September 17, 2019

Bajada, John Rodolf

Maghilum, Jemer Vince
Pantaran, Inshirah Norr
Pastor, Elaine Francis
Vendiola, Shannel

Overview of Safety
Workplace safety and health exists to eliminate personal injuries and illnesses from occurring in the workplace. It is a
multidisciplinary field that is concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work. It fosters a safe and
healthy work environment and it may also help protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, and many
others who might be affected by the workplace environment.
According to the World Health Organization Committee on Occupational Health, the main focus in occupational health
is on three different objectives:
(i) the maintenance and promotion of workers’ health and working capacity;
(ii) the improvement of working environment and work to become conducive to safety and health; and
(iii) development of work organizations and working cultures in a direction which supports health and safety
at work and in doing so also promotes a positive social climate and smooth operation and may enhance
productivity of the undertakings.
Basic Safety Procedure in High Risk Activities and Industries
Hazard Identification- The first step in Safety Risk Management is to identify hazards that the organization faces in its
operational environment.
Risk Assessment- Each identified hazard undergoes a risk assessment to determine its potential consequences.
Risk Mitigation and Tracking- Mitigating actions should be fully analyzed to ensure that they address the root cause of
the hazard.
Procedure in Hazard Analysis in The Workplace
• The hazard analysis process is a systematic, comprehensive method to identify, evaluate, and control hazards
in a system.
• The purpose of the hazard analysis is to identify hazards to the system, evaluate the hazards by
determining their impact severity and the probability of occurrence; rank those risks in a prioritized order, and then
implement controls to those hazard risks.
STEP 1: Define the system STEP 2: Identify the hazards
• Define analysis criteria • Identify hazards and undesired events
• Define physical and functional characteristics • Determine root causes of hazards
• Define facilities, technologies, and equipment STEP 3: Evaluate the hazards
• Understand and evaluate people, processes and • Determine hazard severity
procedures
• Determine hazard probability
• Determine hazard risk • Validate control is adequate
• Rank risk based on priority • Verify if control is in place
STEP 4: Resolve the hazards STEP 5: Follow-up the activities
• Assume the hazard risk • Monitor for effectiveness
• Implement corrective action • Monitor for unexpected hazards
o Eliminate hazard
o Control hazard
Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout)
What is hazardous energy?
Energy sources including electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other sources in machines
and equipment can be hazardous to workers. During the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment, the
unexpected startup or release of stored energy can result in serious injury or death to workers.
What are the harmful effects of hazardous energy?
Workers servicing or maintaining machines or equipment may be seriously injured or killed if hazardous energy is not
properly controlled. Injuries resulting from the failure to control hazardous energy during maintenance activities can be
serious or fatal! Injuries may include electrocution, burns, crushing, cutting, lacerating, amputating, or fracturing body
parts, and others.
▪ A steam valve is automatically turned on burning workers who are repairing a downstream
connection in the piping.
▪ A jammed conveyor system suddenly releases, crushing a worker who is trying to clear the jam.
▪ Internal wiring on a piece of factory equipment electrically shorts, shocking worker who is repairing
the equipment.
Craft workers, electricians, machine operators, and laborers are among the millions of workers who service equipment
routinely and face the greatest risk of injury.
What can be done to control hazardous energy?
Proper lockout/tagout (LOTO) practices and procedures safeguard workers from hazardous energy releases. OSHA's
Lockout/Tagout Fact Sheet describes the practices and procedures necessary to disable machinery or equipment to
prevent hazardous energy release. The OSHA standard for The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) (29
CFR 1910.147) for general industry outlines measures for controlling different types of hazardous energy. The LOTO
standard establishes the employer's responsibility to protect workers from hazardous energy. Employers are also
required to train each worker to ensure that they know, understand, and are able to follow the applicable provisions of
the hazardous energy control procedures:
▪ Proper lockout/tagout (LOTO) practices and procedures safeguard workers from the release of
hazardous energy. The OSHA standard for The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) (29
CFR 1910.147) for general industry, outlines specific action and procedures for addressing and
controlling hazardous energy during servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment.
Employers are also required to train each worker to ensure that they know, understand, and are able
to follow the applicable provisions of the hazardous energy control procedures. Workers must be
 trained in the purpose and function of the energy control program and have the knowledge and skills
required for the safe application, usage and removal of the energy control devices.
▪ All employees who work in an area where energy control procedure(s) are utilized need to be
instructed in the purpose and use of the energy control procedure(s), especially prohibition against
attempting to restart or reenergize machines or other equipment that are locked or tagged out.
▪ All employees who are authorized to lockout machines or equipment and perform the service and
maintenance operations need to be trained in recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources in
the workplace, the type and magnitude of energy found in the workplace, and the means and
methods of isolating and/or controlling the energy.
▪ Specific procedures and limitations relating to tagout systems where they are allowed.
▪ Retraining of all employees to maintain proficiency or introduce new or changed control methods.
Confined Space Entry
Is working in a confined space hazardous?
Many workers are injured and killed each year while working in confined spaces. An estimated 60% of the fatalities
have been among the would-be rescuers. A confined space can be more hazardous than regular workspaces for many
reasons. To effectively control the risks associated with working in a confined space, a confined space hazard
assessment and control program should be implemented for your workplace. If the confined space cannot be made
safe for the worker by taking precautions then workers should NOT enter the confined space until it is made safe to
enter by additional means. All confined spaces should be considered hazardous unless a competent person has
determined otherwise through a risk assessment.
What is a confined space?
Generally speaking, a confined space is a fully or partially enclosed space that:
• is not primarily designed or intended for continuous human occupancy
• has limited or restricted entrance or exit, or a configuration that can complicate first aid, rescue,
evacuation, or other emergency response activities
• Can represent a risk for the for the health and safety of anyone who enters, due to one or more of
the following factors:
◦ its design, construction, location or atmosphere
◦ the materials or substances in it
◦ work activities being carried out in it, or the
◦ mechanical, process and safety hazards present
What are the hazards in a confined space?
All hazards found in a regular workspace can also be found in a confined space. However, they can be even more
hazardous in a confined space than in a regular worksite.
Hazards in confined spaces can include:
• Poor air quality: There may be an insufficient amount of oxygen for the worker to breathe. The
atmosphere might contain a poisonous substance that could make the worker ill or even cause the
 worker to lose consciousness. Natural ventilation alone will often not be sufficient to maintain
breathable quality air.
• Hazards from asphyxiants – Simple asphyxiants are gases which can become so concentrated that
they displace oxygen in the air (normally about 21 percent). Low oxygen levels (19.5 percent or less)
can cause symptoms such as rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, clumsiness, emotional upset, and
fatigue. As less oxygen becomes available, nausea and vomiting, collapse, convulsions, coma and
death can occur. Unconsciousness or death could result within minutes following exposure to a
simple asphyxiant. Asphyxiants include argon, nitrogen, or carbon monoxide.
• Chemical exposures due to skin contact or ingestion as well as inhalation of 'bad' air.
• Fire hazard: There may be an explosive/flammable atmosphere due to flammable liquids and gases
and combustible dusts which if ignited would lead to fire or explosion.
• Process-related hazards such as residual chemicals, release of contents of a supply line.
• Physical hazards – noise, heat/cold, radiation, vibration, electrical, and inadequate lighting.
• Safety hazards such as moving parts of equipment, structural hazards, engulfment, entanglement,
slips, falls.
• Vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
• Shifting or collapse of bulk material.
• Barrier failure resulting in a flood or release of free-flowing solid or liquid.
• Visibility (e.g., smoke particles in air).
• Biological hazards – viruses, bacteria from fecal matter and sludge, fungi,or moulds.

Basic Electrical Safety Fall Protection

We depend on power, yet here and there belittle its capacity of causing injuries and damages. Indeed, even household
current (220 volts) can stop your heart from beating. Everybody should know about the risks electricity presents, for
example, shock, fire and explosion, and either take out or control those hazards.
Shock
Electrical shock happens when current passes through the body. Electricity travels through closed circuits, and people,
sometimes tragically, can become part of the circuit. When a person receives a shock, electricity flows between parts
of the body or through the body to the ground. This can happen if someone touches both wires of an energized circuit,
touches one wire of the circuit while standing unprotected or touches a metal part that has become energized.
Electrocution refers to the injury or lethal dose of electrical energy. Electricity can also cause forceful muscle contraction
or falls. The severity of injury depends on the amount of current flowing through the body, the current's path through
the body, the length of time the body remains in the circuit and the current's frequency.
Fire/Explosion
Electrical fires may be caused by excessive resistance that generates heat from any of the following:
 Too much current running through wiring where overcurrent protection fails or does not exist
 Faulty electrical outlets resulting in poor contact or arcing
 Poor wiring connections and old wiring that is damaged and cannot support the load
An explosion can occur when electricity ignites a flammable gas or combustible dust mixture in the air. Ignition from a
short circuit or static charge is possible.
Electrical Safety Basics
 Don't work with exposed conductors carrying 50 volts or more.
 Make sure electrical equipment is properly connected, grounded and in good working order.
 Extension cords may not be used as permanent wiring and should be removed after temporary use for an
activity or event.
 Surge suppressors with built-in circuit breakers may be used long-term and are available with three, six and
15 foot-long cords.
 High amperage equipment such as space heaters, portable air conditioners and other equipment must be
plugged directly into permanent wall receptacles.
 Do not access, use or alter any building’s electrical service, including circuit breaker panels, unless you are
specifically qualified and authorized to do so.
 Wet environments can increase the risk of an electrical shock.
Housekeeping and Maintenance
 Maintain at least 30 inches of clearance in front of electrical panels to ensure a safe environment for facilities
workers.
 Make sure that all junction boxes are covered.
Avoid Activities That Requires Training
 Working with exposed conductors carrying 50 volts or more
 Making repairs or alterations to any electrical equipment
 Opening up the case, or removing barrier guards, of any equipment that utilizes electricity
 Using any tools or a meter to measure for the presence of electricity
 Resetting a tripped circuit breaker, or replace a blown fuse
Grounding
To prevent electrical hazards, always make sure equipment is properly grounded. Electrical grounding provides an
alternate path for electricity to follow, rather than going through a person. Equipment with a grounding prong must be
plugged into an extension cord with a ground; the grounding plug should not be removed from the equipment.
Wet Locations
When using electricity in a wet or damp location, including outdoor locations, a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI)
must be used. The GFCI ensures that any electrical shock is brief. Although painful, it wouldn’t be fatal because the
GFCI creates a ground fault or leak in the current.
Lockout/Tagout
When servicing and maintenance tasks involve electricity and electrical equipment, you must prevent the unexpected
startup of equipment.
Fall Protection
Falls are among the most common causes of serious work related injuries and deaths. Employers must set up the work
place to prevent employees from falling off of overhead platforms, elevated work stations or into holes in the floor and
walls.
What can be done to reduce falls?
Employers must set up the work place to prevent employees from falling off of overhead platforms, elevated work
stations or into holes in the floor and walls. OSHA requires that fall protection be provided at elevations of four feet in
general industry workplaces, five feet in shipyards, six feet in the construction industry and eight feet in longshoring
operations. In addition, OSHA requires that fall protection be provided when working over dangerous equipment and
machinery, regardless of the fall distance.
To prevent employees from being injured from falls, employers must:
 Guard every floor hole into which a worker can accidentally walk (using a railing and toe-board or a floor hole
cover).
 Provide a guard rail and toe-board around every elevated open sided platform, floor or runway.
 Regardless of height, if a worker can fall into or onto dangerous machines or equipment (such as a vat of acid
or a conveyor belt) employers must provide guardrails and toe-boards to prevent workers from falling and
getting injured.
 Other means of fall protection that may be required on certain jobs include safety harness and line, safety
nets, stair railings and hand rails.
Barricades and Scaffolds
What are barricades - An improvised barrier erected across a street or other thoroughfare to prevent or delay the
movement of opposing forces
Types of Barricade
• Soft Barricade - used to identify and prevent personnel from general hazards and also those which are high
risk and may pose a risk to life and death
• Solid Barricade - provide physical barrier capable of performing the same function as a permanent guardrail
Methods of Barricading
• Caution Barricade - tape shall be erected to inform personnel of an uncontrolled hazard within the barricaded
area
• Restricted Access Barricades - prevent unauthorized personnel from accessing the barricaded area
• Electrical Work Barricade - prevent access to electrical hazards
• High Voltage Testing Barricade - erected around an item under test to provide minimum safe approach
distance
• Safety Requirement for Lights - barricades are installed across roadways and will remain in place during hours
of darkness

Provision for Barricades and Scaffolds

The top of the walls of an excavation more than 2.0m. (6 ft.) deep shall be barricaded to a height of at least 1 m. (3 ft.)
to prevent the fall of workers.
 Every scaffold shall be of good construction of sound materials and strength for the purpose for which
it is intended.
 Timber used for scaffolds shall be in good condition, the bark completely stripped o', and not
painted or treated in any manner that defects cannot be easily seen.
 All materials and parts of scaffold not in use or intended for re-use shall be kept under good condition
and separate from other materials unsuitable for scaffolds.
  Timber/bamboo scaffoldings shall be limited to a height of 20 meters from the ground or base
provided that, over a height of 10 meters, the scaffolding and all other installations constructed over
the scaffolding shall be designed by a structural engineer and duly approved by the appropriate
authority.
 At heights over 20 meters, structural metals should be used designed by a structural engineer and duly
approved by the appropriate authority;
 Structural steel when used as load bearing members of scaffolding shall be destressed at
welded or bent joints and design construction approved by the proper authority
Fire Hazards and Fire Code
 Fire hazards are conditions that favor fire development or growth.
 Three elements are required to start and sustain fire: (1) oxygen, (2) fuel, and (3) heat
 Because oxygen is naturally present in most earth environments, fire hazards usually involve the
mishandling of fuel or heat.
Fire safety - It is the set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire. Fire safety measures include
those that are intended to prevent ignition of an uncontrolled fire, and those that are used to limit the development and
effects of a fire after it starts. Threats to fire safety are commonly referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may include
a situation that increases the likelihood of a fire or may impede escape in the event a fire occurs. Common Fire Hazards
Some common fire hazards are:
• Kitchen fires from unattended cooking, grease fires/chip pan fires
• Electrical systems that are overloaded, poorly maintained or defective
• Combustible storage areas with insufficient protection
• Combustibles near equipment that generates heat, flame, or sparks
• Candles and other open flames
• Smoking (Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, lighters, etc.)
Fire Code - It is a set of rules prescribing minimum requirements to prevent fire and explosion hazards arising from
storage, handling, or use of dangerous materials, or from other specific hazardous conditions.
- It complements the building code. The fire code is aimed primarily at preventing fires, ensuring that necessary training
and equipment will be on hand, and that the original design basis of the building, including the basic plan set out by
the architect, is not compromised. List of some typical fire and explosion issues in a fire code:
• Fireworks, explosives, mortars and cannons, model rockets (licenses for manufacture, storage, transportation,
sale, use)
• Certification for servicing, placement, and inspecting fire extinguishing equipment
• General storage and handling of flammable liquids, solids, gases (tanks, personnel training, markings,
equipment)
• Specific uses and specific flammables (e.g., dry cleaning, gasoline distribution, explosive dusts, pesticides,
space heaters, plastics manufacturing)
• Other hazards (flammable decorations, welding, smoking, bulk matches, tire yards)
Industrial Hygiene
Industrial hygiene is the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace conditions that may
cause workers' injury or illness. Industrial hygienists use environmental monitoring and analytical methods to detect
the extent of worker exposure and employ engineering, work practice controls, and other methods to control potential
health hazards.
The goal of the industrial hygienist is to keep workers, their families, and the community healthy and safe. They play a
vital part in ensuring that federal, state, and local laws and regulations are followed in the work environment.
Typical roles of the industrial hygienist include:
 Investigating and examining the workplace for hazards and potential dangers
 Making recommendations on improving the safety of workers and the surrounding community
 Conducting scientific research to provide data on possible harmful conditions in the workplace
 Developing techniques to anticipate and control potentially dangerous situations in the workplace and the
community
 Training and educating the community about job-related risks
  Advising government officials and participating in the development of regulations to ensure the health and
safety of workers and their families
 Ensuring that workers are properly following health and safety procedures
 Industrial hygienists work with the issues that concern us all

Industrial hygienists deal with the health and safety challenges facing people everywhere including:
 Indoor air quality (sick building syndrome, second-hand tobacco smoke)
 Evaluating and controlling environmental lead exposure
 Emergency response planning and community right-to-know
 Occupational disease (AIDS in the workplace, tuberculosis, silicosis)
 Potentially hazardous agents such as asbestos, pesticides, and radon gas
 Cumulative Trauma Disorders (repetitive stress injuries, carpal tunnel syndrome)
 Radiation (electromagnetic fields, microwaves)
 Reproductive health hazards in the workplace
 Setting limits on exposure to chemical and physical agents
 Detection and control of potential occupational hazards such as noise, radiation, and illumination
 Hazardous waste management

Hazard Communication and Chemical Safety

Many products that your organization uses on a regular basis, such as cleaning supplies, are more hazardous than
you may realize. Hazard communication is designed to do just as the name suggests: communicate hazard information
to each employee and volunteer. It’s essential to be aware of chemicals your staff is exposed to, the hazards associated
with each chemical and how to protect those exposed.
Hazardous Material Defined
Hazardous material is defined as items that have a physical or health hazard associated with them. For instance,
flammable, combustible or explosive materials are physically hazardous. In the same sense, materials that are
carcinogenic, toxic, corrosive and/or irritating are considered health hazards. This definition captures many of the
materials you may encounter in the workplace, including cleaning supplies, adhesives, solvents, paints and more.
Labeling Requirements
Your first line of defense with any type of material is the label found on the product container. It’s critically important
that every container be labeled so it properly identifies the material inside. Labels should include:
 Product Identifier: chemical’s name and a list of the substance(s) it contains
 Supplier Information: name, address and phone number of the chemical’s manufacturer or supplier.
 Pictogram: symbol inside a diamond with a red border, denoting a particular hazard class
  Precautionary Statement: one or more phrases that describe recommended measures to be taken to
minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting from exposure to a hazardous chemical or improper storage or
handling of a hazardous chemical
 Signal Words: single word used to indicate the relative level of severity of the hazard and alert the reader to
a potential hazard on the label; the signal words used are "danger" and "warning;" "fanger" is used for the
more severe hazards, while "warning" is used for less severe hazards
 Hazard Statement: phrase assigned to each hazard category; examples include “harmful if swallowed,”
“highly flammable liquid and vapor,” etc.
In order for a hazard communication program to be effective, you must take responsibility for using the information
provided in order to keep yourself and everyone in your organization safe.

References
"ILO-OSH 2001 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems". International Labour
Organisation. January 1, 2009. ISBN 92-2-111634-4.
"Safety Management Manual" (PDF). ICAO. 2013.
http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/images/Files/OSH%20Standards%202017.pdf
"Fall Injuries Prevention in the Workplace". NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved July 12, 2012.