INDIVIDUAL DIMENTIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

Wechsler and Robert Thornadike carried out work on non-cognitive aspects of intelligence like social
intelligence. In 1990, Salovey and Mayer coined the term ‘Emotional intelligence’. They described
emotional intelligence as “a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to moniter one’s own and
others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s
thinking and action”.

Optimism

Martin Seligman developed a construct that he calls “learned optimism”

TYPES OF MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

Fuedal Model: Feudal Model treats employees inferior. The concept is based upon Theory X where
actions, polices and procedures are considered superior to human beings.

Autocratic Model: Autocratic model is based on the concept that managers are superior. They have
power to hire and fire any employees. Managers words are considered final.

Custodial Model: Custodial model imply that owners are custodian of resources in the organization and
they are bound to look after the welfare of employees. It considers that assets of organization belong to
industrialist, managers and employees in equal measures and that nobody has monopoly rights.

Supportive Model: Employees are considered active workers who have their value, attitude, desire, and
preferences. Leaders use attitude and value system of employees to motivate them. Supportive model
believes that employees are active and with ideal environment and support, they can use their energies
and skill for higher productivity of the organization

Collegial Model: Collegial model refers to body of persons having common objective. The basis of the
model is the partnership of the employees with owners.

Human Value Model: The natural process of behaviour is Stimulus, Organism, Behaviour and
Consequence. It is generally known as SOBC.

Contingency Model: Contingency model of organizational behaviour refers to complex variables that
influence individual, group and organizational structures. Contingency model is designed to meet the
contingent situations like management of conflict, handling of stress, achieving growth and managining
the complexities caused due to changes in organization structures. In the contingency model relations
between manager and employees are based on co-operation, trust and desire of well-being. Promotion
to employees are assured. No distinction is made between specialist and non-specialist. It is also known
as the hybrid model where long term employment is assured to the employees.
 PERSONALITY

THE MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI) This is one of the most commonly used Personality test
consisting of 100 questions. On the basis of the answers the individuals are classified into following
categories

(a) Visionary:
(b) Organizer:
(c) Conceptulisers:

Locus of Control – Internal & External

PERSONALITY ORIENTATION

1. Achievement Orientation
2. Authoritarianism
3. Theory of Machivellianism : Niccolo Machivelli introduced theory of Machivellianism. The theory
refers to degree to which an individual is pragmatic and maintains emotional distance with co-
workers while accomplishing any task. A person who practices this theory believes in “end
justifies means.”
4. Self-Esteem
5. Self-Monitoring
6. Risk Taking

Types of Personality

Type A: People having Type A personality are always moving, walking and eating rapidly. They feel
impatient with the speed the events take place. They always strive to do two or three thing at any one
time and cannot cope with leisure. They are generally obsessed with work involved with numbers.

Type B: People possessing Type B personality never suffer from sense of urgency and take thing as it
comes coolly. They do not discuss achievement and leave it to the superiors to identify it. People having
B type of personality play for fun and relaxation rather than to show off. These people have the
tendency to relax without guilt.

Learning

Theories of Learning Classical Conditioning – behaviourist theory “Classical conditioning can be defined
as a process in which a formerly neutral stimulus when paired with an unconditional stimulus, becomes
a conditioned stimulus that illicit a conditioned response. (Luthans 1995)

1 Ivan Pavlov a psychologist who won Nobel prize introduced classical conditioning theory. The
experiment envisaged dog as a subject.
Operant conditioning deals with Response—Stimulus (R-S) connection. The concept was originated by
B.F. Skinner. He felt that more complex behaviour couldn’t be explained by Classical Conditioning
concept. He states that most human behaviour operates based on the environment. Operant
Conditioning is concerned primarily with learning as a consequence of behaviour (R-S). For example an
individual will take a long trek (Response) to library because he knows he would be able to get a desired
book (Stimulus), (R-S connections). Individual would work hard(R) because he knows that he would be
able to get praise, or even promotion (S). Operant Conditioning has greater impact on learning as
compared to Classical Conditioning.

Cognitive Theory – Cognitive Approach

Edward Tolman was recognized as pioneer of Cognitive Theory. The theory consists of relationship
between environmental (cognitive) cues and expectations. He used white rat in his psychological
experiment of Cognitive theory. Thus the rat turned to acquire food, based on relationship of Cues and
Reward or expectations. This theory was later applied on human resources where incentives were
related to higher performance.

Social Learning – behavioural approach

Social learning approach is a behavioural approach. The approach basically deals with learning process
based on direct observation and the experience.

Rukeach Value Survey

Milton Rokech is a pioneer in studying human values. His research is known as the Rokeach value survey
(RVS). The RVS consists of two sets of values. Each of the sets contain 18 value items. The first sets of
Terminal value refers to desirable end state of existence. These are the goals that a person would like to
achieve in lifetime. The second set is called instrumental values, it refers to preferable modes of
behaviour.

COGNITIVE DISSONACE THEORY

Leon Festinger proposed cognitive dissonance theory in 1950s. The theory seeks to explain linkage
between attitudes and behaviour.

Motivation

Performance= Ability × Motivation

Motivation is caused due to anticipated perceived value from an action. Perceived value is the
probability or the expectancy.

Therefore motivation=valance (value) × expectancy

MOTIVATION THEORIES

• Maslow’s Theory of Need Hierarchy

• Motivation and Hygiene Two Factor Theory - Herzberg

• Theory X and Theory Y - Mcgregor

• ERG Theory - Clayton Alderfer of Yale University

• Vroom’s Theory of Motivation. (Performance Satisfaction).

EXPECTANCY THEORY-VROOM Vroom has propagated Expectancy Theory based on employee

expectancy. He believes that employee is motivated to exert high level of efforts when he believes that
efforts will lead to good performance and therefore organizational rewards that will satisfy achievement
of personal goals. The focus of the theory has three elements. (a) Efforts - Performance relationship. It is
related to the probability perceived by individual that exerting a given amount of efforts will lead to
performance (Expectancy). (b) Performance - Reward Relationship. The degree to which the individual
believes that performing a particular level will lead to attainment of desired outcome (Instrumentality).
(c) Reward-personal goal relationship. The degree to which an organizational reword will satisfy
individual needs and its attractiveness for the individual (Valence)

• Porter — Lawler Theory.

Interpersonal Behaviour (Transactional Analysis)

Transactional analysis is the study of individual in the organization when he is interacting with other
individual on social front or professional front. Eric Berne is credited to the movement for
psychotherapy, which he started in 1950s.

Johari Window

Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham have developed a model to look at one’s personality that can be
known and unknown to self and known and unknown to others. The concept known as Johari Window

Analysis of Transactions

One of the barriers of communication is crossed transaction. TA is a technique for examining the nature
of interpersonal communication between the two individuals and to analyse its effectiveness. Every
piece of conversation is treated as a transaction. For example when A talks to X it is one transaction and
when X replies to A it is another. Each transaction of an individual emanates from parents ego, adult ego
or child ego state. As stated earlier, parent ego state (P) is authoritarian, the adult ego state (A) is
rational and logical in approach and lastly the child ego state (C) is impulsive. Every person transacts
from all the three ego states but each one of us has one ego state as dominant.
 Foundation of Group Behaviour

Types of Groups

1. Formal Group
2. Informal Groups

THEORIES OF GROUP BEHAVIOUR

Propinquity Theory of Group Behaviour (George Homes 1950-60)