Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What is carpentry?
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Hard and soft wood
Exogenous types are also known as outward growing trees which produce
timber for commercial use.
Endogenous trees are also known as inward growing.
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Seasoning of wood
Advantages:
Lighter in weight
More resilient
Less liable to twist, warp and split
Strength, hardness and stiffness increases
CARPENTRY TOOL
1. Marking and measuring tool
2. Cutting tool
3. Planning tool
knot
4. Boring tool
5. Striking tool
6. Holding and miscellaneous tool
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1. Marking and measuring tools
(a) Rules (0-60 cm)
Steel rule
Foldable rule
Stock
(c) Mitre square
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(d) Combination square
Centre head
Square head
Rule/blade
Protractor head
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2. Cutting tool
(a) Adze
used for rough cutting, squaring, to
chop inside curves and to produce concave surfaces
Its outer face is convex, inner face concave and edge is bevelled to form
a cutting edge
It is made of carbon steel.
(b) Rip saw: used for cutting along the grain in thick wood
used for cutting along the grain in thick wood
Made of high grade tool steel
About 700 mm long
3 to 5 points or teeth per 25 mm
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(c) cross-cut saw (hand saw)
Used for cutting across the grain in thick wood
600 to 650 mm long
8 to 10 teeth per 25 mm
500 mm long
10 to 12 teeth per 25 mm
It has finer blade & mostly used for fine work
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(e) Tenon or back saw
Used for cross cutting when finer and more accurate finish is
required
250 to 400 mm long
13 teeth per 25 mm equilateral triangle shaped teeth
sometimes called “peg” teeth
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(g) Bow saw
Narrow blade used
The blade is held in tension by twisting the string with a smaller
wooden lever
Used for cutting quick curve
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(h) Coping saw
Similar blade as bow saw
The blade is tensioned by screwing the handle
Used for cut small radius curve
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CHISEL
(a) Firmer chisel
Most useful for general purposes used by hand pressure or mallet
Flat blade about 125mm long
Width varies from 1.5-50 mm
Both firmer and bevelled edge chisels when they are made with
long thin blades are known as pairing chisel
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(d) Mortise chisel
Used for chopping out mortices
Very nearly square in cross section
Withstand heavy blows from a mallet
(e) Gouges
Chisel with curved section
Inside or outside grounded
Inside grounded gouges are called scribing gauges
Outside ground gouges are called firmer gouges
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3.Planning tool
Trying plane
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Rabbet plane
Rabbet plane
Blade-2
Blade-1
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4. Boring tool
Used to make round holes in wood.
Types of bits
Gimlet
Bradawl
Auger
Bull wheel
Chuck Head
Lever
Wheel brace
Ratchet
Jaw Handle
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Ratchet brace
5. Striking tool
(a) Mallet
Wooden-headed hammer of round or rectangular cross-section
Used for giving light blows to the cutting tool like chisels and gouges
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6. Holding & supporting tool
(a) Work bench
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(b) Carpenter vice
Jaw
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(c) Bar clamp
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(d) G or C clamp
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6. Miscellaneous tools
(a) Raps and files : used for cleaning up some curved surface
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(b) Scraper and Glass-paper
(c) Pincer
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CARPENTRY PROCESSES
Marking
Sawing
Planning
Chiselling
Boring
Grooving
Rebating
Moulding
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COMMOM WOOD JOINTS
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
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(e)
(f)
(g) (h)
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(j)
(i) Dowel joint
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