Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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HORTATORY TEXT
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text/genre berbentuk hortatory exposition adalah text yang memaparkan dan
mempengaruhi pembaca/pendengar bahwa sesuatu seharusnya demikian atau tidak demikian.
B. TEXT SUMMARY
Social Function/ Communication Approach/ Purpose: to persuade the reader or the listener that
something should or should not be the case.
Language Features:
Ø Focus on generic human and non human participant, except for speaker or writer referring to
self.
Ø Use of Mental Process
Ø Use of Material Process
Ø Use of Relational Process
Ø Use of Simple Present Tense
Ø Use compound and complex sentences
A. Text Modelling
Read the following text carefully
Generic Structure
THESIS :
Announcement of issue concern
ARGUMENT
Reasons for concern that lead to recommendation
ARGUMENT
ARGUMENT
RECOMMENDATION
Statement of what ought or ought not to happen
CRIME IN CITIES
Crime is a serious problem in big cities and it is getting worse every year. This is what police
departments around the country said in their reports last week. The subways are more dangerous.
The streets are more dangerous. You may not even be safe in your own home.
Why is the problem so serious now? This is not an easy question to answer. There may not be a
single answer. Many problems seem to make cities so dangerous.
One of the problems is money. To fight crime a city needs police officers, cars and guns. These
cost a lot of money. But right now cities do not have much extra money. So, there are not enough
police officers, cars and guns for the cities.
Another problem is drugs. Crime studies show that many criminals use and sell drugs. After they
start taking drugs, they want to have more. How ever, drugs are very expensive. So, these people
may sell drugs to other people to make money or they may steal money to get more drugs.
There is an even more important cause of crime. Cities have rich and poor neighborhoods. In the
poor neighborhoods, jobs are hard to find. Many young people don't have much hope for a better
life. They only know one way to make a better living for themselves. That way is to sell drugs or
steal. So, some of these young people become criminals.
It is not going to be easy to change these crime problems. We must first change many of the laws
about drugs. We must change the way cities spend their money. Until then, the crime problem
will not go away and we will live our Jive in fear.
Analytical Exposition
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text/genre berbentuk Analytical Exposition adalah teks yang memaparkan / berisi ajakan
pada pembaca atau pendengar bahwa ada masalah yang tentunya perlu mendapat perhatian.
Misalnya, pentingnya belajar bahasa Inggris, pentingnya perpustakaan,dsb.
Istilah- istilah penting yang perlu diketahui dalam Analitycal Exposition Genre :
Ø Generic human & non human participant: yang diceritakan bersifat umum/general (bias apa
saja) yang penting bias mempengaruhi audience
Ø Relational Process : disebut juga dengan istilah “Linking Verb” (Kata Kerja penghubung)
yang berguna untuk menghubungkan subjek dengan pelengkap ( sbg subject.
Ø Causal Conjunction : Konjungsi / kata penghubung yang menerangkan sebab/ asal muasal
suatu kejadian, contohnya: because, because of, since, for.
Ø Internal conjunction :
B. TEXT SUMMARY
An analytical exposition text is designed to persuade the reader or listener that something in case
or to analyse or explain.
Social Function/ Communication Approach/ Purpose :
Ø to persuade by presenting arguments
Ø to analyse or explain
1. Thesis
v Position : Introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.
v Preview : Outlines the main arguments to be presented.
2. Arguments Point
v Point : restate main arguments outlined in preview.
v Elaboration : develops and supports each point/argument
Language Features:
Ø Focus on generic human and non human participant
Ø Use of Relational Process
Ø Use of Internal Conjunction to state argument such as: firstly, however, on the other hand,
therefore
Ø Use compound and complex sentences
Ø Use Causal Conjunction
Ø Use of present tense
1. Text Modelling
Read the following text carefully
Firstly, English is an International language. It is spoken by many people all over the world,
either as a first or second language.
Secondly, English is also the key to opens doors to scientific and technical knowledge which is
needed for the economic and politics development of many countries in the world.
Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking jobs. Applicants who master either active
or passive English are more favourable than those who don’t.
From the facts above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn English to greet the global era.
SPOOF
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text genre adalah SPOOF biasanya menceritakan sebuah kejadian (lucu) yang
diakhirnya terdapat hal yang tidak diduga diharapkan oleh tokoh cerita. Sesuatu yang tidak
terduga dan tidak sesuai dengan harapan si tokoh ini disebut dengan istilah TWIST. Hal itulah
yang membedakan antara SPOOF dan ANEKDOTE. Anecdote itu sendiri biasanya menceritakan
kejadian yang aneh dan jarang sekali terjadi.
B. TEXT SUMMARY
Language features:
v Focus on individual participants
v Circumstance of time and place
v Use of material processes (action verbs) to tell what happened
v Use of past tense
We Don’t Subscribe Any Newspapers
Jack was a university student. He studied history.
At the end of his first year, he failed in his examinations and he was told to leave the university.
The next day Jack’s father went to see the professor; he urged the Professor to let Jack continue
his studies the following year. “He’s good boy”, said Jack’s father,” and if you let him pass this
time, I’m sure he’ll improve a lot next year and pass the examination at the end of the year well.
“No, no! That’s quite impossible!” replied the professor, “Do you know, last month l asked him
when Napoleon died, and he could not answer it”.
“Please, Sir, give him another chance,” said Jack’s father, “You see, we don’t subscribe any
newspapers in our house, so none of us even knew that Napoleon was ill”.
1. TEXT MODELING
Complete the story below with the words provided in the box !
One day Nasreddin went to a (1)_______ . He was (2)_______ old (3)_______ when he came,
nobody looked at him and nobody gave him (4)_______ so Nasreddin went home and
(5)_______ his best clothes and went back to the party.
The (6)_______ at once got up and came to meet him. He (7)_______him the best table and gave
him a good seat and (8)_______him the (9)______.
Nasreddin sat and (10)_______ his coat. He put it in on the foot and said, “Eat coat!” the guests
were very (11)_______ and asked him, “What are you doing, Nasreddin?”
“When 1 came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and came back
in my best clothes and you gave me the (12)_______ so you gave food to my clothes instead of
me.
04.The writer mostly uses.....to express the real words of the speaker
a. simple past tense
b. indirect speech
c. direct speech
d. passive voice
e. simple present tense
09. One of the language features used on the text above is using material process. Below are the
examples of material process, except.......
a. go away
b. walked
c. turn into
d. said
e. lead
Text 2
Forest plays a vital role in maintaining the continuity of the earth’s natural resources and
supporting life on earth. This is so for a number of reasons.
First, forests are supplier of valuable products. Forests contain resources that are useful for food,
medicine, fibres, fuels, industrial materials and others.
Second, in forest, we still may find the basic life balance of animal life and food growth. The
knowledge of such ‘system’ is used to improve crops and livestock, and to stimulate industrial
research and natural drug development.
Third, forests also have ecological functions. Forest prevents waste shed, erosion, and flooding.
They also regulate local and regional climate condition.
For the reasons listed above, we must take part in the forest preservation. We have to save our
forests.
Text 3
The Pacific Ocean is a body of water of immense size and power. Its name, however, does not
reflect the incredible size and force of this body of water. In size, the Pacific Ocean is
unequalled. The ocean covers an area of 64 million square miles and is by far the largest of the
world’s oceans. It covers a third of the surface of the Earth, it is double the size of the Atlantic,
and it contains more water than al the world’s other oceans combined. As a force of nature, the
Pacific Ocean can be very powerful indeed. The westerly winds produce areas of stormy
precipitation in some parts of the ocean Tropical cyclones, with winds that can be as high as 200
miles per hour, produce much of the rainfall in the Pacific in view of extreme size and power of
the Pacific, the name that is carries in unexpected The Pacific Ocean was given its name by a
Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed around the world in the early sixteen
century. The word ‘Pacific actually means ‘peaceful’. Magellan named this giant of an ocean the
Pacific because he found its water to be so much more powerful than the rough and stormy water
of the Atlantic that he had crossed earlier in his voyages.
15. The social function of the text above is..........
a. to discuss something
b. to report a phenomena
c. to describe Pacific Ocean
d. to explain about the Pacific Ocean waves
e. to persuade the readers to know the Pacific Ocean
18. From which direction do the powerful winds mentioned in the text come from?
a. The East
b. The West
c. The South
d. The North
e. The North-East
Text 4
An English teacher was explaining about colours to his students.
After he had been explaining, he asked his students, “Who can make a sentence using the words
green, pink and yellow?”
James, the smartest student in the class, quickly raised his hand and answered, “When the yellow
morning sun comes, I see a beautiful girl wearing a pink dress walking through the green grass”.
“Me, me, sir” Johny, one of the student in the class, said while raising his hand. And then he
said, “I heard the telephone ring, green....green, then I picked up the receiver and I said, ”Yellow,
who’s speaking there?”
Text 5
Working in the hospital isn’t always enjoyable. Some days nothing goes right and then it’s very
frustrating.
Working with older people is much more difficult. They take much longer to get better. A lot of
the older patients don’t want to leave hospital at all. They fell safe there and they have lots of
friends. When they go home, they fell very lonely. They miss their friends. Sometimes nurses go
and visit them at home when they can. But it’s hard to get the time. It causes that some of them
will never really get well again. Every nurse fells sorry for them but they can’t show them how
they feel. They have to be cheerful and do what they can. Nurses always try to do their best for
all patients.
Thus nurses should be creative to develop amusing and enjoyable environment in order to help
patients recover from the illness
28. When nurses are on duty, they sometimes feel frustrated because............
a. they have to visit their patients
b. they feel very lonely all the time
c. they always work with older people
d. they should do their best at all times
e. their jobs do not always run smoothly
32. Leo and Beni went to the movie and saw a/an ... film
a. drama
b. thriller
c. horror
d. adventure
e. love story
35. ‘They didn’t want to see a drama, love story, thriller (P.1).
The underlined word means a film that tells a story about. …..events,
a. scary
b. funny
c. amused
d. romantic
e. excellent
Text 7
There are several things that I do not like about registration. First, it takes too long. There entire
process takes the average students three hours. Second, it is too impersonal. No one knows your
name, not even the counsellors who stamp their names on your registration card. Next I do not
like the atmosphere where registration is held. The constant sound of voice is irritating and so are
the fluorescent lights, which make everyone look a little sick. Finally, I do not like the way it is
organized. Freshmen always get in last. Consequently they end up in classes at inconvenient
times.
38. What kind of atmosphere of registration that makes the writer frustrated?
a. it takes too long
b. it is too impersonal
c. the constant sound of voice
d. no one knows our name
e. the way it is organized
Text 8
Pat Hogan was traveling around the country in his car. One evening, he was driving along the
road and looking for a small hotel when he saw an old man at the side of the road. He stopped his
car and said to the old man, "I want to go to Sun Hotel. Do you know it?"
‘Yes,” the old man answered. "I'll show you the way."
He got into Pat's car, and they drove for about twelve miles. When they came to a small house,
the old man said, "Stop here”.
Pat stopped his car and looked at the house. "But this is not the hotel,” he said to the old man.
"No. the old man answered, "this is my house. And now I'll show you the way to the Sun Hotel.
Turn around and go back nine miles. 'Then you'll see the Sun Hotel on the left."
42. Shanti : could you tell me the generic structure of the text above. I really forget!
Dimas : of course, they are...
a. orientation-complication-resolution
b. abstract-orientation-crisis-reaction-coda
c. orientation-events-reorientation
d. thesis-arguments-recommendation
e. orientation-events-twist
44. Pat Hogan should only drive….miles to reach the Sun Hotel, but he drive twelve miles.
a. nine
b. eight
c. five
d. three
e. two
Text 9
Al Brown was very good at fixing things around the house when they broke. One day he went to
another city to do some work there, and his wife was alone in the house. While Mr. Brown was
away, one of the faucets on the bathtub broke. Mrs. Brown didn’t now much about fixing broken
faucets, so she telephoned a plumber.
The plumber came to the house that afternoon and fixed the faucet in a few minutes. When he
finished, he gave Mrs.Brown his bill for the work.
She looked at it for several seconds and then said :”Your prices are very high, aren’t they ? Do
you know, the doctor costs less than this when he comes to the house ?”
“Yes, I know”, answered the plumber. ”I know that very well, because I was a doctor until I was
lucky enough to find this job a few months ago.”
TENSES
PRESENT TENSE
1. Simple Present Tense
Simple present tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan fakta (facts), kebenaran umum (general
truth) dan kebiasaan (habitual actions)
Examples:
1. The weather is bright
2. these building are not across my house
3. Is fire hot?
4. Blood is red
Examples:
1. Fatimah likes roses very much.
2. The children don’t go to school everyday.
3. Water boils at 100o
4. Why does iron rust?
NOTES:
· Simple present tense tidak benar-benar menggambarkan present actions, melakukan sesuatu
yang permanen atau habitual.
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question (what, why, what, when,
where, how), letakan Wh Question paling awal sebelum auxiliaries to be/ do/does.
· Adverb of frequency seperti: usually, seldom, dsb., umumnya muncul sesudah auxiliaries
namun sebelum V1 s/es.
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: seldom, usually, always, never, often, sometimes,
rarely, every ,…., once/twice/ … a day/ in a week/ a month/ a year…., etc.
Examples:
1. My father is sleeping now.
2. You are not studying English, you are studying math.
3. What are you doing? Are you writing a letter?
NOTES
· Present Continuous Tense benar-benar menggambarkan present actions, walaupun terkadang
bisa juga untuk future meaning.
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan
menggunakan Wh Qustion (what, why, what, When, Where, how), letakan Wh Question paling
awal sebelum Auxiliaries “to be”
· Beberapa kata kerja tertentu tidak bisa menggunakan bentuk continuous, biasanya kata kerja
yang bersifat tetap (stative verbs) dan kata kerja mental (mental verbs), misalnya: see, hear, like,
hate, love, dislike, believe, own, have(mempunyai) think, know smell, consider, understand,
appear, seem, look, want, remember, forget, belong, prefer, etc.
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: now, right now, today, at the moment, at the present,
etc.
· Kalimat imperative (Be Quiet!, don’t make so much noise! Look! Etc.) biasanya diikuti dengan
Present Continuous Tense.
Examples:
1. Mr. Is9ni has just already eaten
2. My father and my mother have gone to Mecca since to days ago
3. Why has Aminah decided to study at Unila? Has she consulted with her parents?
NOTES:
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan
menggunakan Wh. Questin (what, why, what, when, where, how), letakan Wh Question paling
awal sebelum Auxiliaries “ have/has”.
· Time Marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: for …., since….., just, already, yet, recently, lately,
so far, up to now, up to present, etc.
NOTES:
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan
menggunakan Wh Question (what, why, what, when, where, how), letakan Wh Question paling
awal sebelum Auxiliaries “ have/has”.
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: for …., since….., just, already, yet, recently, lately,
so far, up to now, up to present, etc.
PAST TENSES
Simple Past Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu lampau
(past)
Examples:
1. He was teacher. He is not a teacher any more.
2. They weren’t in the same class
3. Was you father at home yesterday?
NOTES:
· Untuk menunjukan habit pada masa lampau kita juga bisa menggunakan: when I was …. I
usually/ I often V2 ….=/ used to V1 …
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan
menggunakan Wh Question (what, why, what, When, Where, how), letakan Wh Question paling
awal sebelum Auxiliaries to be (was/were)/ did
· Perbedaan antara present perfect dengan past simple adalah penekanannya. Simple past
menekankan waktu terjadinya (dimulai dan selesai pada waktu lampau) sedangkan prsent perfect
tense lebih menekankan pada action.
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: yesterday, last …., … ago, once upon time, etc.
2. Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan:
A. Kejadian yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau (spesific past time)
Examples:
1. My father was sleeping at 8.15 p.m. last night.
2. You were not studying English at 7.00 yesterday, but you were studying English then.
3. What were you doing? Were you writing a letter?
B. Dua buah kejadian yang terjadi bersamaan pada masa lampau (untuk menghubungkan dua
buah kejadian tersebut kita menggunakan penghubung “when/while”)
Past Continuous + When + Simple past
Simple past + while + past continuous
Simple past + when + past continuous
Examples:
1. I was studying English when you came to my house.
2. My father came while Rina was eating.
3. I fell down when I was walking.
NOTES:
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita inginkan membuat kalimat tanya dengan
menggunakan Wh Question (what, why, what, when, where, how), letakan Wh Question paling
awal sebelum Auxiliaries “to be” was/were
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: yeseterday at 10.00, at that time last night, then (past)
Examples:
1. Mr. Is9ni had just already eaten before you came.
2. My father and my mother went to hometown after they had been called by my grandma.
NOTES:
FUTURE TENSE
1. Present Future Tense
Present Future Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu kejadian yang akan berlangsung di
masa yang akan datang.
Examples:
1. I will go to school tomorrow morning.
2. Roni will not go to Bali next month.
3. Why won’t you go to school tomorrow?
NOTES:
· Sebaiknya kita menggunakan TO be going to V1 (Present Continuous Tense) untuk sebuah
kejadian kita rencanakan sejak awal
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tamya dengan
menggunakan WH Question (what, why, what, when, where, how), letakan Wh Question paling
awal sebelum auxiliaries ”will/shall”
· Will umum untuk semua subjek “ I and we”
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: tomorrow, next …, soon, later, tonight, the day after
tomorrow
NOTE:
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: tomorrow at 10.00, this time next week, then (future)
Examples:
1. Mr. Dhany will have gone by the time tomorrow.
2. My Father will have studied before Rina comes to my house.
NOTE:
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: when, by the time, by the end, by, as soon as, until
….+ future time (present simple)
NOTE
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: when, by the time, by the end, by, as soon as, until
…. + Future time (present simple)
PROBLEM SET
01. By the end of this week I…from Malaysia.
A. Am back
B. Have been back
C. Would be back
D. May be back
E. Will have been back
05. Iwan, the national tennis champion, ….tennis since he was nine.
A. played
B. has been playing
C. plays
D. is playing
E. had played
06. Heru had a lot of work to do. He finished his work five minutes ago. He cried: "I am free
now, because I ... all my work."
A. finished
B. have finished
C. will finish
D. will have finished
E. am finishing
07. Tara ... a letter in his room when his mother came in.
A. wrote
B. has written
C. writes
D. was writing
E. is writing
08. Arina ...... to Yogya last year. It was her first visit there.
A. has gone
B. has been gone
C. went
D. was going
E. had gone
11. Every night the watchman turns on all the lights and …around the building every half an
hour.
A. walks
B. is walking
C. to be walking
D. walking
E. to walk
13. Raihan ...... the nasyid very well in his friend’s wedding party last week.
a. was singing
b. is singing
c. has sung
d. had sung
e. sang
14. The students ..... the topic in the big hall for one hour when the teacher came.
a. were discussing
b. discussed
c. have discussed
d. had been discussing
e. discuss
24. A guest wants to see you. He ...... for more than two hours
a. waited
b. has been waiting
c. waiting
d. wait
e. have to wait
MODAL
Catatan :
1. ‘May’ digunakan untuk present dan future actions, sedangkan ‘Might’ untuk past actions.
2. May and Might memiliki sinonim : be allowed to + V1
Should, ought to, had better dapat digunakan untuk present, past, and future tense
5. USED TO + V1
Used to + V1 digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di waktu lampau (past habitual action)
yang tidak lagi dilakukan sekarang (to express something that existed or was done in the past,
but no longer exists or is done now)
Contoh :
- He used to come here very often. (but now he seldom comes here)
- The boy used to smoke last year. (now he doesn’t smoke anymore)
6. BE USED TO + G
Be used to + G, digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan di masa sekarang (present habit)
contoh :
- I am used to drinking milk every morning
- The girl gets accustomed to get up early
8. WOULD
“would” digunakan untuk menyatakan:
(a) permintaan yang sopan (polite request)
contoh : Would you show me your picture, please?
(b) kebiasaan di waktu lampau (past habitual action)
contoh : He would take a walk every evening after dinner
(c) keinginan yang tidak terpenuhi (unfulfilled wish = subjunctive)
contoh : If only I would come on time (I don’t come on time)
PROBLEM SET01. Amir will have a test next week, so he …. study hard
a. must
b. should
c. may
d. must to
e. can
04. You don’t feel well. You ….. go and see the doctor.
a. could
b. would
c. had better
d. will
e. unable
05. I ….. ask Mr. Umar for his advice about that tomorrow night.
a. Would to
b. might
c. could to
d. should
e. has to
08. Sena ….. to answer all the questions on this paper correctly.
a. must
b. is able
c. can
d. having
e. will
17. They promise that they ….. study hard to pass the exams.
a. must
b. should
c. will
d. might
e. would
18. He …… not sleep because he was worried.
a. can
b. might
c. could
d. should
e. must
21. To prevent accidents, parents ....... allow their children to play near the well.
a. might not
b. would not
c. do not have to
d. can not
e. should not
24. ‘Good News!’ Uncle Jacky …… give me present for my becoming first rank in my class.
a. shall
b. can
c. would
d. will
e. must
27. The dog …… wag its tail and bark joyfully whenever it saw him
a. might
b. could
c. would
d. had to
e. should
29. The tutor said to Evi :“You can go now”. It means that:
a. Evi was supposed to go
b. Evi was advised to go
c. Evi was ordered to go
d. Evi was requested to go
e. Evi was allowed to go
30. Bob is usually make a noisy in the class. And some of his friends don’t like him. The teacher
..... him some advices.
a. has to give
b. ought to have given
c. would have
d. must have been
e. have to given
b. Sebagai keterangan subjek (subjective complement, yaitu sesudah to be : am, is, are, was,
were, be, been, and linking verb : seem, look, smell, become, get, appear, feel, taste, sound, etc.)
Contoh :
v Ahmad is very happy
v The cake tastes delicious
v The child looks sad
Verb yang serimg digunakan untuk pola ini adalah : keep, consider, make, find, like, want, etc
Contoh :
v I want my tea sweet
v Badrun always keeps his room clean
v She often make me jeleous
Adverb atau kata keterangan adalah kata yang menerangkan selain kata benda (noun) atau kata
ganti benda (pronoun).
Catatan :
Ø Bila di tengah, letaknya adalah sebelum verb atau setelah auxiliary.
Contoh :
I never have any chat with him
Anya often misses the classes
They will always obey their parents.
Ø Untuk adverb of frequency yang bermakna negatif (-), seperti : rarely, never, seldom, dapat
diletakkan diawal kalimat, dengan perubahan struktur kalimat, seolah-olah menjadi kalimat
tanya.
contoh :
Umar never comes late = Never does Umar come late
Amir is seldom late = seldom is Amir late
She has rarely visited me = Rarely has she visited me
2. Adverb of Place
Untuk menunjukkan tempat suatu kejadian terjadi (to show where the action happen), misalnya :
here, there, at school, in the office,etc.
Contoh :
- The children are drawing outside
- We have lived in Jakarta for 5 years
Catatan :
Bila ada dua atau lebih keterangan dalam satu kalimat, maka urutannya adalah dari yang general
(umum) ke yang specific (khusus).
Contoh :
- The students take English Course on Jl. Kartini at Al-Qolam
- Abdullah visited his friend in South Jakarta on Jl. Sudirman No.45
3. Adverb of Manner
Menerangkan bagaimana subjek melakukan tindakan (to show how the subject does the action)
Adverb of manner umumnya dibentuk dari : adjective + ly
Contoh :
He speaks English fluently
The little boy screamed loudly
Note : Ada beberapa kata keterangan yang tidak dibentuk dari adjective + ly, seperti
Hard – hard
Good – well
Fast – fast
High – high
Late – late
Early – early
Low –low
contoh : I did my homework well
4. Adverb of Time
Menunjukkan kapan suatu peristiwa terjadi, biasanya tergantung pada tenses yang digunakan (to
show when the actions happen, which usually depend on the tenses). Misalnya :
· Present simple : every ….. , twice ……, three times …… , etc
· Present Continuous : now, at present, right now, at the moment, etc
· Past Simple : yesterday, last …… , ……..ago, etc
· Future Simple : tomorrow, next ….. ,etc
Catatan : Bila dalan satu kalimat ada 2 atau lebih keterangan waktu, maka urutannya adalah dari
yang general (umum) ke yang specific (khusus).
Contoh :
- I missed the English class yesterday
- Salsabila did her homework last night at 7 o’clock
Bila dalam satu kalimat terdapat beberapa keterangan, maka urutannya adalah :
5. Adverb of degree
Untuk menekankan suatu adjective atau adverb lainnya (to emphasize adjective or adverb),
misalnya : so, very, too, enough, absolutely, extremely, completely, really, pretty, nearly,
entirely, wholly, rather, quite, etc.
Contoh :
- Mr. Karun is very rich
- I am pretty sure about it
- Carl Lewis runs so quickly
6. Adverb of Purpose
In order to / to + V1
For + noun phrase
contoh : He went to the store to buy some books
He went to the store for some books
EXERCISES
PROBLEM SET
01. 01. They …… give all applications with …… consideration.
a. generally; carefully
b. general ; carefully
c. general ; careful
d. generally ; careful
e. generally ; care
02. His appearance is very ....... that’s why many girls admire him
a. elegant
b. elegance
c. elegantly
d. eleganced
e. eleganted
07. The servant cleaned the room …… and made it …… for us.
a. regularly ; neat
b. regular ; neat
c. regular ; neatly
d. regularity ; neatness
e. regularly ; neatly
08. …….. dishwashers are …… and….
a. Automatic ; convenient ; safe
b. Automatically ; conveniently ; safely
c. Automatic ; conveniently ; safe
d. Automatic ; conveniently ; safely
e. Automatic ; convenient ; safely
12. All of the students were …… that they passed the national exam.
a. enough happily
b. enough happy
c. happy enough
d. enoughly happy
e. happily enough
19. People ….. feel ….. during ….. weather in the afternoon.
a. usually ; lazy ; hot
b. usually ; lazily ; hot
c. usually ; lazily ; hotly
d. usual ; laziness ; heat
e. usual ; lazy ; heat
2. Indefinite Pronoun
Yang termasuk Indefinite Pronoun adalah:
Some, any, all, each, every, both, none, someone, anyone, everyone
Something, anything, everything, one, either, neither, another, other, etc
Notes :
v Some, dapat digunakan sebagai pronoun (kata ganti) ataupun adjective (kata sifat). Sebagai
adjective dapat digunakan untuk countable noun, berarti beberapa, dan untuk uncountable noun
berarti sedikit
Sebagai pronoun, some dapat berdiri sendiri, dan umunya digunakan untuk kalimat positif
(possitive affirmative)
Contoh :
Ø Sebagai adjective
- They are drinking some milk
- Some books are good, some others are not
Ø Sebagai pronoun
- Does he have a pen ?
Yes, he has some
v Any, adalah bentuk negative dan interogatif dari some, dengan fungsi sama
Contoh :
- They are not drinking any milk
- We didn’t have any trouble going through a storm
- Does he has a pen ?
Yes, she doesn’t have any
v All, dapat digunakan dengan variasi bentuk: all..., all the...., atau all of the....dapat diikuti
countble/uncountable noun.
Contoh :
- All the students are in the classroom
- All children like chocolate
v Each dan every, bermakna setiap, dan untuk subyek tunggal (singular). Each dapat dipakai
dalam bentuk each of the......, sedangkan every tidak dapat
Contoh :
- Each of the boys goes on food, but every girl goes by bus
- Every child deserves love and attention
v Both, bermakna ‘berdua, kedua, dua......’ hanya digunakan untuk countable noun, dan sebagai
subyek jamak (plural)
Contoh :
- We both are having dinner
- Both of them know me well
v None, bermakna ‘tidak ada’, untuk countable/uncountable noun, dapat dipakai untuk subyek
singular ataupun plural
Contoh :
- None of the book is cheap
- None of the films are good
v Something, bermakna ‘sesuatu’, untuk bentuk positif, sedangkan untuk anything adalah bentuk
negatif dan interogatif, sebagai subyek tunggal
Contoh:
- Something is moving fast behind you
- Azizah didn’t buy anything last night
v One/ones, menggantikan benda tunggal (one), dan jamak (ones), yang telah disebutkan
sebelumnya
Contoh :
- I didn’t like red tie, I like the blue one
- She doesn’t green apples, she wants the red ones.
v Either, neither, bermakna ‘yang lain, tidak ada’, diikuti oleh countable noun plural, sebagai
subyek tunggal
Contoh :
- Either of the books is Expensive
- Neither of the cars is good
v Another/ the other, bermakna’yang lainnya’ berjumlah tunggal. Bedanya another, x!x! ...satu
per satu, sedangkan the other x!, satu yang terakhir.
Contoh :
- I have to talk to another man. (There are still many men to talk to)
- I have to talk to the other man. (Only he, I have to talk)
3. Relative Pronoun
Pelajari kembali Adjective Clause
4. Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns adalah kata ganti yang berarti menunjukan (this/that, these/those).
Terbagi menjadi dua yaitu:
Demonstrative adjective
Kata petunjuk yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, yaitu menerangkan kata benda.
Contoh :
- This book is good
- Those flowers are beautiful
5. Reciprocal Pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun berarti ‘saling’
Ø ‘One another’ saling untuk lebih dari 2 orang
Ø ‘Each other’ saling untuk 2 orang/lebih
Contoh :
- So many people are in the room. They are blaming one another
- There are two boys in the room. They are sharing candies each other
EXERCISES
Fill the blanks with suitable words below
These – that- those – none – some – any – other –another –one
1. Here are two bags, do you want the small ...... or the big ....
2. ........ who like to study mathmatics can easily do the budgeting
3. Wise businessman are ...... who help the small scale industries
4. Is there any factory in your neighborhood ? No, there is not ......
5. Were any of them disappointed to see machinery in the fair ? No, ...... of them
6. A tourist bought some fruit, ....... bought some food
7. ......... shoes are better than those
8. What is ........ in your pocket
9. For many people, Bali is paradise, for ...... people it is the island of gods
10. Thirty laborer are going to work in the morning, ....... thirty are going to work at night
PROBLEM SET
03. An old man asked my friend and ..... what the time was.
a. I
b. me
c. mine
d. my
e. myself
06. George gave Harry and me tickets and then we went to the movie with ..... and his friend.
a. his
b. him
c. them
d. their
e. theirs
07. There are so many young girls living around your dormitory.
Don’t you know ......?
a. her
b. them
c. their
d. themselves
e. anything
08. Mr. Hasan has driven all of his cattle into field. He always keeps........ fat
a. it
b. them
c. his
d. its
e. their
10. Arif said that the digital camera was not .....
a. he
b. he’s
c. his
d. him
e. he has
13. One of the students ...... for the teacher in the class at the moment
a. wait
b. have waited
c. is waiting
d. have to wait
e. are waiting
15. Mustaqimah has two sisters, but ...... looks like her, they are very different
a. none of her children
b. neither of their sisters
c. both of her sisters
d. either of her sisters
e. all of her sisters
16. I like physics so my father buys ……. some physics information books about the war.
a. us
b. him
c. me
d. her
e. them
19. She has read this novel. She wants to read ………novel
a. other
b. others
c. another
d. the others
e. each other
Satisfaction Dissatisfaction
Ø I really like it I don’t really like it
Ø I like the way the serves customers in the shop I’m not satisfied with ....
Ø I am really satisfied with ..... I’m never satisfied with.......
Ø It satisfied me that ....... She is dissatisfied with.......
COORDINATE CONJUNCTION
(Konjungsi Setara)
A. FLASHLIGHT
Jenis konjungsi ini digunakan untuk menghubungkan NOUN (kata benda) dengan NOUN (kata
benda). VERB (kata kerja) dengan VERB (kata kerja), PHRASE (kelompok kata) dengan
PHRASE (kelompok kata, CLAUSE dengan CLAUSE dan sebagainya
B. SUMMARY
1. AND
Digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang berkesesuaian
Example :
Steve and His friend are coming to dinner. (noun and noun)
Susan raised her hand and snapped her fingers. (verb and verb)
2. OR
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pilihan
Example:
You can invite me or my brother to attend the meeting
Which ones do you want, the reds one or the blue one?
3. BUT
Digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua hal yang saling bertentangan
Example :
My sister likes fried chicken but my brother likes pizza
These shoes are old but comfortable
4. SO
Digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu hubungan sebab akibat
Example:
The weather is cold so we stay home tonight
Jihad didn’t study hard so he failed the test
5. BECAUSE
Juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu hubungan sebab akibat
Example:
Because the man was very hungry, he ate greedily
I decided not to go to the concert because I am not interested in rock music
6. PAIRED CONJUNCTION
Adalah penghubung berpasangan yang menggabungkan dua hal : Noun, Verb, Adjectives,
Adverb yang berbeda namun berkesesuaian
a. BOTH....AND.....
Example:
Both my mother and my father are in Jakarta today
The research project will take both money and time
EXERCISE
Read the two sentences in pair below. Combine them using the conjunctions in the brackets.
Example:
Wheat is grown in Kansas. Is corn grown in Kansas? (both.....and)
Both wheat and corn are grown in Kansas
1. I know you lost your key. Did you lose your wallet, too? (not only...but also)
2. The harvest wasn’t good. Was the harvest bad ? (neither....nor)
3. The city suffers from air pollution. It also suffers from noise pollution. (both.....and)
4. Sinta has my story book or Andika has my story book. Is that right? (either....or)
5. I see you are talking to Jane. Are you dating her, too? (not only......but also)
PROBLEM SET
3. I told Nurman to take the test more seriously, ….he would not be accepted.
a. but
b. and
c. so
d. or
e. because
5. The air on the beach is not only fresh but also clean.
It means the air in the beach both fresh…..clean.
a. because
b. or
c. and
d. so
e. but
13. There is always traffic jam in the morning….I try to leave earlier.
a. and
b. so
c. or
d. but
e. because
18. They missed the bus…they had to walk for two miles.
a. so
b. and
c. because
d. or
e. but
21. We were planning to open a new office in Surabaya,…. the economic crisis forced us to
postpone it.
a. and
b. or
c. so
d. but
e. for
23. Either the students or their professor ...... happy about the result of the experiment yesterday
a. is
b. are
c. was
d. were
e. have been
25. They can either give him a part time job, ....... as a trainee in their company
a. and also accept him
b. they can accept him
c. or accept him
d. but also accept him
e. as well as accepting him
NOUN MODIFIERS
1. General Pattern (Bentuk Umum)
NOUN + Clause / Phrase
2. Uses (Penggunaan)
Noun modifiers is used to tell us which person or thing (digunakan untuk menerangkan
orang/benda yang sedang dibicarakan).
Example :
I don’t want a book with torn cover
The boy sleeping on the carpet is my brother
The letter the postman just delivered isn’t for me
The food on the table has been prepared for the guest.
EXERCISE
A. Combine these pairs of sentences
E.g. I have lost the book
I borrowed from you
I’ve lost the book I borrowed from you
3. a road that was opened last night had to be closed again for repairs.
........................................................................................
4. The number of the new cars that were sold in this country fell by 25%last month.
........................................................................................
5. The men who are working in our house have been there for nearly three months
........................................................................................
6. Clothes that are made of artificial fibers often feel uncomfortable in hot weather.
........................................................................................
10. The address list that was published last month is already out of date.
........................................................................................
Love
Ø I like listening the music
Ø I love it so much
Ø I really like those flowers
Pleasure
Ø It gave me a lot of pleasure to hear of your success
Ø Sounds great!
Ø It’s a great place to shop
Ø Yeah ! That’d be great
Ø The Planetarium is awesome
Ø Coo! I can’t wait to go
NOUN CLAUSE
1. General Pattern (Bentuk Umum)
WH-words / if / whether / that +Clause
‘WH-words : why, what, where, when, how, etc’.
2. Definition (Definisi)
A Noun Clause is used in the same way as any noun is used. It cannot stand by itself therefore
always a part of a sentence. (Noun Clause digunakan untuk hal yang sama sebagaimana kata
benda. Ia tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, sehingga merupakan bagian dari sebuah kalimat.)
Love
Ø I like listening the music
Ø I love it so much
Ø I really like those flowers
Pleasure
Ø It gave me a lot of pleasure to hear of your success
Ø Sounds great!
Ø It’s a great place to shop
Ø Yeah ! That’d be great
Ø The Planetarium is awesome
Ø Coo! I can’t wait to go Sumber: http://nurmanali.blogspot.com/