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Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation Alcohol

Clarification Filteration

Stabilization yeast

Aging Stainless Stal

Blending

Bottling
White wine, Red wine, Sparkling wine

Must
Must
Must Fermentation
Alcohol Must
Pomace Macrration Red Wine
Maceration Fermentation Pomace Must
Cap

Alcoholic Fermentation Fermentable Sugars


yeast Alcohol Fermentable
Sugar glucose, fructose, dextrose sucrose

Fructose Dextrose corn sugar


cane sugar sucrose Must potential alcohal
content Alcohorlic fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation Non-sparkling prinary sacondary
fermentations primary fermentation active secondary fermentation
container Malolactic fermentation secondary fermentation
Home Wine Malalactic fermentation Non-alcoholic
fermentation bacteria sharper malic acid more
supple lactic acid Sparkling wine
Alcoholic fermentation carbon dioxide

Clarification container
containter Clarification

Racking container sediment


Fining agents particles
in suspension container Fining
container Filteration filter
Filteration container

Stabilization Aging
alcohll, sugar, acid Refermentation
premature oxidation microbial spoilage stabilization

Stabilization bulk aging


battling stabilization

Aging
OAK

Blanding

Bottling bult aging


Wine Styles

carbondioxide gas
alcohol styles Still wines carbondioxide gas
Sparkling wine second fermentation carbonating

white Red or rose sweetness


residual sugar dry off-dry
desserts sweet wine Alcohol

Tradional Basic Red Grape Wine Making

Cabernet Sauvignon
Grenache
Nebula
Pinot Noir
Torrents

(Amino
Acids) (Minerals) (Vitamins)
(Yeast)

(Alcohol)

Airen
Chardonnay
Palomino
Sauvignon Blanc
Ugni Blanc

(Yeast)
။ ၊

။ ၂၂%

။ mineral,
nitrogenous compounds and B vitamins ။
။ ၊
။ ၁၅-၂၆

။ ။
။ fermentation lock ။


၁ -၁၉% ။

။ Bulk container

။ ၊

။ ၊ ၊ ။
၁ -၁၄ % ။
၊ ။

။ ၊ ။
pectin ။


။ ။ oak chips
၊ ။

။ ၊

Basic Equipment

၁။ Glass jug ( ) Sanitizing solution



။ ၊

၂။ Pitcher or pil (2 liters) ။


၃။ Large food-grade plastic tub,to be used as a primary fermentor.


၊ Food-grade
Fiber-glass ။
။ stainless steel ။ ။

၅။ Syphon hose. ။
၈- ၅

syphon hose ။
။ ။

၆။ Two glass or plastic carboy, to be used as secondary fermenters. Car boy


A large glass container to hold corrosive liquids ။ ၅-
။ ၊
၊ ။
Secondary fermentor must,wine
fermentation lock

၇။ Hydrometer set. You will need a hydrometer and a plastic testing jar to measure the density of your
must and your wine. must ။


၈။ Floating thermometer.This can be left in the must to give you constant temperature reading.

၉။ Fermentation locks,

၁ ။ Plastic sheet.This is used to cover the primary fermentor.


airborne bacteria fruit flies ။

THE WELL EQUIPPED WINERY

1.Acid testing kid

2.Gram scale

3.Funnels

4.Straining bags

5.Filter and pads

6. Hand or bench corking machine

7. Bottle washer

8. Bottle draining stand

9. Corks, labels, foils and capsules

10. Sugar refractometer

11. Alcohol rofractometer

12. Wine thief

13. Grape crusher and destemmer

14. Grape press

15. Eloctric pump and hoses

16. Oak barrels


17. Barrel stands

18. Heating pad or belt

19. Sulphiter

20. Sulfikit

1. Acid testing kit.



2. Gram scale. A scade is very helpful whon measuring small amounts of dry additives.

3. Funnel. ၊carboy
။ ။

4. Nylon straining bag


5. Filter ၊ ။ To remove particles


suspended in your wine.

6. Corking machine. A corking machine is assential to insert real wine corks. The model you choose will
depend on the volume of your annual production.

7. Bottle washer.

8. Bottle draining stand. ၊ ။


9. Corks, labels, foils and capsules.Corks protect bottle wines; labels,foils and capsules dress up wines for
the table or for giving as gifts.

10. Sugar refractometer. must ။

11. Alcohol refractometer. alcohol refractometer



။ By measuring the boiling point of
the sample distillation and measuring the boiling point of the sample distillation and measuring the
alcohol content by specific density or refractive index.
12. Wine thief. ။ carboy barrel

13. Grape crusher. ။

14.Grape press.

15. Electric pump. ။


16. Oak barrels. ။


17.Barrel stands. ။

18.Heating pad or belt.


19. Sulphiter.This dovice squerts sulphite solution into bottles prior to bottling.

20. Sulfikit. This is used to measure free sulphurdioxide in wine or jucie.

Must Corrections

Wine process Acidity


။ Organic Acids
Salts ။ ။

။ Organic Acids
Free H+ ions
။ Organic Acids


buffer capacity ။ titration
titratable acidity ။
buffer capacity ။






pH 0.7-0.9 ။
pH 3.1 – 3.4 pH 3.3 – 3.6 ။
၊ pH

။ ၊
။ ။

( )




၊ ၊ ။

( ) Acid adjustment
။ tartaric
acid ၊ malic acid ၊ citric acid fumaric acid

(၁)Tartaric acid
။ tartaric acid
tartaric acid pH

potassium-bitartarate
။ potassium-bitartarate

(၂) malic acid



။ malic acid
tartaric acid
malic acid ။ Malic acid
tartaric acid ။
malo lactic fermentation lactic acid

DL-malic - malo lactic
fermentation L-malic acid DL-malic
- ။

(၃) Citric acid ။


citric acid iron haze ။
citric acid malo lactic fermentation
acetic acid ။
citric acid ။
citric acid malo lactic fermentation

(၄) Fumaric acid


။ Fumaric acid
။ Malo lactic fermentation Fumaric acid
၃ -၅ / ။ Fumaric acid

Fumaric acid ၅ ၊ ၂၃ ၊ ၉၈ ၂
၊ ၆ ၁ ။ Fumaric acid

Fumaric acid ၅ ၈

။ Fumaric acid ။
Fumaric acid ၃ ။

။ tartaric acid pH ၃.၅ ၂


tartaric acid
( .၁% ) pH .၁ 0.02 ။
pH
0.08 0.2 ။

။ .၅ ။
. ၅ /
.၄ ။


pH ။
pH
။ ။

၊ pH value ။

။ ၊

။ ၊

။ ၊ ၊


။ ၊ ။ low pH
။ pH


(၁) ၊ high pH


။ ၊ ၊
၊ ၊ ။

(၂) ( )


၊ ။

(၃) Malolactic fermentation


။ ။


low pH ၊ ၊
(၃.၁)၊ (၃.၂) ။ ၃.၂

(၄) ။

၊ pH ။


။ ။

sugar ၊






၊ ၊
၊ ။ (၁ -၁၃ )
။ ။

။ ၊



၊ ။
၊ ( ) ( ၇
) ။


။ .၉၂
၁ ။
၈ -၉

။ (၄ -၅ )
။ ။

Wine Yeast

။၁၉-


။ (၁၅ )



၊ ၊ ၊


၊ ။

။ ။



၊ ။



(၁)

(၂)

(၃)

(၄)

(၅)

(၆)

(၇)

(၈)

(၉)

(၁ )

(၁၁) ၊ ။

၊ ။
၊ ၊ ၊
၊ ၊


၊ ၊



။ ၊


၅ ။
၁၈ ။


၊ ၊




၊ ၊



။ ။












။ ။



။ ။




၊ ၊
။ ၊ ၊


။ ၊ ၊
၊ ။ ။

၁ -၂
။ ။ ၊

။ ။


။ ။
။ ။
၄ ၁ ။
။ ၅-



၁၅- ။ ။

။ ။

။ ၂- ။

Fermentation

၁။ Alcohol Fermentation

။ wine
yeast wine yeast

alcoholic fermentation

bi ochemistry texts
။ B.E(Mech),
။ ၊ ။

(၁) ၆-

(၂)
(၃)



။ ၅၁-

၉ -၉၅ ။ ၄၅ ၄၈

Yest -

(၁)

(၂)

(၃) ၊ ၊

(၄) ၊



။ ၃ ၄
၇-၁ ။
၊ ။
။ ၄-၅
။ ၁၃-၁၅ ။
၁၇- ၁၈ ။



။ ၉ ။





၈ ၈၅ ။





။ ။


၊ ။ ၊

။ ။

။ stinking fermentation
။ ။

။ ။
diammonium-phosphate ၁ -၂ ၂


stinking Fermentation diammonium-phosphate







diammonium-phosphate

၂။ Stuck Fermentation

Stuck Fermentation

( ၊ Lack of Oxygen





၊ ။

( ) ၊ Lack of Nutrient

diammonium-phosphate
။ ။ ။

၁ - ၂ /

။ diammonium-phosphate
၁ -၁၅ / ။
Amino acids thiamine


။ diammonium-phosphate

( ) Unuiable yeast

။ ၁ - ၁-
။ ၁ -
။ ၂- ။

(ဃ) Low temperature


၁၄ ၁၈ ။

၃။ By – Products of Fermentation



Glycerol - ။
။ ၊
။ ။

။ Glycerol ၂-၁၅ /
/ ။ Glycerol
။ Glycerol ။

Methanol - ။
။ ။
။ wine 1 ၆
။ Methanol ၁၅
။ ၃၅ /

။ Methanol ၃၅
။ Methanol

Fusel -
။ ။
၁၅ - ၅ ။

Succinic Acid ။ ။ ။ ။
၁% ၅ -၁၂ ။

။ ။
။ acetic acid ။
acetic acid ၃ -၄ mgs/L ။
acetic acid ၁၅
။ acetic acid 1200-2000 mgs/L
။ acetic acid ethyl-caetate

Lactic Acid ။ ။ ။ ၁ -၁
။ Malic Acid ။

Acetaldehyde ။ ။ ။
။ ၅ -၁
။ ။

Hydrogen Sulfide ။ ။ ။
sulfur
။ ၊
၊ ။


၄။ Malolactic Fermentation

Malolactic Fermentation

Malolactic Fermentation
။ ၁၇-၂

။ ။
Malolactic Fermentation ။



၊ ။

။ Malolactic Fermentation




Malolactic Fermentation
။ Malolactic Fermentation

( ) Early racking ။ ။

( ) Early fining ။ ။ ( )

( ) Sulfur-dioxide ။ ။ ၂၅
။ ၂၅

(ဃ) The pH။ ။ pH ၃.၃ ။ pH


၃.၁ ။ pH ။
pH
။ pH

( ) Keeping and storing Temperature ။ ။ ၁၄



။ ၁

( ) At bottling .၄၅ Filteration


။ ။

( ) Chemical inhibition ။ ။ ၃ -၅ /



၊ ။
Cooling/Temperature Control

၁။ Cooling


၁ ၃၅
။ ။
၊ ။ ၃၅

။ ။

။ ။ ၃၅
၊၂၅ ၊၁၅ ၁
၊ ၊ ။

၂။ Termperature Control



။ ၂၂
၃ ။



၊ ၊
၊ ( ၊ ၊ ၊ )
၊ ။





၊ ။

။ ။
၊ ။


။ ။




။ ၁၅ ၁၈

( ၊ ၊
။ ၂ ± ၅
၁၂ ၁၅ ။

။ ။
၅ ၁၅

၊ ။ ၊

၊ /
။ / ( ) Heat exchanger

Residual Sugar

1. Classification

residual sugar
။ ၂ ၃
၁ ၂
။ ။


( ) Off-dry table wines ။ ။ ၁ ၃


။ ၊


။ .၂- .၃




.၂-၁.၅ ။ ၇
။ ။

( ) Sweet dessert wines ။ ။


။ ၅ - ၁၅ ။

( ) ။ ။

(၁) - ။

(၂) ။


။ ၃ -၅ ။
၈-၂ ။


။ ။






၂။ Stopping fermentation and preservation


။ ၊

( ) Deep Cooling


။ ။
၁ -၂ ။


။ ၃၂
။ ။

။ ။
(pad filter 30-50) ၅-၈ ။

( ) Natural Stopping




၈% ၁၂%

( ) Alcohol Fortification

၁၈% ။
။ ။
။ ၆-၁၂%

။ ။

။ ။
၁-၃ %
။ ၊ ။ 5-8

( ၁ ) Yeast Inhibitors

၂ -၂၅ ။
။ ၂ -
။ ၃ -၄ ။

။ ၁၅ -
။ ၁ - ၊ ။

။ ။

( ၂ ) Pasteurization



၊ ၈ -

(၃) Sterile Filteration

။ ။
။ .၄၅

CELLAR OPERATION

၁။Racking


LEES ။ ၊ ၊
၊ ၊ ။
။ ။


။ ။

။ ။
။ ၊ ၊ ၊

။ ။

။ ။


။ ၊ ။


၊ ။

။ ။ ။


။ ။



၂။Stabilization



။ ။


-၅

၃။ Filtering

၊ ။
enormous amounts of particles in the microns range, including yeast cells, bacteria,
pigment patticles ။ ။

( ) Pad Filters -
။ plate filter ။
၂ ×၂ ၊၄ ×၄ ။

။ ၁%
၊ ။

၄ psi ၃ ။

( ) Mebrane Filters - ၁.၂၊ .၆၅ .၄၅


။ ။


၄။Blending


။ Blending ။


၅။ Maintenance

၅.၁။ - ။


( ) ၊ ၊
။ ။

( ။ ။
။ ၊
။ ၊ ၊
။ ၈ ၁ -

( ) ။ ။ .၂% .၅%

။ ၁ -၂
။ ၂ ၃

.၁
။ ။

( ) ။ ။
။ ။

။ ၅-

၅.၂ ။

၊ ၊
။ ၊
၊ ။ ။
၊ ။



။ ။
Air Lock ။ Air Lock ၁%

Quality Control

။ ၊




။ ။

၁။ Legal Limits


။ ၊ ၊

( ) ။ ။ ၇% ၁၄% ။ ၇%
။ ၁၄%
။ % ၁၄%-၂၁%

။ ၇%-၁၄%
၁၄%-၂၁% ။

( ) ။ ။ ။

။ ၃၅


၂ ။

၊ ။


။ ၊
။ ၁ -

( ) ။ ။

၃ ၄ ။

။ formic acid,
propionic acid, butyric acid ။
၁.၁ ၁.၂
၁.၁ ၁.၆ ။

၂။ Instability

Instability ။

( ) Chemical instability - ၊ cloudiness၊


။ ၊
, metallic haze ။

( ) Microbiological instability ။

( ) Chemical Instability - ၊ cloudiness၊


။ protein
instability ၊ tartarate instability ၊ metallic haze polyphenols instability

( ) Microbiological instability - ။

( ) Chemical Instability

instability ၊
။ ။ instability
pasteurization ။

-Protein coagulation

-Iron or copper casse


-Tartrate crystallization ။
။ ။
။ Protein coagultion

(၁) ၈ - ၆- ။

။ ။

(၂) ၁ -
၁- ။
။ ၊
၊ ။ Iron casse
PH 3.0 – 3.5 ။

။ ။ ၇၅

။ ၅-
။ ။
။ ၊

။ .၅

။ ။

။ ၊

။ ၃ ။

၅ - ။



( ) Microbiological Instability


FINING
(၃) ။

၊ ၊
။ suspended particles in wine can be proteins,pectins,
metahocollids iron or copper,polyphenolic polymers and crystals of tartarate ။
suspended particles
။ cloudy ။
fining agents
positively or negatively changed ။


change cancellation between the suspended particles
fining agent ။Fining agent suspended
particles ။ ။Fining
agents ။

၁။ Bentonite



positively charged cloudy ။

။ ။
Negative
tannin particles proteins positively charged ။


။ ။

Bentonite ၉
၁ ။
။ Bentonite
။ Bentonite
။ ။
။ ။ Bentonite
cold stabilization
။ ။

၂။ Activated Carbon

oxidized brown or yellow colon ။
off-flavor ။ ( ၊
) activated carbon ။
activated carbon ၅ ။
activated carbon ။
။activated carbon

၃။ Gelatin
fining agent ။
Negativey charged tannin ။Gelatin
။Gelatin

။ geltin powder ၉
၁ ။
Gelatan ။ ၃- ၁ -
။Gelatin ၁ ၂၅


၄။ Egg Whites

။ ၊
။ ၆
။ ။ ၁.၅
။ ။

။ ။

၅။ PVPP
။ ။ ။
polyphenyloxidess enzyme
။ Brownde oxidized polyphenols
။ PVPP ၅ ၂ - ။

။ Activated carbon

၃။ Bottling


၊ ၊ ၊ ၊

။ (၄)
။ ။
၊ ၊ ။
၊ ၊ ၊ ၊
။ ၊ ။

၄။

Chemical management in the Vineyard


၊ ၊ ၊

Analytical Records

။ ။

Organic or Natural Wine


၊ ၊


- ။

- ။

- ။

- ။

This item will be discussed in Pyin Oo Lwin classroom.

Yeast ; This item will be discussed in Pyin Oo Lwin classroom.

၂။ Chemical Disorders

This item will be discussed in Pyin Oo Lwin classroom.


AGING AND OAK BARRELS

aging and oak barrels



oak
။ oak

။ oak barrels

(၁) Slow oxidation ။

(၂) Adding the oak phenols oak ၊ ။

BOTTLING

။ ၊
။ ၊

၁။

။ ၊

၂။

Quercus suber oak ။


၊ ၊ ၊ ။

၃။ Capsules


၄။ Sterilization

၅ ။
။ ။
၅။

။ ၊

Type of Bottle Varietal Wine Color of Bottle


Bordeaux Cabernet Sauvignon deep green
Merlot deep green
Zinfandel deep green
Sauving non Blanc white or green
Somillon white or green
French Colom band white
Muscat white

Burgundy Pinot Noin deep green


Chardonnay greenish white
Petite Sirah deep green
Gammay deep green
Chenin Blanc white
Alsace White Riesling brown
Gewurztraminer brown
Muscat brown or green
Sylvaner green

Basic Ingredients For Fruit Wine

20-24% sugar and 22-24% aromatic constituents;


low in pectin and high in tannin ။
22% ။ low aromatics
။ high aromatics means a completx and satisfying flavor. pectin tannin

pectin ။ Tannin
၊ ။
Tannin ။

nutrients ။


pectin ။ Fining ။
Tannin ။ minerals vitamins

။ ။

။ must
corrections,yeast cooling & temperature contral, fermentation,
residual sugar, cellar operations, fining,aging,bottling,Quality
control ။

Rice Wine

Rice Wine

။ ၊ ။

၊ ၊

yeast ၊ ၊ cellan operation fining

This item will be discussed in Pyin Oo Lwin classroom.

Strawberry Red Rose ;

This item will be discussed in Pyin Oo Lwin classroom.




; This item will be discussed in Pyin Oo Lwin classroom.


။ Tropical cooler
This item will be discussed in Pyin Oo Lwin classroom.

B.E(Mech 85), PE (MEC)

Pyi Tan Patamya Company Limited


Vocational Training

Phone : 09258608202, 09792694511

References;

- WINERY TECHNOLOGY & OPERATIONS,

A Handbood for Small Wineries by Dr.Yair Margalit.

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