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Analysis of Statically
Indeterminate
Structures by the
Matrix Force Method
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Lesson
8
The Force Method of
Analysis: Beams
Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Instructional Objectives
After reading this chapter the student will be able to
1. Solve statically indeterminate beams of degree more than one.
2. To solve the problem in matrix notation.
3. To compute reactions at all the supports.
4. To compute internal resisting bending moment at any section of the
continuous beam.
8.1 Introduction
In the last lesson, a general introduction to the force method of analysis is given.
Only, beams, which are statically indeterminate to first degree, were considered.
If the structure is statically indeterminate to a degree more than one, then the
approach presented in the previous example needs to be organized properly. In
the present lesson, a general procedure for analyzing statically indeterminate
beams is discussed.
4
7 PL3
(Δ L )1 = − wL − (8.1a)
8 EI 12 EI
4
27 PL3
(Δ L )2 = − 7 wL − (8.1b)
24 EI 16 EI
(Δ R )21 = a 21 R1 (8.2b)
In the second step, apply unit load in the direction of redundant R2 and compute
deflection at B (point 1), a12 and deflection at C , a 22 as shown in Fig 8.1d. It may
be recalled that the flexibility coefficient a ij is the deflection at i due to unit value
of force applied at j . Now deflections of the primary structure (released
structure) at B and C due to redundant R2 is
(Δ R )22 = a 22 R2 (8.3b)
Δ 2 = (Δ L )2 + a 21 R1 + a 22 R2 (8.4b)
The second equation (8.4b) similarly represents the total deflection at C . From
the physics of the problem, the compatibility condition can be written as,
Δ 2 = (Δ L )2 + a 21 R1 + a 22 R2 = 0 (8.5b)
The equation (8.5a) and (8.5b) may be written in matrix notation as follows,
In which,
⎧( Δ ) ⎫ ⎡a a12 ⎤ ⎧ R1 ⎫
{( Δ ) } = ⎪⎨( Δ ) ⎪⎬ ; [ A] = ⎢a
L 1
L 1 11
⎥ and {R} = ⎨ ⎬
⎪⎩ L 2 ⎪⎭ ⎣ 21 a22 ⎦ ⎩ R2 ⎭
Solving the above set of algebraic equations, one could obtain the values of
redundants, R1 and R2 .
w=w; P = wL (8.8a)
4
7 wL4 17 wL4
(Δ L )1 = − wL − =− (8.8b)
8 EI 12 EI 24 EI
The negative sign indicates that both deflections are downwards. Hence the
vector {Δ L } is given by
wL4 ⎧34⎫
{Δ L } = − ⎨ ⎬ (8.8d)
48 EI ⎩95⎭
The flexibility matrix is determined from referring to figures 8.1c and 8.1d. Thus,
when the unit load corresponding to R1 is acting at B , the deflections are,
L3 5 L3
a11 = , a 21 = (8.8e)
3EI 6 EI
5L3 8L3
a12 = , a 22 = (8.8f)
6 EI 3EI
L3 ⎡2 5 ⎤
[A] = ⎢5 16⎥ (8.8g)
6 EI ⎣ ⎦
16 − 5⎤
[A]−1 = 6 EI3 ⎡⎢ ⎥ (8.8h)
7 L ⎣− 5 2 ⎦
⎧ R1 ⎫ 6 EI wL4 ⎡ 16 − 5⎤ ⎧34⎫
⎨ ⎬= 3 × ⎢− 5 2 ⎥ ⎨95⎬
⎩ R2 ⎭ 7 L 48 EI ⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭
69 20
Hence, R1 = wL and R2 = wL (8.8i)
56 56
Once the redundants are evaluated, the other reaction components can be
evaluated by static equations of equilibrium.
Example 8.1
Calculate the support reactions in the continuous beam ABC due to loading as
shown in Fig. 8.2a. Assume EI to be constant throughout.
(Δ L )1 = − 819.16
EI
and (Δ L )2 =−
2311.875
(1)
EI
125 625
a11 = a 21 =
3EI 6 EI
625 1000
a12 = a 22 = (2)
6 EI 3EI
In the actual problem the displacements at B and C are zero. Thus the
compatibility conditions for the problem may be written as,
a11 R1 + a12 R2 + (Δ L )1 = 0
(3)
a 21 R1 + a 22 R2 + (Δ L )2 = 0
Select vertical reaction (R1 ) and the support moment (R2 ) at B as the
redundants. The primary structure in this case is a cantilever beam which could
be obtained by releasing the redundants R1 and R2 . The R1 is assumed to be
positive in the upward direction and R2 is assumed to be positive in the
counterclockwise direction. Now, calculate deflection at B due to only applied
loading. Let (Δ L )1 be the transverse deflection at B and (Δ L )2 be the slope at B
due to external loading. The positive directions of the selected redundants are
shown in Fig. 8.3b.
4
3wL4 wL4
(Δ L )1 = − wL − =− (1)
8EI 8EI 2 EI
3
wL3 2 wL3
and (Δ L )2 = − wL − =− (2)
6 EI 2 EI 3EI
wL3 ⎧3L ⎫
{Δ L } = − ⎨ ⎬ (3)
6 EI ⎩4⎭
The flexibility matrix is evaluated by first applying unit load along redundant R1
and determining the deflections a11 and a 21 corresponding to redundants R1 and
R2 respectively (see Fig. 8.3d). Thus,
L3 L2
a11 = and a 21 = (4)
3EI 2 EI
Similarly, applying unit load in the direction of redundant R2 , one could evaluate
flexibility coefficients a12 and a 22 as shown in Fig. 8.3c.
L2 L
a12 = and a 22 = (5)
2 EI EI
L ⎡2 L2 3L ⎤
[A] = ⎢ ⎥ (6)
6 EI ⎣ 3L 6⎦
⎧ R1 ⎫ 6 EI ⎡ 6 − 3L ⎤ ⎛ wL3 ⎞⎧3L ⎫
⎨ ⎬ = − ⎢ ⎥ ×⎜− ⎟⎨ ⎬
⎩ R2 ⎭ 3L3 ⎣− 3L 2 L2 ⎦ ⎜⎝ 6 EI ⎟⎠⎩ 4 ⎭
w ⎧ 6L ⎫
= ⎨ ⎬
3 ⎩− L2 ⎭
wL2
R1 = 2wL and R2 = − (7)
3
The bending moment and shear force diagrams are shown in Fig. 8.3g and
Fig.8.3h respectively.
Summary
In this lesson, statically indeterminate beams of degree more than one is solved
systematically using flexibility matrix method. Towards this end matrix notation is
adopted. Few illustrative examples are solved to illustrate the procedure. After
analyzing the continuous beam, reactions are calculated and bending moment
diagrams are drawn.