Polymer Testing 60 (2017) 229e235

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Material Properties

Creep-ratcheting behavior of PTFE gaskets under various

temperatures
Xiaotao Zheng*, Xiang Wen, Wei Wang, Jiuyang Gao, Wei Lin, Linwei Ma, Jiuyang Yu
Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Equipment Intensification and Intrinsic Safety, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan
Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Compressive creep-fatigue experiments on PTFE gaskets with small
Received 3 March 2017
Accepted 5 April 2017 stress amplitude were tested. The effects of peak holding times and
Available online 6 April 2017
temperatures on creep-ratcheting behaviors were further discussed.
Keywords: Results showed that at room temperature, the accumulated creep-
Creep-fatigue
Peak holding time
ratcheting strain corresponding to 400 cycles for peak holding 1min is
PTFE gaskets nearly 1.06 times that for peak holding time 0.5min and 1.3 times that
Compressive loads
Ratcheting without peak holding. While, at 100 C, 150 C and 200 C, they are
almost 1.1 times and 1.6 times, 1.1 times and 1.7 times, 1.05 times and 1.9
times, respectively. This means although the accumulated creep-
ratcheting strains for peak holding 0.5min and 1min are very close to
each other, but short peak holding time still has obvious effect on the
accumulated deformation comparing that without peak holding.
Moreover, the creep-ratcheting deformation with short peak holding time
and small stress amplitude for PTFE gaskets can be simply estimated by
the corresponding compressive static creep strain at the same peak
stress in practical engineering with relatively good accuracy.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction has become an important index for engineering

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) materials, which
have excellent corrosive resistance and electrical
resistance and so on, are widely applied as gaskets,
cladding or other functional components in
petrochemical engineering, chemical engineering
and electrical fields, especially as gaskets in bolted
flange connection joints. In practical engineering,
bolted flange connection joints are usually subjected
to creep, fatigue or creep-fatigue loading, especially
with small stress amplitude [1e3]. Therefore, it is
necessary to investi- gate the mechanical behavior of
PTFE gasket to evaluate its safety under the these
loads.
Ratcheting deformation is a typical mechanical
behavior of materials under reversed loads, which
design to avoid excessive accumulated plastic
deformation [4,5]. Until now, many researchers
investigated the ratcheting behaviors of metal
materials considering the impacts of temperature-
and time-dependency [6,7], multiaxial feature [8,9],
anelastic effect [10], mean stress [11] and so on.
Recently, the ratcheting deformation of polymer
materials has also been
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: xiaotaozheng@163.com (X.
Zheng).
investigated. The accumulated deformation of an
epoxy polymer under cyclic tension and compression
has been studied by Shen and Xia [12,13], and
viscoelastic constitutive models were proposed to
predict its ratcheting response. Tao et al. [14,15]
investigated the ratcheting behavior of an epoxy
polymer and its effect on fatigue life. Moreover, PTFE
materials exhibit significant temperature- and time-
dependence under relatively high temperature
[16,17]. Tem- perature- and time-dependent
ratcheting behavior at elevated temperature and
room temperature of PTFE have further been
studied by Zhang and Chen [18,19]. In practical
engineering, PTFE gaskets are always subjected to
compressive loads, especially with small stress
amplitude under vibration loads. Therefore,
tempera- ture- and time-dependence of PTFE gaskets
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2017.04.005
0142-9418/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
should be considered to assess the tightness of
bolted flange connection joints under these loads.
Chen et al. [20,21] investigated the ratcheting
behavior of PTFE under cyclic compression
considering the influence of stress rate. However,
there are still few researches on the ratcheting
behavior of PTFE materials under cyclic
compressive loads with small stress amplitude.
In the previous study, time- and temperature-
dependent ratcheting of PTFE gasket under cyclic
compressive loads with small stress amplitude has
been investi- gated by authors of this paper [22].
Furthermore, PTFE gaskets are also usually subjected
to creep-fatigue loads with small stress amplitude.
The creep-ratcheting deformation of PTFE gasket
under
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as shown in Fig. 3. Results show that the static

compressive creep-fatigue loads with small stress compressive
amplitude was further discussed in the following
paper.
In this study, uniaxial stress-controlled cyclic
compression ex- periments of PTFE gaskets were
tested under creep-fatigue loads with small stress
amplitude. Moreover, the creep-ratcheting de-
formations were discussed considering the effects of
peak holding times and temperatures.

2. Experimental procedures

The PTFE materials were machined to be circular

gaskets with inner diameter of 18 mm, outer
diameter of 45.6 mm and thickness of 3 mm.
Geometrical parameters of creep-fatigue specimens
are shown in Table 1. Additionally, geometrical
parameters of static creep specimens and ratcheting
specimens can be found in the previous literature
[22]. It should be noted that small machining errors
were produced, but the same peak stress were used
for each specimen. A plate compression clamp
was designed in RPL50 creep-fatigue machine to
test those specimens, as shown in Fig. 1. The axial
compressive strain was measured by a
tension- compression extensometer from room
temperature (RT) to elevated temperature. The
applied load path of compressive creep- fatigue
loading is shown in Fig. 2. The peaking holding
time in- cludes 0min, 0.5min, and 1min, and the
experimental temperatures are RT, 100 C, 150 C
and 200 C. To ensure the uniformity of
temperature distribution at high temperature, the
specimen was first heated to the experiment
temperature, and then held for
30 min before applying the compressive loading.
Except the peak holding stage, the applied
cyclic compressive loading is 6.46 ± 0.34 MPa
and the loading and unloading stress rate in each
test is 0.2 MPa/s. It should be noted that all the tested
strains and stresses are multiplied by 1 in the
following paper for clear expression.

3. Results and
discussion

3.1. Static creep under different

temperatures

To choose the peak holding time during creep-

fatigue experi- ments under various temperatures,
static compressive creep tests of PTFE gasket under
the same peak stress 6.8 MPa were performed firstly,
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Fig. 2.
Loading
path.

Fig. 1. Testing set-up and

specimens.

Table 1
Geometrical parameters of PTFE specimens and loading conditions.

Temperature Loads (MPa) Peak holding (min) Parameters Before Testing (mm) After Testing (mm)

RT 6.46 ± 0.34 0.5 Outer radius 45.50 45.70

Inner radius 17.72 17.76
Thickness 3.02 2.98
100 C 6.46 ± 0.34 0.5 Outer radius 45.52 46.38
Inner radius 18.22 17.72
Thickness 3.00 2.87
150 C 6.46 ± 0.34 0.5 Outer radius 45.51 47.32
Inner radius 18.22 17.53
Thickness 2.93 2.62
200 C 6.46 ± 0.34 0.5 Outer radius 45.49 49.64
Inner radius 18.17 16.72
Thickness 3.03 2.41
RT 6.46 ± 0.34 1 Outer radius 45.52 45.73
Inner radius 18.22 18.33
Thickness 2.98 2.90
100 C 6.46 ± 0.34 1 Outer radius 45.35 46.11
Inner radius 18.09 17.92
Thickness 2.95 2.86
150 C 6.46 ± 0.34 1 Outer radius 45.47 45.37
Inner radius 18.11 17.25
Thickness 3.02 2.7
200 C 6.46 ± 0.34 1 Outer radius 45.61 49.70
Inner radius 18.13 16.69
Thickness 3.05 2.13
232
creep is sensitive to temperature. At room
temperature, the creep strain is only 3.3% when the
holding time is 1min. As the temper- ature
increases, the creep strain reaches 7.4% at 100 C,
10.4% at
150 C and 15.3% at 200 C, respectively, with the
same holding time. Moreover, the compressive
creep curve with time can be divided into the
primary stage and the steady stage. Namely, the
compressive creep strain increases rapidly in the
primary stage, but increases slowly during the
subsequent steady stage under various temperatures.
Especially, the compressive creep increases rapidly
in the first 1min, but tends to be stable
subsequently. This means the key time for
compressive creep is the first 1min. Therefore,
Fig. 3. Static creep strain of PTFE gasket under different temperatures.
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0min, 0.5min, and 1min are considered as peak
holding times for various creep-fatigue loads.
3.2. Stress-strain responses under compressive creep-
fatigue loads
The cyclic stress-strain curves of PTFE gaskets
under compres- sive creep-fatigue conditions with
the same peaking holding 1min and different
temperatures of RT, 100 C, 150 C and 200 C are
presented in Fig. 4. It should be noted that the stress
and strain of this paper are average stress and
average strain due to small machining errors. It can
be seen from Fig. 4 that the cyclic stress- strain
curves under compressive creep-fatigue loads are
obviously influenced by peak holding times and
temperatures. This indicates the creep-ratcheting
behaviors of PTFE gaskets are typically tem-
perature- and time-dependent. Although short peak
holding time (1 min) is applied, significant creep
deformations take place at the first 3 to 5 cycles
under different temperatures, but slight creep
strains occur during the subsequent cycles.
Furthermore, according to the previous study [22],
ratcheting deformations increase with increasing
number of cycles even without peak holding due
to slight
opening of stress-strain curve, which shifts the
stress-strain curve to the right-hand direction.
Nearly the same phenomenon can be found for those
stress-strain curves with short peak holding time
after the first 3 to 5 cycles. This indicates although
slight creep deformations are produced for the
subsequent cycles, ratcheting strains due to slight
opening of stress-strain curves become sig- nificant.
It should be noted that the strain increment of each
cycle becomes increasingly smaller with increasing
number of cycles due to the compressive hardening
behavior of PTFE material.
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Fig. 4. Cyclic stress-strain curve of PTFE gasket under various creep-fatigue loads.
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Fig. 5. Compressive stress-strain curves of PTFE gasket for the first cycle.

The stress-strain curves for the first cycle with the

same peak holding time and different temperatures
are shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the creep
strain as well as the mechanical strain for the first
cycle increase significantly with the increase of
temperature. The maximum strain for the first cycle
is about 3.64% at room temperature. As the
temperature increases from 100 C to 200 C, the
maximum strain for the first cycle increases rapidly
(8.12% at
100 C; 12.51% at 150 C; 19.88% at 200 C), as shown in Fig. 5.

3.3. Accumulated creep-ratcheting responses

Compressive creep-ratcheting experiments were C, and 15.9%, 28.4% and 29.8% at 200 C,
performed under the same mean stress 6.46 MPa, correspondingly. This in- dicates that the steady
the same stress amplitude ratcheting strains corresponding to 400 cycles at
0.34 MPa, the same stress rate 0.2 MPa/s, but 100 C, 150 C and 200 C are nearly two, three
different tempera- tures (RT, 100 C, 150 C and and five times that at room temperature when the
200 C) and different peak holding times (0min, peak holding time is zero. While the accumulated
0.5min and 1min). All tests were performed up to 400 strains are nearly three, four and eight times that
cycles to assure accumulated creep-ratcheting at room temperature when the peak holding time
strains become stable. To obtain the accumulated is
creep-ratcheting deformation, the maximum 1min. The above observation means that the
compressive strains for each cycle with the same accumulated compressive strain is sensitive to
peak holding time under different temperatures are temperature. Furthermore, only slight creep-
presented in Fig. 6. It can be seen clearly that ratcheting strain accumulates at room temperature,
significant creep-ratcheting de- formations are while the accumulated creep-ratcheting strain of
produced even if small stress amplitude and short PTFE gaskets in- creases rapidly when the
peak holding time are applied. Moreover, the temperature is raised, especially over
accumulated creep- ratcheting deformation for each 100 C. That is reasonable because the time-
case becomes stable after about dependent creep strain and material softening are
100 cycles. At room temperature, the accumulated significantly influenced by temperature. Therefore,
creep-ratcheting strains corresponding to 400 cycles the compressive creep-ratcheting behavior of
for peak holding times of 0min, PTFE gaskets should be considered when they are
0.5min and 1min are, respectively, 2.9%, 3.6% and applied over 100 C.
3.8%. As the temperature increases, the To investigate the effect of peak holding time on
accumulated creep-ratcheting strains reach 7.0%, the accumu- lated compressive strains under creep-
9.7% and 11.0% at 100 C, 9.9%, 15.1% and 16.8% at 150 fatigue loads, the maximum
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Fig. 6. Accumulated strain of PTFE gasket with the same peak holding time under
different temperatures.

strain for each cycle with the same temperature and

different peak holding times are presented in Fig. 7.
Results show that the accu- mulated creep-
ratcheting strain corresponding to 400 cycles for
peak holding time 0.5min is relatively approach to
that for peak holding time 1min, but both of them
are obvious greater than that without peak holding
under various temperatures. This indicates the
creep strain produced during peak holding time
must be considered to investigate the accumulated
deformation of PTFE gasket, even very short peak
holding times are used, such as 0.5min or 1min. At
room temperature, the accumulated strain corre-
sponding to 400 cycles for peak holding 1min is
nearly 1.06 times
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Fig. 7. Accumulated compressive strain of PTFE gasket with the same temperature and different peak holding times.

that for peak holding time 0.5min and 1.3 times

that for peak holding time 0min. While, at 100 C,
150 C and 200 C, they are almost 1.1 times and Fig. 8. Accumulated strain rate of PTFE gasket under different creep-fatigue
conditions.
1.6 times, 1.1 times and 1.7 times, 1.05 times and 1.9
times, respectively. This means although the
accumulated creep-ratcheting strains for peak
holding time 0.5min and 1min are very close to each
other, the short peak holding time still has sig-
nificant effect on the accumulated deformation
comparing that without peak holding.
Creep-ratcheting evolutions with number of
cycles in these cases are similar to those static
creep curves, which can also be
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mainly divided into two stages: the primary stage and the steady
stage. In the primary stage, the accumulated creep-ratcheting de-
formations under various temperatures and peak holding times
increase obviously in the first 100 cycles and, subsequently, reach a
steady stage with an almost constant strain rate per cycle. To
research the two stages of creep-ratcheting evolution with
increasing cycles systematically, the strain rates as a function of
cycles under various creep-fatigue conditions are illustrated in
Fig. 8. From the figure, the strain rate per cycle in the primary stage
decreases rapidly during about the first 20 cycles, especially about
the first 3 cycles, and then it reaches a steady stage with an almost
constant strain rate per cycle, which represents the steady stage.
That's reasonable because only the small stress amplitude was
applied on those creep-fatigue specimens, the creep strains pro-
duced during peak holding are obvious greater than ratcheting
strains due to slight opening of stress-strain curves. Moreover, the
creep strains under various temperatures only increase rapidly
during about the first 1 min, and then increase slowly. It should be
noted that the steady creep-ratcheting rates per cycle under various
conditions are much less than that in the primary stage. Therefore,
the influence of deformation on the sealing performance of PTFE
gaskets under creep-fatigue conditions with small stress amplitude
can be characterized by the accumulated strain produced in the
primary stage, especially over 100 C.

3.4. Comparison of accumulated creep-ratcheting strain and static

creep

In order to compare the accumulated creep-ratcheting strains

and the static creep strains at the same holding time, the
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Fig. 9. Comparison of accumulated creep-ratcheting strain and static creep of PTFE gaskets.
accumulated creep-ratcheting deformations with time were
calculated based on the stress rate and the peak holding time,
which are superposed on the static creep evolutions with time
under various temperatures, as shown in Fig. 9. Considering the
effect of stress rate on the accumulated deformations, the ratch-
eting deformations at the stress rate of 0.1 MPa/s, 0.15 MPa/s and
0.2 MPa/s were further depicted at 100 C, as shown in Fig. 10.
Results indicate that the accumulated creep-ratcheting strains with
small stress amplitude for peak holding 0.5min and 1min are
slightly greater than the static creep strain at the same peak stress
Fig. 10. Comparison of accumulated strain of PTFE gaskets under different stress rates
and peak holding times at 100 C.
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6.8 MPa and the same stress rate 0.2 MPa/s under 150 C, but they
are obviously greater than the static creep strain at 200 C. More-
over, the ratcheting deformations at the stress rate 0.1 MPa/s and
0.15 MPa/s are nearly equal to the corresponding creep strain at the
same peak stress. This indicates that the accumulated creep-
ratcheting deformations with short peak holding time and small
stress amplitude and the ratcheting deformation under cyclic loads
with small stress amplitude are both relatively approach to the
static compressive creep with the same peak stress under 150 C,
although a little errors can be found considering the effect of stress
rate and peak holding time. In the previous study [22], although the
static compressive creep strains at 100 C, 150 C and 200 C are
almost two, three and five times of that at room temperature, they
are still slightly greater than the corresponding ratcheting strain at
the same temperature. Therefore, the creep-ratcheting deforma-
tion with short peak holding time and small stress amplitude for
PTFE gaskets can be simply estimated by the corresponding
compressive static creep strain at the same peak stress in practical
engineering with relatively good accuracy under various temper-
atures. It is very useful for the safety assessment of bolted flange
joints with PTFE gaskets under high temperature and small fluc-
tuation loads with short peak holding time.
4. Conclusions
Stress-controlled compressive creep-ratcheting deformations of
PTFE gaskets under small stress amplitude and short holding times
were investigated and discussed systematically. The main conclu-
sions are as follows:
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(1) The creep-ratcheting deformations with short peak holding
time and small stress amplitude for PTFE gaskets are slightly
greater than the static creep strain at the same peak stress
6.8 MPa, which can be simply estimated by the corre-
sponding compressive static creep strain at the same peak
stress in practical engineering with relatively good accuracy
under 150 C.
(2) The static compressive creep curve is sensitive to tempera-
ture. The creep strain is only 3.3% when the holding time is
1 min at room temperature, which reaches 7.4% at 100
C,
10.4% at 150 C and 15.3% at 200 C, respectively. Especially,
the compressive creep increases rapidly in about the first
1min, but tends to be stable subsequently. This means the
key time for compressive creep is the first 1min.
(3) At room temperature, the accumulated creep-ratcheting
strain corresponding to 400 cycles for peak holding 1min is
nearly 1.06 times that for peak holding 0.5min and 1.3 times
that without peak holding. While, at 100 C, 150 C Cr steel at high temperature: experiments and viscoplastic constitutive
and
200 C, they are almost 1.1 times and 1.6 times, 1.1 times and
1.7 times, 1.05 times and 1.9 times, respectively. This means
although the accumulated creep-ratcheting strains for peak
holding 0.5min and 1min are very close to each other, short
peak holding time still has significant effect on the accu-
mulated deformation comparing that without peak holding.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by Hubei Provincial
Department of Education Science and Technology Research Pro-
gram (D20161508).
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