List of Contents

CONTENTS
Page No.

List of Figures i

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

1.1 Introduction 2

CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESIGN 3-12

2.1 Block Diagram 4
2.2 Working 5
2.3 Astable multivibrator 5
2.3.1 Introduction 5
2.3.2 Astable multivibrator 5
2.3.3 Application of Astable multivibrator 7
2.4 Astable multivibrator using IC555 timer 8
2.4.1 Circuit and operation 8
2.4.2 Operation 9
2.5 Transistor Driver 10
2.5.1 NPN transistor 11
2.5.2 Darlington pair 11
2.5.3 MOSFET 11

CHAPTER-3 IR SENSORS 13-18

3.1 Introduction to IR sensors 14
3.2 IR LEDs 14
3.3 IR Transmittor circuit diagram 15
3.4 IR Receiver circuit diagram 16
3.5 IR Receiver 17
3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages 18

CHAPTER-4 MICROCONTROLLER 19-25

4.1 Introduction to AT89S52 20
 List of Contents

4.2 Features 21
4.3 Pin diagram 21
4.4 Pin Configuration 23
4.5 LCD and Buzzer 25
CHAPTER-5 POWER SUPPLY UNIT 26-32
5.1 Power supply unit 27
5.2 Step down transformer 27
5.2.1 Principle and working of a Transformer 27
5.2.2 Step down transformer 28
5.3 Bridge Rectifier 29
5.3.1 Construction 29
5.3.2 Working 30
5.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 31
5.4 Filter circuit 31
5.5 Regulator 32
CHAPTER-6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 33-34
6.1 Conclusion 34
6.2 Future Scope 34