RUSANGU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION

NAME: PURITY MUNKOMBWE

ID: 20182325

MAJOR: BA JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION

COURSE CODE: PREL256

COURSE: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

DUE DATE: 7th August, 2019.

LECTURER: MR PINDAYI

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS 1, 2, 3 AND 5.

DICLAMIER: THIS IS TO CLARIFY THAT THE WORK DONE ON

THIS DATE 7th august, 2019 IS NO WAY PLAGIRIEZED.

SIGNATURE: PMUNKOMBWE
Q1. Does the SADC work better in the system of hierarchy or anarchy, justify your answer?

I think the SADC does work well under the systems of hierarchy rather than they would work
under anarchy. Hierarchy is defined as a system in which members of an organization or society
are ranked together according to relative’s status or authority whilst anarchy is a state of
disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority or other controlling systems. The
reason why I said the Southern African Development Community is really working better
because under hierarchy you work as a group rather anarchy which is individual and it doesn’t
revolve under the systems of togetherness. There is always someone who is responsible for
actions or decisions that are made. There is no hiding from this accountability clear
communication about who is in charge of what project that has to be done by the organization
everyone has a role to play. Hierarchy is a working together system that builds and develops
the betterment of the nation and the world. Imagine at the moment SADC has the population
of almost 258 million (257, 72600) that generates GDP (GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS) of
471,1US$ billion as it consists of 16 members of state in the organization leading to the
development of the region in working together. The SADC members have made sure that the
region has equitable economic growth and socio economic development through efficient
productive systems, deeper cooperation and integration among members. This magnitude
development is shared in all members of SADC anchored on common values and principles of
the historical and cultural affinities that exists among the members of the Southern Africa. As
you know each year there is a summit which is hosted by the Annual Summit of the highest
decision making body it adopts decisions regarding SADC; determined the organization
structural elects the rotating SADC members it makes these decisions by following the
consensus principle leadership. Every member is involved in this decision making as they do not
want any kind of friction or conflict to happen they work as a solid group in each decision made
has to satisfy each member. SADC is a treaty main framework for region integration in the
region because it includes the principles of democracy, human rights, peace and national
sovereignty. Its objectives are all focused on development goals of wiping out poverty and
collective self-reliance amongst others. The SADC members are making sure that peace
prevails in the region by making sure that the organ in politics, defense and security
cooperation plays a vanguard roles as a part of the institutional mechanisms for promoting and
maintaining peace and stability in the region compared to other regions of Africa were peace
and working together does not exist more like an anarchy state rather than being of a hierarchy
systems of being part of the togetherness. Promoting of common political values, systems and
other shared values which transmitted through institutions that are democratic, legitimate and
effective. The hierarchy systems divides areas concern into various configurations that
specialize. Specialization allows SADC to concentrate particular skills sets and resources to
achieve maximum efficiency.

Q2. How has the formation of the African Union and SADC affected the practice of journalism
in the southern Africa?

The Africa Union and Southern African Development community has affected the practice of
journalism in southern Africa. Today journalism as an industry and profession is characterized
by ever increasing turbulences and change for a better or worse. Profound transformations
affect every aspect of the institution, including the economic health of journalism the conditions
and self-understandings of its practitioners, its ability to serve as a watchdog on concentrations
of power, its emerging and dynamic power can be viewed as a challenge and opportunity for
the sector. The threats and risks that may affect the journalism sector in democracies around
the world acting as a watchdog on the region and informing citizens about the decisions that
affect their lives everyday life. They would face a number of threats that would limit their ability
to fulfil their watchdog role. In an increasingly market driven media landscape, the resources
journalists have to scrutinize political elites and expose wrong doing are increasingly diminished
in local, national and international contexts. With cuts to public service broadcasting and
concentration of the media ownership, for example the information supply of local politics and
public affairs is threatened. Similarly, coverage of international affairs is expensive to produce
and does not always appeal to audiences. As consequences, a lack of public knowledge about
war-torn countries and humanitarians crises as much as about social, political or economic
events and can leave a democratic decisions at national levels under formed. Many organizations
interventions are small like the funding of a single investigative news story, for example. But
some are massive. Journalism are intensifying debates among media workers in developing
countries who accept or depend on foreign funding. Journalists fear that without foreign
financials support, critical journalism will die in the countries would vanish cause sometime they
are protected by these organizations and the government may banish afterwards they would
not have a backup system. The economic and financial integration, industrialization, gender,
environment, the tripartite free trade area and the SADC standby force. It was also noted that
there are a lot of success stories of the integration agenda of SADC, however most media tend
to focus more on the challenges, and in trivial issues, thus depriving citizens of balanced and
informative reportage of the main issues. Some of these achievements are contained in the
recently launched publication SADC success stories and include the establishment of the one-
stop-border post initiative at Chirundu border between Zambia and Zimbabwe. The initiative
has proved a viable development in eliminating trade barriers through reduction of clearance
time and cost, with benefits extending to consumers further afield. SADC success stories also
cites the creation of development countries corridors as essential in boosting industrial growth,
especially in landlocked countries, by providing cheaper alternative transport routes to
seaports; as well as an electronic payment system developed by SADC member states to settle
transactions among banks within the region.

Q3. What role have NGOs played in transforming the interests of ordinary African citizens
since the 1949?

Non-governmental organization is an activities that include, but are not limited to

environmental, social, advocacy and human rights work. They can work to promote social or
political change on abroad based scale or very locally. NGOs play a critical role in developing
society, improving communities and promoting citizen participation. They have played a major
role in pushing for sustainable development at the international and the elimination of slavery
.Non-governmental has played a huge role in transforming the interests of ordinary African
citizens from 1949 to date. The Non-Governmental Organizations have become a key factors is
responding to poverty and related sufferings in Africa, it plays a leading role in providing
healthcare and education. It has continued growing in Africa and around the world. If you look
at the countries, such as South Africa alone there are more than 100, 000 registered nonprofit
organizations and Kenya has the number of NGOs growing by over 400% between 1997 and
2006. And most observers, they seem to be well international actors who do a lot of good on
the continent. Making sure that licensed freedoms are achieved within the systems as such they
improve the lives but don’t dramatically change power dynamics. NGO empowers people to
attain licensed, ration than emancipatory freedoms. This organization is enable to help African
citizens fight for radical change in courts in order to gain small victories. NGOs are also
contributing in pushing for social justice for the people of Africa in typically picking up the
governments deficits in services and social protection for citizens through the philanthropy of
donors and social aware. They are helping an African child to have a good education and social
upliftment initiatives for poor people. They are involved in promoting citizen participation and
ending human rights abuses.

Q5. International relations involves the concept of bargaining to maximize ones interests with
the concept of bargaining in mind how can journalists in southern Africa assist in promoting
indigenization and empowerment policies.

Bargaining concept states that negotiation and conditions of the transaction or discussion
between two people in order to reach an agreement. With the concept of bargaining the
journalist in the southern Africa may be able to help promoting the indigenization and
empowerment policies in the region. As indigenization is the act of making something more
native; transformation of some service, idea and being under control dominance in influence of
the people. Journalists need to promote indigenization policy journalists are there to report
news work. As journalists they have to form a relationships with indigenous people and
experience with indigenous communities. For indigenous employees at all levels, the importance
of building and maintaining relations with allies across the sector is critical. They need to assist
in promoting the freedom of workers to join together in unity and negotiate with employers in
a process known as collective bargaining. Journalists have to promote the securing of wages
increases, better access to health care, work place safety enhancements for the workers and
more reasonable and predictable hours. Insuring safeness for workers mostly because
journalists are always attacked and they really need support. It will empower them to work
were they know it is safe. Through bargaining negotiations the journalists may also work with
management to develop a process for settling disputes among employees and their managers
are unable to settle individually and to cover expenses for negotiating contracts, defending
workers’ rights, resolving disputes and providing support to members of bargaining. Almost
everyone has at one point felt unheard or powerless as an employee. Joining the journalism
sector means you and your colleagues have a say because you negotiate important elements of
important employment conditions together. Empowerment itself measures designed to increase
the degree of autonomy and self-determination in people and in communities in order to enable
them to represent their interests in a responsible and self- determined way, acting on their own
authority. To promote in making stigmatized topics visible in order to promote conversation
and a health journalism, including the health quality news and improve the levels media plat
forms. Help in making sure that the right access to information and access to information laws
will guarantee journalists access to information held by public bodies for their stories and
investigations, enabling them to exercise their role as public watchdogs in the southern Africa
part.

REFERENCE

SADC Corporate Profile. 2002. https://www.sadcreview.com

https://www.theconversation.com

https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/african-union-regional

https://www.access-info.org