Business Management in Developing Countries

based on the examples of India and China

Prepared for
Professor Krista Carson

Prepared by

Aakash Varma
Amitakh Dey
Antonina Orlova
Vishakha Bhat
Salvador Halog

Fanshawe College

November 11, 2013

 Memo of Transmittal

TO: Professor Krista Carson

FROM: Aakash Varma, Amitakh Dey, Antonina Orlova, Vishakha Bhat, and Salvador Halog
DATE: November 11, 2013
SUBJECT: Research Report on Business Management in Developing Countries (based on the examples
of India and China)

Dear Professor Carson:

Here is a report you assigned in September identifying business management features in developing
countries. It also recommends solutions to governments on how to help businesses to improve their
management and to partnering companies on how to reduce or avoid problems related to cooperation with
developing countries.

Because of the negative impact of external and internal factors, businesses in developing economies
suffer from inefficient economic performance, poor business management, low credibility in global
markets, and communicational problems.

We believe that governments in evolving countries should take actions to develop educational programs,
create job opportunities, and control business activity to help businesses in improvement of management
practices.

Companies dealing with developing markets, should always consider differences in ethical standards,
government regulations, communication and management styles of their partners and try to minimize
negative impact on business relationships.

The printed and online sources, as well as interviews with international students from India and China,
served as basis for this report. Personal experience of researches was principally useful.
We are grateful for the opportunity to perform this research. We’ve enjoyed learning about business
management. If you have any questions, please contact any member of the research group.

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 Table of Contents
Memo of Transmittal ....................................................................................................................... i
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... iii
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................... 1
Assumption.................................................................................................................................. 1
Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Limitations .................................................................................................................................. 1
Different styles of management process ......................................................................................... 1
Basic features of business management in developing countries ................................................... 2
Advantages of Business Management in developing countries ...................................................... 3
Disadvantages of Business Management in Developing countries ................................................ 3
Government role in businesses of developing vs. developed countries.......................................... 3
Roles of major corporations and industries in developing countries .............................................. 6
Literacy rate of India ....................................................................................................................... 7
Literacy rate of China ..................................................................................................................... 8
Employment opportunities in developing countries ..................................................................... 10
Ethical standards in developing countries..................................................................................... 10
Conclusion and Recommendations ............................................................................................... 10
References ..................................................................................................................................... 11

List of Illustrations
Figure 1 India Unemployment Rate ....................................................................................... 7
Figure 2 Literacy Rates in India by Region ........................................................................... 8
Figure 3 Education Performance of 15-year-olds .................................................................. 9
Figure 4 Literacy Rate by Country ........................................................................................ 9

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 Business Management in Developing Countries
based on the examples of India and China

Executive Summary

This report discovers different styles of business management, such as Autocratic, Consultative,
Persuasive, Democratic, Chaotic, Laissez –Faire, Paternalistic, and Management by Wandering Around
(MBWA). Main features typical for business management in India and China allowed to conclude that
autocratic style is dominant. Among those features are hierarchical subordination, fraternity only with
those of equal status, obeying orders without any justification, motivation by group success rather than
individualistic, hiring of employees based on personal connection and status attributes, centralization of
decision-making.
There is a strong interdependency between business management and such factors as level of education,
labor market, and ethical standards of the country. Level of education guides the economic development
of a country. In 2011, literacy rate in India was 74%, while in China it has reached 91.6%.
Though it is believed that employment opportunities in developing countries are higher, it is rather a
misconception. Recent studies have shown that there is availability of unskilled labor in developing
countries and very less skilled labor. This we believe makes it difficult for firms to get the right kind of
labor.
Ethical standards vary from country to country. In India, bribing officials to get the work done faster
among the corporates is acceptable but it would not be so in any developed country. While in China,
whistleblowing is unethical and there have been cases where business managers have been sentenced jail
terms for “conspiracy” and “sabotage”.
Major domestic and foreign corporates that operate in developing countries greatly contribute in
development of the country. They provide large revenue generation, lower the unemployment rate, and
participate in society betterment, responsibility and development.
Government plays an important role in setting the rules of the game, education, advancing technology,
provides the infrastructure, commercial goods and services, intervenes in the markets to improve
economic performance, increases the information available to producers, protects welfare, and regulates
financial markets. To help businesses to improve management actions, governments in developing
countries should develop efficient educational programs, create more job opportunities, and control
business activity to avoid unethical and/or illegal behavior.
Companies dealing with developing markets, should keep in mind differences in ethical standards, level
of state power, communication and management styles of their partners and take actions to minimize
negative impact on business relationships. To achieve this, it is important to carefully choose the partner,
establish trust and respect your partner, divide roles in partnership, identify possible issues and solutions
in advance, and formalize achieved agreements in written form.

iii
 Introduction

According to the International Statistical Institute, countries with annual Gross National Income per
capita of $11,905 and less are considered to be developing (The International Statistical Institute, n.d.).
According to this classification, there are 144 developing countries. They play an important role in global
economic environment. However, managerial approach to businesses may create challenges for business
cooperation between nations.
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this report is to identify features of business management in developing countries based
on the examples of India and China, and to recommend solutions for governments and partnering
organizations on how to deal with challenges resulted from non-proficient managerial actions.
This report covers theoretical approaches to business management, identifies management style of Indian
and Chinese organizations, its features, advantages and disadvantages, roles of government and major
corporations in businesses, literacy rates, employment opportunities and ethical standards as factors that
affect business environment.
Assumption
This research based on the assumption that businesses in researched countries are domestically based and
run.
Methods
Data used in this research was collected from secondary sources, such as Bloomberg BusinessWeek,
Global Finance Magazine, The Economics Times, Trading Economics and Data360 Web sites, journal
articles of World Bank and Journal of Development Economics. In addition to this, based on personal
experience, research group members provided their opinions on problems, solutions and strengths of
business management in India and China.
Limitations
This research has two limitations. First, it was based on examples of two countries, India and China, and
doesn’t allow to generalize to all developing nations. Second, not all businesses within one country apply
same approach to management. Branch offices established overseas bring their own culture to the new
markets.

Different styles of management process

 Autocratic Management:
Autocratic management is at times measured as the classical approach. In this management style, a
manager holds all powers and authority to take decisions and also implement them. It does consider any
employees point of views and no employee is allowed to deliver any ideas of theirs. Managers set the
work to be done and employees had to just implement it according to what they are asked to do. This type
of management style has not been encouraged for longer time as it makes a difficult work environment to
work. (www.vectorstudy.com)
 Consultative Management:
Consultative management is totally different from autocratic management. It accepts individual
suggestions of all employees and put them into consideration. It recognizes an employee’s capability to
perform a task and assign them their work accordingly. It results in achieving lots of concepts for doing

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things. It encourages employees to work more efficiently and thus helps in achieving goals quickly.
(www.mrwood.com)
 Persuasive Management:
Persuasive management has some features in common with autocratic management. In this management
type, a manager takes the charge for all decision making but he also influences his subordinates to agree
with the idea that the manager decided to work on. It helps in making speedy decisions.
(www.mrwood.com)
 Democratic Management:
Democratic management style influences team work. In this management style everyone in group can
freely convey their thoughts. Everyone in this management style is treated equally. It is the fastest
developing means of management style needed in now day business. It aims at developing a decision by
considering every members thought. (www.leadership-toolbox.com)
 Chaotic Management:
In a chaotic management style, an employee is free to apply his own style of working to achieve the
target. He is not forced by his superiors to do any task. In upcoming days, this is going to be the most
accepted style of management. (www.buzzle.com)
 Laissez – faire:
In Laissez –faire management style, an employee is given his duty of responsibility and his goal but he
is free to use any methods to reach that goal. It is a generous management style where managers
concentrate on getting results from their employees, it does not matter how they achieved their goal. The
employees work more freely in this structure and ultimately giving good results. (www.buzzle.com)

Basic features of business management in developing countries

Most of the Indian businesses are family owned and run. This results in strong centralization of power in
hands of a high-ranking management. A position of each individual in Indian society is based on his or
her caste. Managers in India usually build strong emotional connections with their employees, providing
employment and promotional opportunities based on personal connections and attitude. Employees are
loyal to their manager and company and put collective interests above personal ones. High education and
expertise are valued and respected among subordinates. Decisions are always made by the highest ranking
officials, who are usually a family members. They prefer to retain as much authority as possible and put
emphasis on their honored position. Indian managers and employees are oriented on quality of their work
rather than deadline for its fulfillment. Indians are very concerned about their reputation. That is why,
managers are often sensitive and try to criticize the work indirectly and in private (Reed Elsevier, n.d.).
With the tremendous growth of Chinese economy, organizational structure of companies become
decentralized. Managers are expected to be entrepreneurial and pragmatic. They are usually young and
highly educated. As in India, In China employees are usually hired based on personal connections.
However, an individual with a high or technical education will be valued even with no connections. Both
group and individual success are strong motivators for Chinese people. Decision making is usually based
on pragmatic approach and is strongly centralized, while imitativeness is not encouraged. The most
appreciated sources of power are title, position, expertise and connections. The Chinese people are multi-
focused. The deadlines are usually flexible, however, if established by seniors they are mandatory to be
followed. Criticism and conflicts are strongly discouraged within Chinese organizations (Reed Elsevier,
n.d.).

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Based on aforementioned, we conclude that autocratic management style is inherent for both Indian and
Chinese business environments.

Advantages of Business Management in developing countries

 Helps to Keep Country Focused on its Goals: Effective planned Business Administration in a
country leads the country with required controls and discipline in business operations, decision
makings and efficient organization of people to approach activities toward country's common
goal and objectives.
 Administrates Country's Political and Economic environment: Planning, Organizing,
Coordinating, Directing, Controlling, and budgeting are the main roles of business administration
that together makes the country’s political and economic environment very strong and stable.
 Leverages Industrial sector of a country with prosperity: Industrialization is the backbone of any
developing country. Thus, business administration plays very important role in every industry or
organisation that makes the working system professional, global standardise, disciplined, highly
business minded and public accepted. Progress of all organisation together leads to country’s
prosperity and development.
 Facilitates coordination: Coordination between employees, Managers, executives, board of
directors and company to company is maim advantage of business administration in the
companies as well as in the country. It avoid internal and external disputes thus keeping the work
place peaceful.

Disadvantages of Business Management in Developing countries

 Taking Illiteracy Advantage: In developing countries, where the illiteracy rate is majorly high, the
companies with professional employees take advantage by practicing unethical activities which
apparently people don’t understand. This is like using business administration power for unethical
doings.
 High Cost: Every business oriented organisation requires administration department. Business
administration is such a sector which includes many major sub departments to run proper
business activities and thus, this becomes expensive and big investment which many of the
organisation can’t afford and leads to improper management.
 Lack of Secrecy: It is hard to maintain secrecy regarding the decision and actions taken by the
committee in the company as large number to member participate in the committee meetings.

Government role in businesses of developing vs. developed countries

Developing nations play a major factor in global economy. They comprise two thirds of the 150 member
countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Said organization is the world`s governing body for
all trade regulations and disputes. It considers trade as the vital tool for these countries in their
development efforts, as such, they deal on the special needs of this emerging markets in terms of special
provisions on agreements and technical assistance accorded by the WTO Secretariat
Joining the the WTO brings a lot of advantage to a developing or developed country, It opens up the door
for great opportunities globally particularly on international trade. This move is undertaken by the

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respective government of each growing country with the aim to boost economic stability. In addition to
their defined role concerning business:
1. The government has to see the rules of the game, which define the use, owner ship, and conditions
of transfer of physical, financial and intellectual assets. Irrespective of the type of economy -
whether it favours private enterprise or is a command - economy - these rules impinge on economic
activity. The more they are certain, well defined, and well understood, the more smoothly the
economy can work and the greater the chance of success of industrialization.(1)
2. The government must play a major role in education, including providing the basic skills of literacy
and numeracy that are vital in modern industrial labour force. Lack of education, rather than
physical assets, is the main bottle neck in industrialization.
The transition from a primarily agricultural and trading economy to an industrial economy requires, at
least in the initial stages, an increase in the skills of the labour force. To use foreign technology
effectively, producers must examine the choices available, make intelligent selections and adapt them to
local conditions. All of this calls for education.
Also, the government can help, at least in the early period of industrialization, to promote industrial
research and technological change, for example by setting up demonstration factories. Education spurs the
process of industrialization by imparting skills, improving health, and allowing more women to enter the
labour force. Education and investment in technological knowledge go hand in hand. Countries that
neglect any one of these forms of investment may not be efficient in industrializing. China, Hong Kong,
Korea and Singapore have all achieved a significant level of economic growth. All adapted a balanced
investment strategy that included education along with increased physical capital and technological
transfer.(2)
3. The government may have to play an important role in advancing technology which is vital to the
industrialization process. Often technological knowledge is a commodity that can be traded like
many others, but it has some peculiarities which sometimes make trade difficult. These are
frequently used to justify government intervention. Producers of technology often face high risks,
since the outcome of innovation is uncertain and technologies can sometimes be easily copied.
Purchasers of technology also face risks, because they often can not know just what they have
bought until they acquired and used it. Thus firms may expend less technological effort than
desirable if they are unable to reap the outcome for themselves. Governments can deal with the
externality problem in several ways.(3)
 The government may allow firms to register patents.
 The government may subsidize technological effort.
 The government may attempt to promote specialized agents for technological
 development, usually publicly supported research and development institutes.
 The government may seek to establish technology information centers which
 could charge private users a small fee for access to their data bank.
4. The government must provide the physical infrastructure of industry; trans port, communications
and power systems. Although some parts of such systems can be, and are, profitably operated in the
private sector in many countries, government provision of large systems in most developing
countries is usually the only feasible option. Government involvement in the provision of transport,
communication and power occurs for several reasons:

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a) There is a public goods argument in cases where user fees are difficult to collect, although governments
can sometimes levy indirect user charges-they might finance roads, for example, from the revenues
derived from gasoline taxes and license fees.(4)
b) Large projects, telecommunications, railways and electricity and gas production, for instance - may
involve economies of scale. In other words, a single investment might be more efficient than a number of
competing investments.
c) The preference in most countries for public enterprises may reflect a belief that control is better
exercised through ownership than through regulation.(5)
d) For large projects, underdeveloped financial markets or political risks might deter private investments.
5. Virtually all governments provide at least some commercial goods and services through state-
owned enterprises. These enterprises are important producers of a broad range of industrial
products such as steel, fertilizers, automobiles and petrochemicals. Governments have created them
for a variety of reasons:
a) To spearhead industrialization in countries with virtually no large-scale industry.
b) To promote industries deemed to be of strategic importance.
c) To save threatened jobs
d) To reduce the presence or prevent the entry of foreign-owned firms.
The state-owned enterprises would seem to operate efficiently when competition has been greater, when
managers have had more financial autonomy, when poor performers have been removed and good ones
have been rewarded, and when government interference with day-to-day operations has been reduced.(6)
6. Governments often intervene in markets to improve economic performance, to limit abuses (such
as fraud and pollution), and to protect public health.
7. The government must take steps to increase the information available to producers and to protect
consumer welfare. Governments have a comparative advantage in collecting and disseminating
certain kinds of information, especially in developing countries, where information is scarce and
education is poor. All governments provide basic statistical and other information on their own
activities and on the economy in general. The government may also play a useful role as a clearing
house for information and forecasts on domestic and foreign markets and technologies.
8. Governments also need to regulate to protect welfare through various regulations such as checking
weights and measures, establishing health standards for food and drugs and air, land and water
pollution, requiring product safety standards and product guarantees and imposing safety standards
in the work place.(7)
9. The government may have to regulate financial markets to prevent abuses such as insider trading,
to require companies to disclose more information and to require financial institutions to insure
their smaller depositors. Fiscal and monetary policies are often employed to promote economic
health and to achieve a variety of desirable social goals.
Experience suggests that the governments of market economies which have efficiently industrialized
have, by and large, observed the hierarchy of priorities described above. They have established clear rules
of the game, contributed judiciously to the construction of an industrial infrastructure, and otherwise
intervened sparingly and carefully.
Some developing countries, however, have undermined their industrialization efforts by approaching
these choices in reverse. In the more extreme cases, public intervention in markets has been heavy, but

5
fragmented and in pursuit of conflicting objectives.(8) The rules of the game have been uncertain: These
characteristics together, in many cases alongside an inadequate infrastructure - have resulted in poorly
chosen industrial investments, high costs of doing business, and the devotion of substantial private
resources to getting around the rules or obtaining special economic privileges.
The above also applies to developed countries. In addition, they`re in parallel with with the WTO in terms
of giving assistance to developing countries to level the economic markets. They ease up in trade barriers,
giving general scheme of preferences on tariff rates and liberalization of imports.

Roles of major corporations and industries in developing countries

In India, as per the research, there are more than 450 huge Indian corporates which contributes greatly in
development of the country.
Top 10 major Corporates in India.
1. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.
2. Reliance Industries Ltd.
3. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
4. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd.
5. State Bank of India
6. Tata Motors Ltd.
7. Coal India Ltd.
8. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
9. Maruti Suzuki India Ltd.
10. Reliance Infrastructure Ltd.
(Source: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et500list.cms)
Major Roles of this Corporates:
 Large revenue generation
As this corporates are spread widely in India, the income tax and product tax paid are in large amount
which helps Govt. to generate large revenue. As per the statistics, GDP of India was US$ 1.779 trillion in
2011. Thus, this clearly shows that the business management is highly practise which is reflecting in
development of the country.
 Lowers the Unemployment Rate
As per the India Ministry of Labour, in 2011 the unemployment rate in India has decreased from 9.44% to
3.80% which shows the growth and development of the economy. Here comes the big role of
management where there is more employment thus leading more business management activities and
developing the nation.

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 Figure 1
India Unemployment Rate

(Source: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/india/unemployment-rate)
 Society Betterment, Responsibility and Development
According to Indu Jain (2013), “Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in India sets a realistic
agenda of grassroots development through alliances and partnerships with sustainable development
approaches. At the heart of solution lies intrinsic coming together of all stakeholders in shaping up a
distinct route for an equitable and just social order...." This means that the corporates do help in
betterment of society which ultimately leads to development of the country. It’s a major part of
business activities to contribute for the society and it highly includes manageable responsibilities
depending on the business management.

Literacy rate of India

A society’s development can be measured by its literacy rate whether it’s a developed country or
developing country. It guides about the economic development of a country. In India if a person is at the
age of 7 and above, and also able to read and write then he is considered as a literate.
India’s literacy rate has revealed increase of 9% in 2011 as compared to 2001. It was increased to 74% in
2011 as compared to 65% in 2001. There is a huge gap between literacy rate of men & women in India
due to certain factors. Male literacy rate is 82% and that of female is 65%. Kerala is the state with highest
literacy of 93.9% in India, followed by Lakshadweep and Mizoram. Bihar is the state with least literacy
rate in India. Government of India is currently taking many initiatives to improve the literacy rate of
entire country. Some of them are:
 Providing free education and free food to poor people throughout the country
 Increasing the number of schools in rural areas of all states and districts.
 Government has set up many committees to survey literacy rate development in country
(www.indiaonlinepages.com)

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Development of business management can be assumed by its literacy rate. India is definitely growing up
in terms of literacy rate. The above data confirms that business management in country has improved a lot
and is still improving.

Figure 2
Literacy rates in India by region

(www.indiabix.com)

Literacy rate of China

China is having a total literate population of 91.6%. Among that 95.7% are males and 87.6% are females.
In China if a person is at the age of 15 and above, also knows to read and write is called literate. A
Chinese person should know minimum of 1500 Chinese characters in rural and 2000 in urban to be called
a literate person (www.china-mike.com). Education in China has become one of the most debated topics
politically. The government of China has issued certain guidelines highlighting various strategies to be
used in education industry. The country is improving its literacy rate at a constant speed as it is getting
enormous amount of support from its citizens. (www.kpmg.de)
Business management in China will have a huge development in coming years as the country’s education
system is providing many special training programs to domestic students for emerging them into highly
trained professionals in every work field. Education department of country is offering various
certifications in every field which will open doors for domestic students to choose their field of interest
and it is also attracting many international students. It will have a positive effect on the business
management throughout the country. It is influencing many private investors to start their business in
China. Teaching English in secondary schools and colleges have developed numerous communication
skills in domestic students which will help them in workplace to communicate with international
collogues and customers. (www.kpmg.de)
The word “Literacy” is very important for every country for becoming advance. From the above fact we
get that China is improving its literacy rate at enormous speed and it will definitely help country’s
business management system to improve.

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 Figure 3
Education performance of 15-year-olds

(www.china-mike.com)

Figure 4
Literacy Rate by Country

(www.data360.org)

9
 Employment opportunities in developing countries

Though it is believed that employment opportunities in developing countries are higher, it is rather a
misconception. Recent studies have shown that there is availability of unskilled labor in developing
countries and very less skilled labor. This we believe makes it difficult for firms to get the right kind of
labor.
For example, India. India is considered as the hub of industrial activities and was a booming sector and
offered numerous employment opportunities. But the latest studies National Sample Survey Organisation
data (2009-10) on the employment states that there has been no rise in the current employed sector. This
shows that there is availability of blue collared jobs but not many of white collared. People are facing the
“over educated population” crisis.
Whereas, in China there is a growth in GDP and thus an increase in creating employment opportunities.
Recent studies have shown that China was able to create 1 to 1.5 billion employment opportunities. But it
is not enough employment opportunities for the Chinese population. This again means that the ratio is not
right.
Developing countries should create more job opportunities in order to become a developed country.

Ethical standards in developing countries

According to www.businessdictionary.com ethical standards are

“Principles that when followed, promote values such as trust, good behavior, fairness, and/or kindness.
There is not one consistent set of standards that all companies follow, but each company has the right to
develop the standards that are meaningful for their organization. Ethical standards are not always easily
enforceable, as they are frequently vaguely defined and somewhat open to interpretation. Others can be
more specific”
Thus, ethical standards vary from country to country. Something ethical in one country might be unethical
in another.
In India, bribing officials to get the work done faster among the corporates is acceptable but it would not
be so in any developed country.
In China, whistleblowing is unethical and there have been cases where business managers have been
sentenced jail terms for “conspiracy” and “sabotage”

Conclusion and Recommendations

The negative impact of inefficient government regulation, unethical business practices, unemployment,
over educated population crisis, outdated technology – all these factors undermine efficiency of business
management in developing countries. This usually results in bad economic outcomes, weak
trustworthiness, and communicational and functional problems. With the growing interdependency
between world economies, integration and synchronization of business practices became common for
more and less developed countries. To benefit from international trade, governments and business experts
need to adapt an efficient business management approach to each particular country.
One of the main roles of the government is to establish the rules and regulations that are mandatory for all
economic actors and conduct a control over the adherence of these rules. Governments are obliged to
develop the legislation that would protect domestic and foreign companies and employees from unethical

10
and illegal practices and simplify bureaucratic procedures. Governments should also direct their efforts on
developing strong educational programs and create job opportunities to leverage overeducated and
underemployed population crisis.
Major corporations can be great contributors to overall improvement of business management practices.
They generate great revenues, create jobs for people of all levels of skills and serve as an example for
smaller scale businesses. In cooperation with governments, corporations need to participate in educational
programs to develop fundamentals to successful management.
For companies that partner with emerging markets it is important to be familiar with all unique features of
ethical standards, state power, communication and management styles of their companions. This
intelligence may help to safeguard from the negative impact on business affairs. To achieve this, the
following steps should be taken:
1. Thorough investigation of legal and cultural environment
2. Carefully selection of the partner
3. Establishment of trust and respect between partners
4. Defined identification of roles in partnership
5. Identification of potential issues and possible solutions
6. Formalization of all achieved agreements in written form
All these steps will help to improve management of businesses in developing countries and minimize
negative impact on international cooperation.

References

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(4) G. M. Meier, Pricing Policy for Development Management, John Hopkins University Press,
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115.
(9) P. Georgey, The Myth of Market Failure. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Md., 1986, p. 26.

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