Polytetrafluoroethylene

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"Teflon" redirects here. For other uses, see Teflon (disambiguation).

Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon structure.PNG

Perfluorodecyl-chain-from-xtal-Mercury-3D-balls.png

Names

IUPAC name

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)[1]

Other names

Syncolon, Fluon, Poly(tetrafluroethene), Poly(difluoromethylene), Poly(tetrafluoroethylene), teflon

Identifiers

CAS Number

9002-84-0 ☑

Abbreviations PTFE

ChEBI

CHEBI:53251 ☒

ChemSpider
 None

ECHA InfoCard 100.120.367

KEGG

D08974 ☒

Properties

Chemical formula

(C2F4)n

Density 2200 kg/m3

Melting point 600 K, 327 °C

Thermal conductivity 0.25 W/(m·K)

Hazards

NFPA 704

NFPA 704 four-colored diamond

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100
kPa).

☒ verify (what is ☑☒ ?)

Infobox references
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene that has numerous
applications. The best known brand name of PTFE-based formulas is Teflon by Chemours.[2] Chemours
is a spin-off of DuPont, which originally discovered the compound in 1938.[2] Another popular brand
name of PTFE is Syncolon® by Synco Chemical Corporation.[3]

PTFE is a fluorocarbon solid, as it is a high molecular weight compound consisting wholly of carbon and
fluorine. PTFE is hydrophobic: neither water nor water-containing substances wet PTFE, as
fluorocarbons demonstrate mitigated London dispersion forces due to the high electronegativity of
fluorine. PTFE has one of the lowest coefficients of friction of any solid.

PTFE is used as a non-stick coating for pans and other cookware. It is nonreactive, partly because of the
strength of carbon–fluorine bonds, and so it is often used in containers and pipework for reactive and
corrosive chemicals. Where used as a lubricant, PTFE reduces friction, wear, and energy consumption of
machinery. It is commonly used as a graft material in surgical interventions. It is also frequently
employed as coating on catheters; this interferes with the ability of bacteria and other infectious agents
to adhere to catheters and cause hospital-acquired infections.

Contents

1 History

2 Production

3 Properties

4 Processing

5 Applications and uses

6 Safety

6.1 PFOA

7 Similar polymers

8 See also

9 References

10 Further reading

11 External links
History

Advertisement of the Happy Pan, a Teflon-coated pan from the 1960s

External audio "From stove tops to outer space... Teflon touches every one of us some way almost every
day.", Roy Plunkett, Science History Institute

Teflon thermal cover showing impact craters, from NASA's Ultra Heavy Cosmic Ray Experiment (UHCRE)

PTFE was accidentally discovered in 1938 by Roy J. Plunkett while he was working in New Jersey for
DuPont. As Plunkett attempted to make a new chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, the tetrafluoroethylene
gas in its pressure bottle stopped flowing before the bottle's weight had dropped to the point signaling
"empty." Since Plunkett was measuring the amount of gas used by weighing the bottle, he became
curious as to the source of the weight, and finally resorted to sawing the bottle apart. He found the
bottle's interior coated with a waxy white material that was oddly slippery. Analysis showed that it was
polymerized perfluoroethylene, with the iron from the inside of the container having acted as a catalyst
at high pressure. Kinetic Chemicals patented the new fluorinated plastic (analogous to the already
known polyethylene) in 1941,[4] and registered the Teflon trademark in 1945.[5][6]

By 1948, DuPont, which founded Kinetic Chemicals in partnership with General Motors, was producing
over two million pounds (900 tons) of Teflon brand PTFE per year in Parkersburg, West Virginia.[7] An
early use was in the Manhattan Project as a material to coat valves and seals in the pipes holding highly
reactive uranium hexafluoride at the vast K-25 uranium enrichment plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.[8]

In 1954, Collette Grégoire, the wife of French engineer Marc Grégoire urged him to try the material he
had been using on fishing tackle on her cooking pans. He subsequently created the first PTFE-coated,
non-stick pans under the brandname Tefal (combining "Tef" from "Teflon" and "al" from aluminium).[9]
In the United States, Marion A. Trozzolo, who had been using the substance on scientific utensils,
marketed the first US-made PTFE-coated pan, "The Happy Pan", in 1961.[10]

However, Tefal was not the only company to utilize PTFE in nonstick cookware coatings. In subsequent
years, many cookware manufacturers developed proprietary PTFE-based formulas, including Swiss
Diamond International, which uses a diamond-reinforced PTFE formula;[11] Scanpan, which uses a
titanium-reinforced PTFE formula;[12] and both All-Clad[13] and Newell Rubbermaid's Calphalon, which
use a non-reinforced PTFE-based nonstick.[14] Other cookware companies, such as Meyer Corporation's
Anolon, use Teflon[15] nonstick coatings purchased from Chemours. Chemours is a 2015 corporate spin-
off of DuPont.[16]

In the 1990s, it was found that PTFE could be radiation cross-linked above its melting point in an oxygen-
free environment.[17] Electron beam processing is one example of radiation processing. Cross-linked
PTFE has improved high-temperature mechanical properties and radiation stability. This was significant
because, for many years, irradiation at ambient conditions has been used to break down PTFE for
recycling.[18] This radiation-induced chain scission allows it to be more easily reground and reused.

Production

PTFE is produced by free-radical polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene.[19] The net equation is

n F2C=CF2 → −(F2C−CF2)n−

Because tetrafluoroethylene can explosively decompose to tetrafluoromethane and carbon, special

apparatus is required for the polymerization to prevent hot spots that might initiate this dangerous side
reaction. The process is typically initiated with persulfate, which homolyzes to generate sulfate radicals:

[O3SO−OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 SO4•−

The resulting polymer is terminated with sulfate ester groups, which can be hydrolyzed to give OH end-
groups.[20]

Because PTFE is poorly soluble in almost all solvents, the polymerization is conducted as an emulsion in
water. This process gives a suspension of polymer particles. Alternatively, the polymerization is
conducted using a surfactant such as PFOS.

Properties

PTFE is often used to coat non-stick pans as it is hydrophobic and possesses fairly high heat resistance.
PTFE is a thermoplastic polymer, which is a white solid at room temperature, with a density of about
2200 kg/m3. According to Chemours, its melting point is 600 K (327 °C; 620 °F).[21] It maintains high
strength, toughness and self-lubrication at low temperatures down to 5 K (−268.15 °C; −450.67 °F), and
good flexibility at temperatures above 194 K (−79 °C; −110 °F).[22] PTFE gains its properties from the
aggregate effect of carbon-fluorine bonds, as do all fluorocarbons. The only chemicals known to affect
these carbon-fluorine bonds are highly reactive metals like the alkali metals, and at higher temperatures
also such metals as aluminium and magnesium, and fluorinating agents such as xenon difluoride and
cobalt(III) fluoride.[23]

Property Value

Density 2200 kg/m3

Glass temperature 114.85 °C (238.73 °F; 388.00 K)[24]

Melting point 326.85 °C (620.33 °F; 600.00 K)

Thermal expansion 112–125×10−6 K−1[25]

Thermal diffusivity 0.124 mm2/s[26]

Young's modulus 0.5 GPa

Yield strength 23 MPa

Bulk resistivity 1016 Ω·m[27]

Coefficient of friction 0.05–0.10

Dielectric constant ε = 2.1, tan(δ) < 5×10−4

Dielectric constant (60 Hz) ε = 2.1, tan(δ) < 2×10−4

Dielectric strength (1 MHz) 60 MV/m

Magnetic susceptibility (SI, 22 °C) −10.28×10−6[28]

File:Hemidactylus turcicus on teflon.webmPlay media

Geckos cannot crawl up on Teflon.

The coefficient of friction of plastics is usually measured against polished steel.[29] PTFE's coefficient of
friction is 0.05 to 0.10,[21] which is the third-lowest of any known solid material (BAM being the first,
with a coefficient of friction of 0.02; diamond-like carbon being second-lowest at 0.05). PTFE's resistance
to van der Waals forces means that it is the only known surface to which a gecko cannot stick.[30] In
fact, PTFE can be used to prevent insects climbing up surfaces painted with the material. PTFE is so
slippery that insects cannot get a grip and tend to fall off. For example, PTFE is used to prevent ants
climbing out of formicaria.

Because of its chemical inertness, PTFE cannot be cross-linked like an elastomer. Therefore, it has no
"memory" and is subject to creep. Because of its superior chemical and thermal properties, PTFE is often
used as a gasket material within industries that require resistance to aggressive chemicals such as
pharmaceuticals or chemical processing.[31] However, because of the propensity to creep, the long-
term performance of such seals is worse than for elastomers which exhibit zero, or near-zero, levels of
creep. In critical applications, Belleville washers are often used to apply continuous force to PTFE
gaskets, ensuring a minimal loss of performance over the lifetime of the gasket.[32]

Processing

Processing PTFE can be difficult and expensive, because the high melting temperature, 327 °C (621 °F), is
above the initial decomposition temperature, 200 °C (392 °F).[33] Even when melted, PTFE does not
flow, but instead behaves as a gel due to the absence of crystalline phase[34] and high melt
viscosity.[35]

Some PTFE parts are made by cold-moulding, a form of compression molding.[36] Here, fine powdered
PTFE is forced into a mould under high pressure (10–100 MPa).[36] After a settling period, lasting from
minutes to days, the mould is heated at 360 to 380 °C (680 to 716 °F),[36] allowing the fine particles to
fuse into a single mass.[37]

Applications and uses

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PTFE-jacketed foiled twisted-pair cables

The major application of PTFE, consuming about 50% of production, is for wiring in aerospace and
computer applications (e.g. hookup wire, coaxial cables). This application exploits the fact that PTFE has
excellent dielectric properties,[38] especially at high radio frequencies,[38] making it suitable for use as
an excellent insulator in connector assemblies and cables, and in printed circuit boards used at
microwave frequencies. Combined with its high melting temperature, this makes it the material of
choice as a high-performance substitute for the weaker and lower-melting-point polyethylene
commonly used in low-cost applications.

In industrial applications, owing to its low friction, PTFE is used for plain bearings, gears, slide plates,
seals, gaskets, bushings[39], and more applications with sliding action of parts, where it outperforms
acetal and nylon.[40]

Its extremely high bulk resistivity makes it an ideal material for fabricating long-life electrets, the
electrostatic analogues of permanent magnets.

PTFE film is also widely used in the production of carbon fiber composites as well as fiberglass
composites, notably in the aerospace industry. PTFE film is used as a barrier between the carbon or
fiberglass part being built, and breather and bagging materials used to incapsulate the bondment when
debulking (vacuum removal of air from between layers of laid-up plies of material) and when curing the
composite, usually in an autoclave. The PTFE, used here as a film, prevents the non-production materials
from sticking to the part being built, which is sticky due to the carbon-graphite or fiberglass plies being
pre-pregnated with bismaleimide resin. Non-production materials such as Teflon, Airweave Breather
and the bag itself would be considered F.O.D. (foreign object debris/damage) if left in layup.

Because of its extreme non-reactivity and high temperature rating, PTFE is often used as the liner in
hose assemblies, expansion joints, and in industrial pipe lines, particularly in applications using acids,
alkalis, or other chemicals. Its frictionless qualities allow improved flow of highly viscous liquids, and for
uses in applications such as brake hoses.

Gore-Tex is a brand of expanded PTFE (ePTFE), a material incorporating a fluoropolymer membrane with
micropores. The roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, US, was one of the largest
applications of PTFE coatings. 20 acres (81,000 m2) of the material was used in the creation of the white
double-layered PTFE-coated fiberglass dome.

PTFE is often found in musical instrument lubrication product; most commonly, valve oil.
PTFE is used in some aerosol lubricant sprays, including in micronized and polarized form. It is notable
for its extremely low coefficient of friction, its hydrophobia (which serves to inhibit rust), and for the dry
film it forms after application, which allows it to resist collecting particles that might otherwise form an
abrasive paste.[41]

PTFE (Teflon) is best known for its use in coating non-stick frying pans and other cookware, as it is
hydrophobic and possesses fairly high heat resistance.

PTFE tapes with pressure-sensitive adhesive backing

The sole plates of some clothes irons are coated with PTFE (Teflon).[42]

Other niche applications include:

It is often found in ski bindings as a non-mechanical AFD (anti-friction device)

It can be stretched to contain small pores of varying sizes and is then placed between fabric layers to
make a waterproof, breathable fabric in outdoor apparel.[43]

It is used widely as a fabric protector to repel stains on formal school-wear, like uniform blazers.[44]

It is used as a film interface patch for sports and medical applications, featuring a pressure-sensitive
adhesive backing, which is installed in strategic high friction areas of footwear, insoles, ankle-foot
orthosis, and other medical devices to prevent and relieve friction-induced blisters, calluses and foot
ulceration.[45]

Expanded PTFE membranes have been used in trials to assist trabeculectomy surgery to treat
glaucoma.[46]

Powdered PTFE is used in pyrotechnic compositions as an oxidizer with powdered metals such as
aluminium and magnesium. Upon ignition, these mixtures form carbonaceous soot and the
corresponding metal fluoride, and release large amounts of heat. They are used in infrared decoy flares
and as igniters for solid-fuel rocket propellants.[47] Aluminium and PTFE is also used in some
thermobaric fuel compositions.

Powdered PTFE is used in a suspension with a low-viscosity, azeotropic mixture of siloxane ethers to
create a lubricant for use in twisty puzzles.[48]
 In optical radiometry, sheets of PTFE are used as measuring heads in spectroradiometers and
broadband radiometers (e.g., illuminance meters and UV radiometers) due to PTFE's capability to diffuse
a transmitting light nearly perfectly. Moreover, optical properties of PTFE stay constant over a wide
range of wavelengths, from UV down to near infrared. In this region, the ratio of its regular
transmittance to diffuse transmittance is negligibly small, so light transmitted through a diffuser (PTFE
sheet) radiates like Lambert's cosine law. Thus PTFE enables cosinusoidal angular response for a
detector measuring the power of optical radiation at a surface, e.g. in solar irradiance measurements.

Certain types of bullets are coated with PTFE to reduce wear on the rifling of firearms that uncoated
projectiles would cause. PTFE itself does not give a projectile an armor-piercing property.[49]

Its high corrosion resistance makes PTFE useful in laboratory environments, where it is used for lining
containers, as a coating for magnetic stirrers, and as tubing for highly corrosive chemicals such as
hydrofluoric acid, which will dissolve glass containers. It is used in containers for storing fluoroantimonic
acid, a superacid.[50]

PTFE tubes are used in gas-gas heat exchangers in gas cleaning of waste incinerators. Unit power
capacity is typically several megawatts.

PTFE is widely used as a thread seal tape in plumbing applications, largely replacing paste thread
dope.

PTFE membrane filters are among the most efficient industrial air filters. PTFE-coated filters are often
used in dust collection systems to collect particulate matter from air streams in applications involving
high temperatures and high particulate loads such as coal-fired power plants, cement production and
steel foundries.[51]

PTFE grafts can be used to bypass stenotic arteries in peripheral vascular disease if a suitable
autologous vein graft is not available.

Many bicycle lubricants and greases contain PTFE and are used on chains and other moving parts
subjected to frictional forces (such as hub bearings).

PTFE can also be used for dental fillings, to isolate the contacts of the anterior tooth so the filling
materials will not stick to the adjacent tooth.[52][53]

PTFE sheets are used in the production of butane hash oil due to its non-stick properties and
resistance to non-polar solvents.[54]

PTFE, associated with a slightly textured laminate, makes the plain bearing system of a Dobsonian
telescope.

PTFE is widely used as a non-stick coating for food processing equipment;[55] dough hoppers, mixing
bowls, conveyor systems, rollers, and chutes. PTFE can also be reinforced where abrasion is present –
for equipment processing seeded or grainy dough for example.[56]
 PTFE has been experimented with for electroless nickel plating.

PTFE tubing is used for Bowden tubing in 3D printers because its low friction allows the extruder
stepper motor to push filament through it more easily.

PTFE is commonly used as an aftermarket add-on for gaming mice to reduce friction of the mouse
against the mouse pad, resulting in a smoother glide.

Safety

Pyrolysis of PTFE is detectable at 200 °C (392 °F), and it evolves several fluorocarbon gases and a
sublimate. An animal study conducted in 1955 concluded that it is unlikely that these products would be
generated in amounts significant to health at temperatures below 250 °C (482 °F).[33]

While PTFE is stable and nontoxic at lower temperatures, it begins to deteriorate after the temperature
of cookware reaches about 260 °C (500 °F), and decomposes above 350 °C (662 °F).[57] The degradation
by-products can be lethal to birds,[58] and can cause flu-like symptoms[59] in humans—see polymer
fume fever. Meat is usually fried between 204 and 232 °C (399 and 450 °F), and most oils start to smoke
before a temperature of 260 °C (500 °F) is reached, but there are at least two cooking oils (refined
safflower oil at 265 °C (509 °F) and avocado oil at 271 °C (520 °F)) that have a higher smoke point.

PFOA

Main article: Perfluorooctanoic acid

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, or C8) has been used as a surfactant in the emulsion polymerization of
PTFE, although several manufacturers have entirely discontinued its use.

PFOA persists indefinitely in the environment.[60] It is a toxicant and carcinogen in animals. PFOA has
been detected in the blood of more than 98% of the general US population in the low and sub-parts per
billion range, and levels are higher in chemical plant employees and surrounding subpopulations. The
general population has been exposed to PFOA through massive dumping of C8 waste into the ocean and
near the Ohio River Valley.[61][62][63] PFOA has been detected in industrial waste, stain resistant
carpets, carpet cleaning liquids, house dust, microwave popcorn bags, water, food and Teflon cookware.
As a result of a class-action lawsuit and community settlement with DuPont, three epidemiologists
conducted studies on the population surrounding a chemical plant that was exposed to PFOA at levels
greater than in the general population. The studies concluded that there was an association between
PFOA exposure and six health outcomes: kidney cancer, testicular cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid
disease, hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and pregnancy-induced hypertension.[64]

Overall, PTFE cookware is considered an insignificant exposure pathway to PFOA.[65][66]

Similar polymers

Teflon is also used as the trade name for a polymer with similar properties, perfluoroalkoxy polymer
resin (PFA)

The Teflon trade name is also used for other polymers with similar compositions:

Perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA)

Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)

These retain the useful PTFE properties of low friction and nonreactivity, but are more easily formable.
For example, FEP is softer than PTFE and melts at 533 K (260 °C; 500 °F); it is also highly transparent and
resistant to sunlight.[67]

See also

Superhydrophobic coating

ETFE

Magnesium/Teflon/Viton pyrolant thermite composition

Polymer adsorption

Polymer fume fever

BS 4994 PTFE as a thermoplastic lining for dual laminate chemical process plant equipment

The Devil We Know (film) documentary on PTFE's health and environmental effects

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Further reading

Ellis, D.A.; Mabury, S.A.; Martin, J.W.; Muir, D.C.G.; Mabury, S.A.; Martin, J.W.; Muir, D.C.G. (2001).
"Thermolysis of fluoropolymers as a potential source of halogenated organic acids in the environment".
Nature. 412 (6844): 321–324. doi:10.1038/35085548. PMID 11460160.
External links

EPA: Compound in Teflon may cause cancer [1], Tom Costello, NBC News, 29 June 2005. (Flash video
required)

Plasma Processes and Adhesive Bonding of Polytetrafluoroethylene

PTFE Tubing Properties

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DuPont

Corporate directors

Edward D. Breen Lamberto Andreotti Robert A. Brown Bertrand P. Collomb Alexander M. Cutler Thère
du Pont James L. Gallogly Marillyn Hewson Lois Juliber Ulf M. “Mark” Schneider Lee M. Thomas Patrick J.
Ward

Products

Corian FE-13 Hypalon Kalrez Kapton Kevlar Mylar Neoprene Nomex Nylon Sorona Teflon Tyvek Vespel
Viton Zodiaq Zytel

Subsidiaries and

joint ventures

DuPont Pioneer Danisco Solae DuPont Danisco Antec International

Divisions and
facilities

DuPont Central Research DuPont Experimental Station Hotel duPont

Notable people

Éleuthère Irénée du Pont Alfred I. du Pont Eugene du Pont Francis Gurney du Pont Francis Irénée du
Pont Henry du Pont Lammot du Pont Pierre S. du Pont T. Coleman du Pont Jeffery Stanford Agate
Anthony Joseph Arduengo III Samuel Bodman Norman Borlaug Donaldson Brown Richard H. Brown
Wallace Carothers Uma Chowdhry Thomas M. Connelly Curtis J. Crawford John T. Dillon Linda Fisher
Richard Goodmanson Charles O. Holliday Steven Ittel Edward G. Jefferson Ellen J. Kullman Stephanie
Kwolek James Lynah Rudolph Pariser George Parshall Charles J. Pedersen William Dale Phillips Roy J.
Plunkett John J. Raskob William K. Reilly Irving S. Shapiro Richard R. Schrock Joseph Shivers Howard
Ensign Simmons Jr. Charles Stine Frederick N. Tebbe Chadwick A. Tolman Earl Tupper Charles M. Vest
Edgar S. Woolard Jr. Nathaniel C. Wyeth

History

Du Pont family Hagley Museum and Library Eleutherian Mills E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company
Hercules Powder Company Atlas Chemical Industries B Reactor (Manhattan Project) Remington Arms
Savannah River Site Kinetic Chemicals Wilmington Trust Conoco Inc. Consolidation Coal Company
DuPont analysis DuPont v. Kolon Industries Du Pont Motors DuPont Building (incl. The Playhouse on
Rodney Square, formerly the DuPont Playhouse) Chemours

Sponsorship

Tour DuPont DuPont Pioneer 250 Hendrick Motorsports The DuPont Show with June Allyson DuPont
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