AHMEDABAD UNIVERSITY

School Of Engineering and Applied Science

Automobile Engineering
(MEC 442)
Dr. Pinkesh R. Shah
(Ph.D. IIT Bombay)

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Layout of an Automobile

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Dr. Pinkesh Shah
Schematic layout of a 4 wheel drive , 4-wheeler

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

 Specifications / Terminology
Wheelbase:
 l/L = 0.60 to 0.69 for small cars
 Longer wheelbase for front-wheel drive passenger cars
 more spacious bet’n axles
 reduces influence of vehicle’s load on the axle load distribution
 less overhung of the body – reduced pitch oscillations
 high level riding comfort
 Short wheelbase – easier cornering – smaller turning circle
e.g. Maruti omni – 1840 mm
Maruti Esteem – 2365 mm
Tata SE 1613 - 4225 mm

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Tread Width or Track:
Two types: Front track (bf) and Rear track (br)

 Tread width/vehicle width = 0.80 to 0.86 for small cars

 As large as possible
 Influence on (i) cornering behaviour of vehicle and (ii) tendency to
body role
 Wheels must not touch chasis when wheels rebound or compress
 e.g. Tata SE 1613 - bf 1933 mm and br - 1809
Turning Radius:
It is an arc described by farthest outward pathe of the vehicle while the
wheels are steered at largest steering angle
 Smaller is desirable due to easy turning a sharp corner in a narrow
space.
e.g. commercial taxi carrying commuters
Maruti Omni : 4.1 while Tata LPO Bus
Dr. Pinkesh Shah : 8.35
Ground clearance:
Verticle distance bet’n the lowest portion of vehicle and the
ground
 High ground clearance – off road vehicles
 Low ground clearance – passenger cars, luxury cars and sports cars
for additional driving stability

Variants:
Diff. ranges of vehicles to serve diff specific purposes.

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

 Classifications of Auto vehicles
On the basis of Number of Wheels:
1. Two Wheelers e.g. mopeds, scooters, motor cycles, etc.
2. Three wheelers e.g. Rickshaw, tempo, road rollers, etc.
3. Four wheelers e.g. cars, jeep, racing cars, minibus,etc.
4. Five wheelers e.g. road rollers
5. Six wheelers e.g. Truck, bus, tankers, gun carriage veheicle
6. Eight or more wheels e.g. container carrying vehicles
On the basis of Prime mover used:
1. Steam engine e.g. Ford Falcon car, 1963.
2. I.C. engine e.g. Petrol, diesel and gas vehicles.
3. Gas turbine e.g. Rover car (U.K.), Ford 707 car
4. Battery driven e.g. Honda’s EV car (Ni-metal),GM’s Electrovair
5. Solar energy e.g. Radians car (Canada)
6. Hydrogen fuel e.g. Musashi III car (Japan)
7. Hybrid vehicle e.g. Toyota Prius (Petrol-e), GM’s (Diesel-e)
8. Wankel engine e.g. Mazda car (Japan), NSU Spider (Germany),
Mercedes-Benz,
Dr. Pinkesh Shah etc.
On the basis of weight and payload capacity
1. Light duty vehicles GVW = 1 ton (city driving)
2. Medium duty vehicles 1> GVW<3.5 ton (familycar/Maruti Gypsy)
3. Heavy duty vehicles 3.5> GVW<7.5 ton (HM-RTV Oka)
4. Extra heavy duty 7.5> GVW<15 ton (Truck,Tipper–Tata1612
5. Special purpose vehicle GVW > 15 ton
On the basis of Purpose served:
1. Fuel economy
2. Safety
3. Comfort
4. Durability
Sub classify as under:
A. On the road vehicles:
(i) Short travel range e.g. mopeds, scooters
(ii) Long travel range e.g. cars, bus, trucks
(iii) Comfort ride vehicle e.g. Luxury cars
(iv) Rough ride vehicle e.g. trucks, jeeps, motorcycles
Dr. Pinkesh Shah
Sub classify cont……
B. Off the road vehicles:
(i) Mobile cranes Angle
(ii) Scraper Dozer
(iii) Angledozer
(iv) Bulldozer
(V) Earthmovers
(VI) Loaders

Scraper Earthmover Loader

C. On-the road & Off-the road vehicles

- Military tank, gun carriages, bulldozers, etc.

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

On the basis of Fuel used:
1. Petrol vehicles e.g. Maruti, Matiz, Santro, Accent, Felicia, etc.
2. Diesel vehicles e.g. Ambassador Nova, Fiat Uno, Indica, etc.
3. Dual fuel e.g. Bedford trucks, HyundaiSonata, BMWX3 etc.
4. Gas vehicles e.g. Volvo Bus, CNG cars, LPG cars
5. Hydrogen vehicles e.g. Musashi III car (Japan)
On the basis of wheel drive system:
1. Single wheel drive Front wheel or rear wheel drive e.g. 2– 3 wheelers
2-wheeler – rear wheel
2. Two wheel drive Front wheel or rear wheel drive
Front wheel: Kinetic, bike, Matiz, Honda city, etc
Rear wheel : Indian make cars, trucks and tractors
3. Four wheel drive : Mahindra jeep, Nissan, & racing cars
4. All wheel drive – endless chain e.g. Military tanks, earth movers,
bulldozers
Wn = Total no. of wheels
Gun carriage: (8⨯8)
Wd = No. of wheel driven
Thus, designated as (Wn ⨯ Wd )
Dr. Pinkesh Shah
Left hand & Right hand drive vehicle:
Left hand Japanese & American cars like Nissan, Mazda, Mitsubishi,
Lexus, Honda, Isuzu, Toyota’s corona
Right hand All indian cars like Maruti, Tata, Ambassador, Mahindra,

On the basis of engine capacity:

1. Up to 100 cc e.g. kinetic, TVS scooty,
2. 100 to 250 cc e.g. Activa, Bajaj Pulsar /Lambretta
3. 250 to 5000 cc e.g. Bullet, Maruti Alto, BMW, Tata truck
4. Above 5000 cc e.g. Rolls Royce car, Tatra Ind T815 dumper

On the basis of community requirements:

1. Sports – jet propelled are more common in this field.
2. Luxury – ultra luxurious is Rolls Royce of U.K.
3. High altitude – ‘Torque Command’ of USA for high altitude driving
• Temp. falls by 6.5o C for every 1000 m height above sea level
• Pressure drops by 10 mm of Hg (0.013 bar) for every 108 m of height
• Density of air decreases by 0.113 kg/m3 up to 1000 m & 0.105 kg/m3 thereafter
for each 1000 m of height.
Dr. Pinkesh Shah
What is Frame?
 Frame is a rigid structure that forms a skeleton to hold all the major
parts together
 It is the main part on which the remaining parts of the chassis are
mounted
 Rigid attachment is due to welding
 Flexible attachment is due to fasteners

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Various members of Autovehicle frame

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Dr. Pinkesh Shah
 Loads on the frame
1. Flexural ( bending ) load:
In a vertical plane of side members due to
(i) Dead weight of vehicle (ii) weight of passengers (iii)
engine torque and (iv) braking torque
Also, due to
(a) road camber (ii) cornering force and (iii) side wind
 causes flexural stresses – tensile or compressive in nature
 Compressive stress resisted by placing thrust-taking members bet’n
the frame and the back axle.
 Tensile resisted by using high strength material

2. Torsional Load (Twisting moment):

 caused due to vertical load due to road bump
 induced shear stress in the frame
 Resisted by (i) torque resisting member (ii) cross-members (iii) a
radius rod and (iv) Benzo-frameDr.type torque members, etc.
Pinkesh Shah
 3. Impact load:
 caused due to impact of wheels with road obstacles
 distortion of frame or its collapse.
 Bumpers and over riders used to sustain it. Thus, safety & longer
life of frame.
Cross-section of frame member:
(i) Channel Section – resist bending – used as side
member. e.g. ladder type frame in a truck
(ii) Box Section – resisting high twisting & other load
used as cross member e.g. MCVs like Swaraj Mazda
(iii) I Section (Girder) – best to resist flexural & tortioal loads
Costlier than channel section
employed on HCVs (big truck) & extra heavy carrier
(iv) Tubular Section – resist to torsion
better than box section in resisting torque
e.g. 2-wheelers (Motorcycles), racing car
(v) Rectangular Section – resist flexural load effectively – e.g. Ashok
Leyland’s Bus Dr. Pinkesh Shah
 Types of Frames
Ladder Frame:
 It resembles a ladder with two sides rails & no. of cross beams
 Consists of flat members, can be channel, box or rectangular
sections
 Generally, two channel section side members with riveted &
bolted cross-members.
 Simplest & oldest of all design
 Good beam resistance due to continuous rail
 Poor resistance to torsion
 Earlier on almost all vehicles, now phased
out due to invention of betterDr.frames
Pinkesh Shah
Tata LPT truck
 Tubular Frame:
 It is a hollow circular section (tubular) & 3 Dimensional Design
 employs dozens of tubes with circular & rectangular section
 tubes are welded & forms a very complex structure
 Tubes positions in diff. direction provide mechanical strength
against force from anywhere
 It is best suited to twisting moment
 e.g. Motor cycles
Racing cars

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Dr. Pinkesh Shah
 Backbone frame
• It consists of a strong tubular backbone (rectangular cross section)
that connects the front and rear suspension
• Used in a rear engine mounted vehicle
• e.g. Volkswagen car

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

 Double cradle frame
 A single cradle frame has a single front down tube and main pipe,
 A double cradle frame has two front down tubes and one or two
main pipes.
 A single cradle frame is simplest type of motorcycle frame - CBZ ,
Karizma, off-road motorcycle

• 2 tubes support the engine

from below, takes the weight of
engine
• e.g. Pulsars , RX series ,
KB100 , KB125 , Fiero
Dr. Pinkesh Shah
 Perimeter Frame
 It is made of pressed metal i.e: Single piece forged frame
 No welding
 Acquires the stiffness and rigidity.
Eg: Pulsar 200 NS, Honda CBR1000RR, Yamaha R15.

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

 Diamond Frame
 It is welded one.
 It is lighter in weight and less expensive.
 This is stronger and reliable but not up to the point line of
perimeter frame.
 It is most widely used in Eg: Honda unicorn, Yamaha FZ, etc.

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Monocoque Frame:

 It is a one-piece structure
 Chasis are made by welding (spot welding) of several pieces
 Most of cars are made of Monocoque chasis

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

ADVANTAGES:
 Space-efficiency (whole structure is an outer shell)
 Cheap for mass production
 Benefits crash production (reproduction) because of lot of metal
used
DISADVANTAGES:
 Very complex design
 Not suitable for smaller volume production

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Constructional details of a car body

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

 Body resembles a box
 fabricated as single unit or multi unit
 named as 1-box construction, 2-box construction & 3-box
construction
 3-box body is easy to assemble & disassemble
 steel, steel & timber, metal & plastics or composites.
 Racing car body made of aluminum tube section

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Terminology of Body in an Automobile:
 Cab
 Facia
 Dashboard
 Legroom
 Headroom
 Shoulder room
 Boot or trunk volume

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Current Scenario of Indian Automobile
 The automotive manufacturing industry comprises the production
of commercial vehicles, passenger cars, three & two-wheelers.
 25.3 million automobiles produced in FY17.
 Total production volume grew at a CAGR of 4.43 per cent during
FY12-17.

Note: FY18* - up to
February 2018
Source: Society of Indian
Automobile Manufacturers
(SIAM)
Dr. Pinkesh Shah
Dr. Pinkesh Shah
The world standing for the Indian automobile sector:
· Largest three-wheeler market
· Second largest two-wheeler market
· Tenth largest passenger car market
· Fourth largest tractor market
· Fifth largest commercial vehicle market
· Fifth largest bus and truck segment
The Indian auto industry became the 4th largest in the world with
sales increasing 9.5 per cent year-on-year to 4.02 million units
(excluding two wheelers) in 2017. It was the 7th largest
manufacturer of commercial vehicles in 2017.
Dr. Pinkesh Shah
 Overall automobile exports from India grew at 6.86 per cent
CAGR between FY13-18.
 Expected to make India a leader in the two wheeler and four
wheeler market in the world by 2020.
 Sales of electric two-wheelers are estimated to have crossed
55,000 vehicles in 2017-18.
 Premium motorbike sales in India crossed one million units in
FY18.
 The industry has attracted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) worth
US$ 18.413 billion during the period April 2000 to December 2017

Dr. Pinkesh Shah

Investments
 Ashok Leyland has planned a capital expenditure of Rs 1,000 crore
(US$ 155.20 million) to launch 20-25 new models across various
commercial vehicle categories in 2018-19.
 Mahindra & Mahindra (M & M) is planning to make an additional
investment of Rs 500 crore (US$ 77.23 million) for expanding the
capacity for electric vehicles in its plant in Chakan.

Government Initiatives
The Government plans to promote eco-friendly cars in the country i.e.
CNG based vehicle, hybrid vehicle, and electric vehicle and also made
mandatory of 5 per cent ethanol blending in petrol.
Dr. Pinkesh Shah
Some of the recent initiatives taken by the Government of India
 Scheme for Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric and
Hybrid Vehicles in India, under the National Electric Mobility Mission
2020 to encourage the progressive induction of reliable, affordable and
efficient electric and hybrid vehicles in the country.
 The Government of Karnataka is going to obtain electric vehicles
under FAME Scheme and set up charging infrastructure across
Bengaluru
 11 cities are shortlisted in the country for introduction of electric
vehicles (EVs) in their public transport systems under the FAME
(Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles
in India) scheme.
 The government will also set up incubation centre for startups
working in electric vehicles space.
 Planning to procure 10,000 e-vehicles via demand aggregation, and
has already awarded contracts to Tata Motors Ltd for 250 e-cars and to
Mahindra and Mahindra for 150 e-cars.
Dr. Pinkesh Shah
Future Projection
 Indian automotive industry (including component manufacturing) is
expected to reach Rs 16.16-18.18 trillion (US$ 251.4-282.8 billion) by
2026.
 Two-wheelers are expected to grow 9 per cent in 2018.
 Leading auto maker Maruti Suzuki expects Indian passenger car
market to reach four million units by 2020, up from 1.97 million units
in 2014-15.
 Isuzu Motors, the Japan-based utility vehicle manufacturer, has
inaugurated its greenfield manufacturing unit in SriCity, Andhra
Pradesh, at a cost of fcRs 3,000 crore (US$ 450.94 million).
Japanese two-wheeler manufacturer Honda Motorcycle and Scooter
India (HMSI) has opened its fourth and world’s largest scooter plant in
Gujarat, set up to initially produce 600,000 scooters per annum
 Nissan Motor Co. Ltd is in discussion with Government of India to
bring electric and hybrid technologies to India
Dr. Pinkesh Shah