Ancient History of Bihar

06/09/2019 Ancient History of Bihar: A Complete Study Material
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Ancient History of Bihar

The Ancient History of Bihar extends to the very dawn of human civilization and also associated with the
advent of earliest myths and legends of Sanatana Dharma. Here, we are giving the complete study material
of ‘Ancient Bihar History’ that will be ease the journey of aspirants to crack the competitive examinations
like BPSC and other state level examinations.
SHAKEEL ANWAR
DEC 6, 2018 17:19 IST
Ancient History of Bihar
The Ancient History of Bihar extends to the very dawn of human civilization and also
associated with the advent of earliest myths and legends of Sanatana Dharma. It was the
centre of powerful kingdom, learning as culture centre for thousands of years under the
patronage of able Kingdoms. The word ‘Bihar’ has originated from the ‘Viharas’ which means
resting house of Buddhist monk but it was the Muslim rulers of 12th Century who started
calling the state as ‘Bihar’.
1 Ancient History of Bihar: A Complete Study Material 2 Central Glass and Cera
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Here, we are giving the complete study material of ‘Ancient Bihar History’ that will be ease the
journey of aspirants to crack the competitive examinations like BPSC and other state level
examinations.
Advent of Aryans in Bihar
1. Aryans started moving towards Eastern India in the later Vedic period (1000-600 BC).
2. Satapatha Brahmana mentioned the arrival and spread of Aryans.
3. Varah Puran mentions that Kikat as inauspicious place and Gaya, Punpun and Rajgir as
auspicious place.
The Mahajanpada Walkin for Junior Rese
The Buddhist and Jaina literature mentioned that 6th century India was ruled by a number of
small kingdoms or city states dominated by Magadha. By 500 BC witnesses the emergence
of sixteen Monarchies and Republics known as the Mahajanapada.
1. Anga: Modern divisions of Bhagalpur and Munger in Bihar and also some parts of
Sahibgunj and Godda districts of Jharkhand.
2. Magadha: Covering the divisions of Patna and Gaya with its earlier capital at Rajgriha or
Girivraj.
3. Vajji: a confederacy of eight republican clans, situated to the north of river Ganges in Bihar,
with its capital at Vaishali.
4. Malla : also a republican confederacy covering the modern districts of Deoria, Basti,
Gorakhpur and Siddharth nagar in Eastern U.P. with two capitals at Kusinara and Pawa.
5. Kashi: covering the present area of Banaras with its capital at Varanasi.
6. Kosala: covering the present districts of Faizabad, Gonda, Bahraich etc. with its capital at
Shravasti.
7. Vatsa: covering the modern districts of Allahabad and Mirzapur etc. with its capital at
Kaushambi.
8. Chedi: Modern Bundelkhand with its capital at Shuktimati.
9. Kuru: covering the modern Haryana and Delhi area to the west of river Yamuna with its
capital at Indraprastha (Delhi).
10. Panchala: covering the area of Western U.P. upto the East of river Yamuna, with its capital
at Ahichhatra.
11. Surasena: covering Braj-mandal with its capital at Mathura.
12. Matsya: Covering the area of Alwar, Bharatpur and Jaipur in Rajasthan.
13. Avanti: Modern Malwa, with its capital at Ujjayani and Mahismati.
14. Ashmaka: between the rivers Narmada and Godavari with its capital at Potna.
15. Gandhara: covering the area of western part of Pakistan and Eastern Afganistan, with its
capital at Taxila and Pushkalvati.
16. Kamboja: identi ed with Modern Hazara district of Pakistan.
Summary on the Rise and Growth of Magadha Empire
Buddhism and Bihar
Bihar is the birth place of Buddhism because it is the place where the divine light of
enlightenment was showered on Gautama Buddha. It was a place where Buddha attained
enlightenment, delivered his rst sermon which was called “Dharma Chakra Pravartana”, and
announced his “Parinirvana”.
Buddhist Literature
1. Vinaya Pitaka: It contains rules and regulations of monks and nuns.

2. Sutta Pitaka: It is a collection of short sermons of Buddha which is further divided into 5
Nikayas.
3. Abhidhamma Pitaka: It contains the meta-physics of Buddha. i.e. Religious Discourse
4. Jatakas: It is a collection of short stories related to the previous birth of Buddha.
5. Millindapanho: It contains the conversational dialogues between Greek King Menander
and the Buddhist saint Nagasena.
Note: Tripitakas were nally compiled during the fourth Buddhist Council and They were
written in Pali.
Four Noble Truths
1. Sarvam Dukkham: Life is full of misery.
2. Dukha Smundra: Desire is the cause of rebirth and misery.
3. Dukha Nirodha: Misery and rebirth can be ended by conquering desire.
4. Gamini pratipad: Nirvana or salvation could be attained i.e man will be free from the circle
of birth and death by following the Eight Fold Path, ‘Astangika Marg’.
List of the Buddhist Councils| Venue, Patronage and Outcome
Eight Fold Paths
1. Samma-Ditthi — Complete or Perfect Vision 2 Central Glass and Cera

1 Ancient History of Bihar: A Complete Study Material
2. Samma-Sankappa — Perfected Emotion or Aspiration
3. Samma-Vaca — Perfected or whole Speech
4. Samma-Kammanta — Integral Action
5. Samma-Ajiva — Proper Livelihood
6. Samma-Vayama — Complete or Full Effort, Energy or Vitality
7. Samma-Sati — Complete or Thorough Awareness
8. Samma-Samadhi — Full, Integral or Holistic Samadhi
Note: The term Samma means 'proper', 'whole', 'thorough', 'integral', 'complete', and 'perfect'.
Jainism and Bihar
Jainism came into existence with the advent of Vardhman Mahavira. He was 24th Trithankara
as per Jain text. At the age 0f 30, he left his home in search for salvation and for that matter,
he followed the practice of an ascetic group called ‘Nirgranthas.’ The original texts of Jainas
were called ‘Purvas’ and were 14 in number. The list of Jain Trithankaras is given below:
Trithankaras of Jainism
Tirthankar Symbol Place of Nirvan
Lord Rishabha Bull Ashtapad(Kailasha)
Ajitnath Elephant Samet Sikhar
Sambhavanath Horse Samet Sikhar
Abhinandannath Monkey Samet Sikhar
Sumatinath Red Goose Samet Sikhar
Padmaprabha Lotus Samet Sikhar
Suparshvanath Swastika Samet Sikhar
Chandraprabha Moon Samet Sikhar
Pushpadanta Crocodile Samet Sikhar
Sheetalnath Kalpavriksha Samet Sikhar
Shreyansanath Rhinoceros Samet Sikhar
Vasupujya Female buffalo Champapuri2 Central Glass and Cera

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Anantnath Porcupine Samet Sikhar
Dharmanath Vajra Samet Sikhar
Shantinath Deer Samet Sikhar
Kunthunath Goat Samet Sikhar
Aranath Fish Samet Sikhar
Mallinath Kalasa Samet Sikhar
Munisuvrata Tortoise Samet Sikhar
Nami Natha Blue-Water Lily Samet Sikhar
Neminatha Conch Mount Girnar
Parshva Snake Samet Sikhar
Mahavira Lion Pava Puri
Doctrine of Jainism
1. The doctrine is moving around ve concept: Satya; Ahimsa; Aparigraha ; Asteya ;

Brahamacharya.
2. Salvation could be achieved by the puri cation of soul through severe penance and
practicing triratnas.
3. Nayavada of Jainism states that reality can be approaches from different view point and
therefore relative and knowledge cannot be absolute.
Pre-Maurya Dynasties under Magadha Empire
Brihadrath Dynasty
Brihadrath was the earliest known king of Magadha and his name has been memtioned in
Rigveda. According to the Mahabharta and Puranas, Brihadrath was the eldest son of Vasu,
the Kru kind of Chedi. Jarasandha was the famous king of the dynasty and was the son of
Brihadrath.
Haryanka Dynasty
Bimbisara was the founder of the dynasty. He expanded the boundaries of his kingdom
through matrimonial alliances. His rst wife Kosaladevi was a Kaushal princess, sister of
1 Prasenjit.
Ancient History of Bihar: Awife
His second Complete Studywas
Chellana Material 2 Central
a Licchhavi princess and third wife Kshema wasGlass
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Ajatshatru was succeeded Bimbisara. It was during his reign that Mahatama Buddha attained
‘Mahaparinirvana’ and Lord Mahavira died in Pavapuri. First Buddhist Council was conducted
under his patronage. Udayin succeeded Ajatshatru. He founded the city of Patliputra and
made it capital city.
Shishunaga Dynasty
Shishunaga was the founder of the dynasty. During this dynasty, Magadha has two capital-
Rajgir & Vaishali. Second Buddhist Council was organised under the Patronage of Kalasoka.
Nanda Dynasty
The dynasty was founded by the Mahapadmananda after killing the last Shishinaga ruler
Nandivardhana. He has been described in the Purans as Mahapadma or Mahapadmapati. He
was also referred as Ugrasena in Mahabodhivamsa. Dhana Nanda was the last ruler of
Nanda dynasty and was contemporary of Magadha.
Rise and Growth of Magadha Empire
Mauryan Empire
Mauryan period witnessed the developments in every eld of human existence like social,
political, cultural, religious or economic. It was geographically extensive, powerful and
politically military empire in ancient India. The empire had its capital at Patliputra. It was
ruled great rulers like Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara and Ashoka.
Mauryan Society
1. Megasthenese divided the Mauryas Society into seven castes: Philospher, farmers,
soldiers, herdsman, artisan, magistrate and councilors. They mentioned that there was no
existence of slavery but it is contradicted by other Indian sources.
2. Kautilya recommended the recruitment of vaishayas and shudras in the army but their
actual enrolment is extremely doubtful. He refers the existence of four castes.
3. The position of shudra improved somewhat for hitherto agricultural labourers and
domestic slaves. They could own their land.
Maurya Empire: A Detailed Summary
Post- Mauryan Dynasties
Sunga Dynasty
Pushyamitra Sunga was the founder of the dynasty. Two Ashwamedha Yagya was held which
is supported by Ayodhya inscription of Dhandev. Patanjali, the great Sanskrit scholar was the
main priest. Agnimitra succeeded the Pushyamitra Sunga. He was the hero of Kalidasa’s
drama ‘Malavikagnimitram’. According to the Puranas, Devbhuti was the 10th and the last
ruler Sunga dynasty.
Kanva Dynasty
Vasudeva was the founder of the dynasty. Susharman was the last ruler of the dynasty. This
dynasty was come to an end as result of rise to power of rulers of Satavahanas dynasty.
Kushan Dynasty
Remains of Kushan Era have been discovered from Magadh region. They started their
campaign into this region around 1st century AD. There are evidences of Kushan ruler
Kanishka attacking Patliputra and took along with him the famous Buddhist monk
Asvaghosa.
The Gupta Empire
This dynasty signi es the establishment of second empire in ancient Indian History. Gupta
succeeded in bringing major parts of India under a uni ed administration to a great extent.
The difference between Gupta empire’s and Mauryan empire’s administration was that in the
Mauryan administration and power was centralised but the in the Gupta administration, powr
was more decentralised. Inscriptions state that the Sri Gupta was the rst king.
The Gupta Empire: A Detailed Summary
Bihar during Pala Empire
The Pala Empire was a Buddhist supreme power in ancient India. The term 'Pala' means
protector and was used as an ending to the names of all Pala monarchs. Palas were the
follower of the Mahayana and Tanric school of Buddhism. Gopala was the rst ruler of the
dynasty.
According to the Pala copper plate inscription, Devpala exterminated the Ukalas, conquered
the Praggyotisha (Assam), shattered the pride of the Hunas and humbled the lords of
Pratiharas, Gurjara and the Dravidas. The Pala created many temples and works of art as well
as supported the universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila.
“History of Ancient India” |Modern History of Bihar 2 Central Glass and Cera
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06/09/2019 Ancient History of Bihar: A Complete Study Material

HOME GENERAL KNOWLEDGE HISTORY

Ancient History of Bihar

Advent of Aryans in Bihar

2. Satapatha Brahmana mentioned the arrival and spread of Aryans.

8. Chedi: Modern Bundelkhand with its capital at Shuktimati.

11. Surasena: covering Braj-mandal with its capital at Mathura.

16. Kamboja: identi ed with Modern Hazara district of Pakistan.

Summary on the Rise and Growth of Magadha Empire

Buddhism and Bihar

1. Vinaya Pitaka: It contains rules and regulations of monks and nuns.

Four Noble Truths

1. Sarvam Dukkham: Life is full of misery.

2. Dukha Smundra: Desire is the cause of rebirth and misery.

3. Dukha Nirodha: Misery and rebirth can be ended by conquering desire.

List of the Buddhist Councils| Venue, Patronage and Outcome

Eight Fold Paths

1. Samma-Ditthi — Complete or Perfect Vision 2 Central Glass and Cera

3. Samma-Vaca — Perfected or whole Speech

4. Samma-Kammanta — Integral Action

5. Samma-Ajiva — Proper Livelihood

6. Samma-Vayama — Complete or Full Effort, Energy or Vitality

7. Samma-Sati — Complete or Thorough Awareness

8. Samma-Samadhi — Full, Integral or Holistic Samadhi

Jainism and Bihar

Tirthankar Symbol Place of Nirvan

Lord Rishabha Bull Ashtapad(Kailasha)

Ajitnath Elephant Samet Sikhar

Sambhavanath Horse Samet Sikhar

Abhinandannath Monkey Samet Sikhar

Sumatinath Red Goose Samet Sikhar

Padmaprabha Lotus Samet Sikhar

Suparshvanath Swastika Samet Sikhar

Chandraprabha Moon Samet Sikhar

Pushpadanta Crocodile Samet Sikhar

Sheetalnath Kalpavriksha Samet Sikhar

Shreyansanath Rhinoceros Samet Sikhar

Vasupujya Female buffalo Champapuri2 Central Glass and Cera

Anantnath Porcupine Samet Sikhar

Dharmanath Vajra Samet Sikhar

Shantinath Deer Samet Sikhar

Kunthunath Goat Samet Sikhar

Aranath Fish Samet Sikhar

Mallinath Kalasa Samet Sikhar

Munisuvrata Tortoise Samet Sikhar

Nami Natha Blue-Water Lily Samet Sikhar

Neminatha Conch Mount Girnar

Parshva Snake Samet Sikhar

Mahavira Lion Pava Puri

1. The doctrine is moving around ve concept: Satya; Ahimsa; Aparigraha ; Asteya ;

Pre-Maurya Dynasties under Magadha Empire

Rise and Growth of Magadha Empire

Maurya Empire: A Detailed Summary

Post- Mauryan Dynasties

The Gupta Empire

The Gupta Empire: A Detailed Summary

Bihar during Pala Empire

Earn Money Simply! Trading नवयुवक घर से एक दन म ₹ This Made Lucknow Man's

Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) Recruitment 2019

Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI) Recruitment 2019

Walk in Interview: 30 September 2019

Junior Research Fellow (GATE): 05 Posts