CHAPTER 1
and computer networks
Manufacturing Information and Data Systems
Brunel computer integrated manufacture cell (BCIM) - a simple
model of a manufacturing organization that uses industry standard
equipment to bring together, on a small scale, all the functions of a
typical production enterprise.
- It is based around a flexible manufacturing cell consisting of
two machining centres,
 co-ordinate measurement machine (CMM)
 various transportation devices.
ACiT- cell controller, which gets production orders from a production
planning and control system
- uses data from a manufacturing resources planning (MRP II)
application called fourth shift.
MANUFACTURING INFORMATION KINDS:
 product information describing the material flow;
 control information defining the characteristics of this
material flow and the operations taking place on the
material flow.
BASIC INFORMTION FLOWS BET. THE FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF BCIM
FINANCIAL EVOLUTION OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
 1979- the markets started to be governed by consumers
rather than producers and manufacturers became subject
to increased competition on price, delivery, quality and
technological evolution
TECHNICAL EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
 1990s to the present- date is often referred to by the
popular press as the information age.
o combination in advances in telecommunications
SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN TODAY’S MANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENTS
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Informatics - the science of processing data for storage and retrieval
and also as all the techniques pertaining to the collection, sorting,
transmission, and utilization of information.
INFORMATION SYSTEMS FUNCTION
- education and learning function;
- information systems development function;
- management and control function;
- strategy and planning function
* Information technology is generally described by its main hardware
and software characteristics
*it is a well-known fact that human networks are generally much
more tolerant of flaws than computer networks because of their
informal nature and capacity to integrate change informally.
MANUFACTURING INFORMATION
INFORMATION DEFINITIONS
 Mathematical theory- logarithm of the number of choices
available when selecting a message
 Information physics- information and organization are
intimately related
o All organized structures contain information,
hence no organized structure can exist without
containing some form of information.
o The addition of information to a system manifests
itself by causing a system to become more
organized, or reorganized
o An organized system has the capacity to release
or convey information.
 Communication approach- information machines that are
able to convert energy into information
o Structural information is that which was provided
at the system design stage by the engineers who
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 specified and built the system and by those who
designed its machines and procedures
o Kinetic information is that which is produced,
used and transformed during the operational
stages of the system

INFORMATION SCIENCE AND INFOMETRICS

Specificity of manufacturing information
American Society for Information Science- (ASIS) created in 1968 and
groups together a number of scientists from a large number of
disciplines.

Value chain - are clearly very information intensive, requiring

complex engineering and control

Pragmatics- (the why of information)

Systems approach to describing information Manufacturing information is, by nature, complex and heterogenous
and its main characteristics can be outlined as:
Concept  omplex data types (vectors, matrices, sets, etc.);
 composite and complex objects;
 multiple versions of designs;
 hierarchies for data structures;
 attributes that draw values from alternative domains;
 recursive definition of data objects;
 temporal, positional and procedural relationships.

Critical Characteristics Of Manufacturing Information (CCMI)

1. Product value criticality
2. Operations criticality;
3. Personnel criticality.
Three other important properties of information 4. Time criticality;
5. Accuracy criticality.
 the negligible costs of transfer and distribution;
 the free disposal of information; Product value
 the high cost of screening. - A number of manufacturing information elements are
essential for adding value to products.
Three basic uses for information, which can be summarized as:
The definition of a value-critical information element can therefore
• information used for decision making (e.g., market survey); be given as an information element that contributes directly to the
• information used to control a process (e.g., production value of the manufactured product by:
plan); • contributing to its design;
• information used for pure consumption (e.g., reading a • ensuring its price;
newspaper) • ensuring its quality.

Further use of information Operational Value

• Information used to increase skills or knowledge. - An operations-critical piece of information is therefore
• Whether the information is wanted in the system; defined as an information element that contributes directly
• Whether the objective of the information is being achieved. to making the product either:
o quickly
o on time.
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 3. administration support
Personnel Three aspects where the services depend
• an information element that contributes directly to 1. data bus;
maintaining or improving the level of: 2. presentation;
• knowledge; 3. communication.
• morale of the company's employees.

Time
• set of numbers defining the specific time periods or the
specific points in time during which an information element
needs to be generated, transported and/or used.
Accuracy
• an information element as a set of measures or other
indicators quantifying the accuracy with which an
information element needs to be generated, transported or
used.
• Example is Product input/output
Performance maximization rules
- Minimization of operations-critical information- rule of
thumb, all information not strictly necessary for the smooth
operation of the systems should be eliminated
- Maximization of value critical information- every
opportunity should be considered for value to be further
added to this information.
Manufacturing control systems are seen as implementation of two
major activities,
1. Namely factory co-ordination
2. Production activity control.
CIM PYRAMID
CHAPTER 2: Database Systems
Database Concepts
• Database- a collection of stored operational data used by
the application systems of some particular enterprise.
• Third generation programming languages
• BASIC
• COBOL
• FORTRAN
The evolution of database systems
- Records and cross-referencing
o The first computer database systems for use in
manufacturing were of a form that was similar in
structure to the paper-based filing cabinet,
methods they were designed to replace.
- Sort and report file management system
o The records of the parts used in the company,
employees, sub-assemblies or products, would be
kept in some form of logical order such as by part
number
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
• More advanced storage structures that are supplemented
by suites of computer programmes that perform
• data access
• modification
• separates the logical and the physical views of the data
• combines the hardware and software for creating,
operating, and maintaining a database.

DBMS FUNCTIONS:
1. Data description
2. Data input/ edit/ update
3. Data retrieval
4. General purpose data manipulation
5. Data presentation
6. Data protection
CIM Functional area 7. Data administration
1. production operation;
2. production planning; GENERAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT ISSUES
3. engineering and technical computing; • Data accuracy
4. marketing and product support; • Security
5. business management; • Social impact of database systems
6. distribution and logistics. • Everything held on becomes encapsulated knowledge

Services needed to support CIM functions

1. application development support; DATABASE MODEL
2. decision support;
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 • It tells you about logical structure Relational database design
• It tells how the data process and stored inside the system. - Design requirements
o design requirements:
o ease of use;
o speed of response;
o economy of disk space;
o flexibility for future change of the system

THREE ESTABLISHED DATA MODELS

1. Hierarchical Model- is a data model in which the data are
organized into a tree-like structure. DATABASE NORMALIZATION

• Each entity has only one parent but can have NORMALIZATION- a technique for producing a set of relations with
several children. desirable properties, given the data requirements of an enterprise
2. Network model- the entities are represented by records,
and the relationships between the data entities are PURPOSE:
represented by links. - to minimize duplication (redundancy) of data;
- to eliminate data anomalies that result from duplication.
o the network model allows each record to have
multiple parent and child records, forming a
DATA REDUNDANCY- A major aim of relational database design is to
generalized graph structure.
group attributes so as to minimize data redundancy and thereby
3. Relational model. - it is a method of structuring data using
reduce the file storage space required by the implemented base
relations, which are grid-like mathematical structures
relations.
consisting of columns and rows.
DATA ANOMALIES
Physical structure of database - The way in which data are physically
- insertion
stored in the computer system.
- deletion
- modification
Navigational database
• A navigational database is the combination of both the
FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCIES
hierarchical and network model of database interfaces.
◦ Functional dependency describes the relationship between
Navigational techniques utilize “pointers” and “paths” to
attributes of an entity (relation), and is defined as follows:
navigate among data records.
- An attribute A1 is said to be functionally dependent on
another attribute A2 if knowing A2 defines A1 in a unique
Relational database
fashion, or if each value of A1 is associated with exactly one
• The relational database can be seen as a tabular structure
value of A2.
of information but underlying in physical structure is fairly
simple.
TRANSITIVE DEPENDENCIES
- If A fi B and B fi C, then A fi C. C is said to be transitively
dependent on A, provided A does not depend on B and A
DATABASE DESIGN
does not depend on C.
 DATA MODELLING
 DATA MODEL - Is defined as a collection of mathematically
NORMALIZATION PROCEDURE
well-defined concepts that help one to consider and express
1. FIRST NORMAL FORM (1NF)
the static and dynamic properties of data-intensive
o A relation is in the first normal form (1NF) if and
applications.
only if every attribute is functionally dependent
 CONCEPTUAL MODELLING - Is the process of modelling all
on the primary key. Any table (relation) with a
properties of an application, and is required to allow the
primary key is a 1NF relation.
development of application-specific data models.
- Primary key is a special database table column (or
 ENTITY MODELLING - A final piece of data modelling
combination of columns) designated to uniquely identify all
terminology that must be known is the term attributes.
table records
Attributes are the distinguishing characteristics that are
held regarding each entity.
2. SECOND NORMAL FORM (2NF)

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 o A relation is in the second normal form (2NF) if it
is in 1NF and no attribute is dependent on only a
portion of the primary key.
3. THE THIRD NORMAL FORM (3NF)
o A table is in the third normal form (3NF) if it is in
2NF, and if it does not contain transitive
dependency.
4. BOYCE-CODD NORMAL FORM (BCNF)
o A table is in BCNF if every determinant in a table is
a candidate key. If a table contains only one
candidate key, then, if it is a 3NF table, it is
automatically a BCNF table as well.
o DETERMINANT - Any attribute or set of attributes
whose value determines other values within a row
is called a determinant.

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