IEEE Journal Solid State Circuits, 37, 5, pp. 543-552, 2002
Low real-estate dipoles
λ/4 dipole at 100 GHz

750 μm in air
75 μm in dielectric of 100
RF SOI CMOS Transceiver Circuitry

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)

and
Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)
DSRC is a communications approach to allowing short range (< 30 m) communications
between vehicles and the roadside for a variety of purposes, such as intersection collision
avoidance, transit or emergency vehicle signal priority, electronic parking payments, and
commercial vehicle clearance and safety inspections.
Millimetre-Wave Applications
26 GHz Multipoint-to-Multipoint MESH

network (Radiant Networks)
“High resolution radar for automobile applications”

Advances in Radio Science (2003)
R. Schneider and J. Wenger (DaimlerChrysler AG)
University of California at Davis (UCD)

95 GHz Radiometric Millimetre-Wave Imager
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)

is based on:
MPEG
&
Coded Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (COFDM)
Multipath propagation = like echoes
t
Main path
Multiple received pulses
Single data pulse

‘multipath’ interference disturbs FM reception but is tolerated in DAB through COFDM
Echoes restrict the data rate
OFDM solution = split the data up and send it over hundreds of carriers
Amplitude
1 carrier @1Mb/s
Frequency
Amplitude
100 carriers @10kb/s

COFDM Frequency
An OFDM signal’s spectrum

COFDM
Sine and cosine carriers

are used to increase the
density of carriers
COFDM
Since there is still a

chance some carriers will
be lost, clever coding is
used so that their data L-band DAB 1228-1575MHz is coming soon to the UK
can be recovered
Jan 03
www.worlddab.org
Ultra Wideband (UWB)

Optical Communications
Microwave (or Millimetre-Wave) Video Distribution System (MVDS)

or Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) Concept
Cheap microwave/mm-wave
receiver; small unobtrusive dish
Local transmitter
fibre optic
DISTRIBUTION
backbone
CENTRE
‘Last-Mile’ or ‘Radio-Over Fibre’ or ‘Fibre Radio’ communication systems

High Speed Optical Communication System

Frequency Spectrum and Applications: E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics

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E4.

18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Si CMOS/BJTs SiGe HBT III - V FETs/HBTs

A/D + D/A Converters

0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100

Electronic warfare Explosive/Biological

RFID and Tagging

Incident frequency Fi: 2.400-2.4835GHz or 5.725-5.875GHz

Tolling and Access

Tags for auto tolls

FleetCAD Trakker (USA)

Iridium now used by the US Military only!

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

Basic GPS £129 Voice direction £499

Satellite TV: 10.7-12.5 GHz (Europe)

Astra 2D UK spot beam

50cm dish + indoor unit

In the very, very, very

First Generation of Mobile

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

Spatial Division Multiple Access Scheme

MicroNet: Wireless Interconnects

Low real-estate dipoles

λ/4 dipole at 100 GHz

RF SOI CMOS Transceiver Circuitry

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)

26 GHz Multipoint-to-Multipoint MESH

“High resolution radar for automobile applications”

University of California at Davis (UCD)

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)

Multipath propagation = like echoes

Single data pulse

Echoes restrict the data rate

100 carriers @10kb/s

An OFDM signal’s spectrum

Sine and cosine carriers

Since there is still a

Ultra Wideband (UWB)

Microwave (or Millimetre-Wave) Video Distribution System (MVDS)

‘Last-Mile’ or ‘Radio-Over Fibre’ or ‘Fibre Radio’ communication systems

High Speed Optical Communication System

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