Archives of Psychiatric Nursing xxx (2015) xxx–xxx

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Archives of Psychiatric Nursing

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apnu

Emotions, Ideas and Experiences of Caregivers of Patients With

Schizophrenia About "Family to Family Support Program"
Kerime Bademli a,⁎,1, Zekiye Çetinkaya Duman b
a
Akdeniz University Faculty of Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing Departmen, Antalya, Türkiye
b
Dokuz Eylül University Nursing Faculty, İzmir,Türkiye

a b s t r a c t

"Family to Family Support Program" is a significant intervention program to assist families by informing them
about treatment procedures and coping strategies, increasing their functionality, helping them to overcome
the challenges of the disease. This study was particularly designed to investigate the emotions, thoughts, and ex-
periences of caregivers of schizophrenia patients who participated in "Family to Family Support Program." The
study was conducted with one of the qualitative research methods, phenomenological method. The study sample
included caregivers who care for schizophrenia patients and participated in the "Family to Family Support Pro-
gram". Twenty caregivers were included in the sample. The study was carried out in İzmir Schizophrenia Support
Association. The study data were collected with four open ended questions. The average age of the participants
was 56,77 ± 72,89, 10 male caregivers and 10 female caregivers, 9 caregivers were fathers, 6 caregivers were
mothers, and 5 of them were siblings. The thematic analysis indicated that the emotions, thoughts and experi-
ences of caregivers can be categorized in four groups: "I learned to deal with my problems", "I am conscious in
my interaction with the patient and I know and I am not alone", "I feel much better", and "Schizophrenia is not
the end of the road, knowledge sorts things out." Caregivers who participated in "Family to Family Support Pro-
gram" expressed their satisfaction that they were benefited from the program, their coping skills were improved,
they experienced less challenges when providing care, they understood the disease better, and it felt comfortable.
© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chronic mental disorders adversely affect patients and their families
alike and they can become a major cause of stress. Patients with schizo-
phrenia often live with their families and therefore they have a signifi-
cant part in the care and treatment of the patient (Addington,
McCleery, & Addington, 2005; Chien, 2008; Li, Lambert, & Lambert,
2007; Saunders, 2003). With an attempt to cope with the challenges re-
sulted from living with the patient, family members openly express
their wish to cooperate with the health professionals and actively par-
ticipate in the treatment procedures. It is recently maintained in rele-
vant studies that family interventions are substantially important in
the treatment of schizophrenia, and that these interventions contribute
to the well-being of family members, assist them to cope with the disor-
der, influence their mental balance, and enable the patients' integration
into the treatment procedures by improving the cooperation between
family members and health professionals (Chien, 2008; Doğan, 2002;
Maldonado & Urizar, 2007; Saunders, 1999).
“Family to Family Support Program” (FFSP) was implemented in sev-
eral studies and it has been reported that caregivers have an increasing
awareness toward the causes and the treatment of the disorder and
Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of in-
terest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
⁎ Corresponding Author: Assist. Prof. Dr. Kerime Bademli, Akdeniz University Faculty of
Nursing, Psychiatric Nursing Departmen, Antalya, Türkiye.
E-mail address: kerimedemirbas@akdeniz.edu.tr (K. Bademli).
1
Interest in families of schizophrenia patients.
they are better able to cope with the difficulties. It has also been
added that family members have less negative feelings and more social
support as well as a reducing level of anxiety toward the condition of
the patient (Chien, 2008; Dixon et al., 2004; Schenk, Lippincott, Bennett,
& Steigman, 2008; Young, 2001).
FFSP was developed by Joyce Burland in 1990 and it is structured as a
social program that provides peer information and support for the par-
ents. FFSP is open to family members, spouses and friends of patients
with a chronic mental disorder. When the program was first developed,
it was implemented with groups of caregivers whose patients were di-
agnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. The
target group was extended later on and more caregivers of the patients
diagnosed with panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder were
included in the program. The program was initially called “Journey of
Hope” but it was revised as FFSP in 1997 when National Alliance on
Mental Disorders began to promote the program (Baxter, 2001). A sim-
ilar program to FFSP in the United States is Family to Family Mutual Sup-
port Program still in practice in China (Chien & Norman, 2003).
FFSP is a support program through which family members are in-
formed about the mental disorders and encouraged to share their
ideas and emotions. The primary objective of the program is to empow-
er the caregiver in self-help and provide emotional support. The second
purpose of the program is to prevent the traumatic influence of the
chronic mental disorder on the caregiver. The third purpose is to ensure
self therapy for the caregiver through self education (Baxter, 2001).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.12.002
0883-9417/© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: Bademli, K., & Duman, Z.Ç., Emotions, Ideas and Experiences of Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia About "Family
to Family Support Program", Archives of Psychiatric Nursing (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.12.002
2 K. Bademli, Z.Ç. Duman / Archives of Psychiatric Nursing xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
FFSP is basically practiced with the caregivers of patients with
schizophrenia and it can be considered as an intervention program
that informs the family members about the disorder, treatment and
coping strategies, increasing the functionality of the family. It also assists
family members to cope with the disorder and mitigates the problems
that family members have to go through (Dixon et al., 2001). It was
also confirmed with the results obtained in these studies in which
FFSP was implemented that caregivers attained a better understanding
of the causes and the treatment of the mental disorder and they were
better able to cope with the challenges they had. It was also concluded
that caregivers of the patient with schizophrenia had lower levels of
negative feelings and higher levels of social support whereas they re-
portedly had lower levels of anxiety about the patient's condition
(Chien, 2008; Dixon et al., 2004; Schenk et al., 2008).
In Turkish culture, patients with schizophrenia mostly live with their
families and care of these patients is provided by family members. In ad-
dition, women are generally those who are responsible for health and
care of the family in Turkish culture. Proving care to patient with schizo-
phrenia by family members brings along positive contributions such as
increase of emotional communication, development of close relation-
ships, receiving social support from other members, and providing per-
sonal psychosocial satisfaction as well as numerous problems and
difficulties. In Turkish culture, implementation of care-giving task by
family members may cause caregivers to experience various difficulties
and to receive professional help (Atagün, Balaban, Atagün, Elagöz, &
Özpolat, 2011).
To establish a holistic care for the patients with a chronic mental dis-
order and their families, it is fundamental to consider patients and their
families as a whole. FFSP primarily serve to cover the needs of families
for information and support. Therefore, the efficacy of the program
should also be evaluated with qualitative data derived from the experi-
ences of the caregivers besides the quantitative data obtained in surveys
and researches. Although there are plenty of qualitative studies in re-
gard to the experiences of the caregivers of patient with schizophrenia
in the scientific literature worldwide, there is a growing need to analyze
the ideas, emotions and experiences of the caregivers in Turkey, partly
because of the fact that the program has just been initiated with Turkish
groups. This study, accordingly, was conducted to investigate the ideas,
emotions and experiences of the caregivers of patient with schizophre-
nia about the program who participated in FFSP.
METHOD
Design
The study was conducted with a qualitative method, phenomeno-
logical method, to analyze and study the ideas, emotions, and experi-
ences of the caregivers of patient with schizophrenia who participated
in the program (Streubert & Carpenter, 1999). Phenomenological meth-
od focuses on cases which we are aware of but do not have a thoroughly
and detailed understanding about. For the studies aiming to investigate
cases that are not only strange to us completely but also we have not ex-
actly made sense of, phenomenological method constitutes an appro-
priate research basis. Phenomenology, also called as case science, is a
method searching for an answer to the question “What is real?” Individ-
ual experiences constitute the basis of phenomenological approach. In
this approach, researcher deals with individual experiences of the par-
ticipant and examines perceptions of the individual and the meanings
assigned to events by him/her (Yıldırım, & Şimşek, 2005).
FFSP consists of eight sessions. The purpose of the development and
implementation of the FFS program is to create environments where
caregivers can interact with and receive emotional support from each
other, increase their knowledge about the causes and treatment of men-
tal illnesses, better cope with their difficulties and protect their own
mental health. Caregivers in the FFS group were provided with a sup-
port program by the caregivers who had previously completed the
Please cite this article as: Bademli, K., & Duman, Z.Ç., Emotions, Ideas and Experiences of Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia About "Family
to Family Support Program", Archives of Psychiatric Nursing (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.12.002
“train the trainer” course to maintain the FFS program. The FFS program
was completed in 8 weeks with each group participating 2 hours a week
on the designated day.
Sample
FFSP consisting of 8 weeks was carried out in the İzmir Schizophre-
nia Support Association; a total of 20 caregivers participated and com-
pleted this program. Therefore, these 20 caregivers who participated
and completed FFSP constituted the sample of the study in order to de-
termine their feelings, thoughts and experiences related to the program.
Ethical Concerns
The Board of Ethics at Dokuz Eylul University Nursing School granted
the permission to conduct the study. The participants were instructed
about the name, purpose, duration and format of the study. The partici-
pant caregivers were also reminded that they could leave the study at
will. Additionally, the administrative body of Izmir Şizofreni Dayanışma
Derneği (Izmir Solidarity Association with the Patients of Schizophrenia)
was also informed about the study and legal permissions were obtained.
Data Collection
The study data were collected with a semi-structured interview
questionnaire in two parts which was specially designed. The first part
included demographic questions about age, sex, educational status, re-
lation to the patient and duration of their responsibility as the caregiver.
The second part of the questionnaire involved four open-ended ques-
tions where the caregivers were asked to write freely about their emo-
tions, thoughts and experiences of FFSP. Questionnaire contained open
ended questions like
1. Can you tell us about the reasons why you have chosen to partic-
ipate in “Family to Family Support Program”?
2. What has changed in you and your life if you compare before and
after you have joined the program?
3. How has your decision to participate in the program influenced
your life?
4. What would you recommend to the caregivers of patient with
schizophrenia who have not participated in “Family to Family Sup-
port Programs”?
The interviews with the caregivers were conducted in the Izmir Sol-
idarity Association with the Patients of Schizophrenia. The caregivers
were informed about the study, and their written consent was obtained.
The caregivers completed the survey in 20–30 min, though they were
allocated more time. The researcher did not have any interference
with the answers of caregivers during the interview. The researcher
made statements when there were questions which the caregivers did
not understand or asked for an explanation. The researcher and an aca-
demic member experienced on qualitative research made separate cod-
ings regarding data obtained from interview and consistency was
examined by comparing the codings. In the assessment, it was observed
that there was a perfect consistency between raters and it was decided
that coding was reliable. All of the results were given directly without
any comment in order to increase the internal reliability of the study.
In addition, confirmation of participant was provided by confirming
the obtained results and comments with the caregivers participating
into study.
Data Analysis
The study data were analyzed as suggested by Colaizzi (1978)
(Streubert & Carpenter, 1999). The feedbacks of the caregivers were
read by both researchers. The reports were discussed and analyzed in
detail until researchers came to an agreement and these reports were
 K. Bademli, Z.Ç. Duman / Archives of Psychiatric Nursing xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 3

encoded individually. The answers from the participants were carefully
evaluated and interpreted by the researches to produce common and
meaningful statements. The researchers subsequently negotiated on
the themes after clarifying the meanings of statements. As a result, the
researchers found four common themes, which are I learned to deal
with my problems, I am conscious in my interaction with the patient
and I know I am not alone, I feel much better, and schizophrenia is not
the end of the road, knowledge sorts things out.
FINDINGS
meet other people who had exactly the same concerns when I joined
the FFSP. I met families who were in a worse situation than us” (par-
ticipant # 10).“I gained awareness about my attitudes toward the
patient” (participant # 2).“Helping my sick child better, supporting
other families with the same problems, getting help from the others
and seeing that I am not alone, I learned all of these here in this pro-
gram (participant # 17).“I saw other patients and other families and
I compared my condition to theirs (participant # 19).“I always
thought I get the worst of everything. I changed my mind after this
program (participant #14).

Demographic data about the caregivers who participated in the

study are displayed in Table 1. Theme 3: I Feel Much Better

Theme 1: I Learned to Deal With My Problems The participants of FFSP emphasized that they felt much better now
and joining the program influenced them positively.
The caregivers who attended FFSP stated that they could deal with
“Joining FFSP affected me positively (participant # 5).“Joining FFSP
the challenges and problems better after the program.
influenced me positively and my behaviors changed in a healthy
“My behaviors toward my child have changed. I love him/her much and positive manner (participant # 2).“I relieved with the program”
more now. I am not angry with him/her about their negative behav- (participant# 9).“I feel much better (participant# 12).“Sharing with
iors and I am happier now” (participant # 1).“Now I am familiar with others relieved my mind” (participant # 19).“Struggling with the
the disorder. I have become more patient and understanding. I can disorder made me stronger. I was not simply coming to terms with
look to the future with confidence” (participant # 6).“I can deal with it. The program helped me to do so and that eventually changed
all problems of my patient” (participant # 12).“I learned how to cope my attitudes toward my child (participant# 15).
with stress” (participant # 3, participant # 20).“I learned how to
spend a lifetime with my patient (participant # 18).
Theme 4: Schizophrenia is Not the End of the Road, Knowledge Sorts Things Out

Theme 2: I Am Conscious in My Interaction With the Patient and I Know and The caregivers in this study also reported that they felt stronger as
I Am Not Alone they learned more about the disorder, which, in the end, helped them
to cope with the difficulties they had.
The caregivers of patients with schizophrenia reported that they
“Knowledge sorts things out, get informed about the disorder, this
were informed about the disorder during FFSP and they were relieved
would be better for you and your patient” (participant #13).“I
to see that they were not alone; there were other families who had to
learned to take care of my child who suffers from schizophrenia with
undergo the same difficulties.
“Family to Family Support Program” (participant # 15).“Everybody
“I realized that I am not the only one who has to live with the patient, should join “Family to Family Support Program” if they want to spend
I became confident of myself” (participant # 4).“I had the chance to a happy and peaceful life with their patient. They will learn a lot
about their patient and themselves”. (Participant #6).
Table 1
Demographic Data About the Caregivers Who Participated “Family to Family Support Pro-
gram (n = 20). DISCUSSION
n %
This study was conducted to elicit the ideas, emotions and experi-
Age
40–49 3 15
ences of caregivers of patients with schizophrenia who participated in
50–59 8 40 “Family to Family Support Program”. In light of the results of the qualita-
60–69 8 40 tive data, it is suggested that the program produced positive changes in
70–79 1 5 caregivers. The participants commonly agreed that they had positive ex-
Gender periences throughout the program.
Male 10 50
Female 10 50 Theme 1: I Learned to Deal With My Problems
Education
Primary school 8 40 The participants of the study stated that joining the program enabled
High school 5 25 them to cope with the challenges they had. “Family to Family Support
University 7 35
Program” was reported to facilitate providing care for the patient and
Proximity of the patient and caregiver to take the pressure off the families (Cook, Heller, & Pickett, 1999). Dur-
Father 9 45 ing the “Family to Family Support Program” sessions, caregivers
Mother 6 30
discussed the pros and cons of the ways they used to try to cope with
Brother-in-law 1 5
Sister 3 15 their problems. Two sessions of Family to Family Support Program
Aunt 1 5 mainly deal with coping with stress. One of the primary purposes of
these sessions is to teach the participants how to cope with stress. The
Duration of caregiving role
1–5 years 6 30 feedbacks seemingly confirmed that the content of “Family to Family
5–10 years 4 20 Support Program” was quite instrumental in dealing with the problems
11–15 years 6 30 of caregivers. In a qualitative study that investigated the benefits of
16–20 2 10 the program and the changes in caregivers, caregivers affirmed that
21–25 2 10
they were able to deal with the problems more successfully and they

Please cite this article as: Bademli, K., & Duman, Z.Ç., Emotions, Ideas and Experiences of Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia About "Family
to Family Support Program", Archives of Psychiatric Nursing (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.12.002
4 K. Bademli, Z.Ç. Duman / Archives of Psychiatric Nursing xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
felt well supported after they completed the program. The caregivers
also maintained that they were less worried about the case of a new cri-
sis or a change in their patient and they reportedly complained less
about despair, anger, fury, the feeling of guilt, and anxiety after the pro-
gram (Lucksted, Steward, & Forbes, 2008). Pharoah, Mari, Rathbone, and
Wong (2006) similarly conducted a meta analysis of the interventions
concerning the families of patients with schizophrenia and found that
peer information support and mutual support enhanced the capacity
of family members to cope with stress. It might also be suggested that
implementing “Family to Family Support Program” resulted in a note-
worthy decrease in the problems the caregivers had to endure and
assisted them to improve their coping skills.
Theme 2: I Am Conscious in My Interaction With the Patient and I Know I
Am Not Alone
Theme 2 signifies that caregivers of patients with schizophrenia are
conscious in their interaction with the patient and they know they are
not alone. Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia share their experi-
ences of disorder management and coping strategies during the ses-
sions of “Family to Family Support Program” (Solomon, 2000). Families
of patients with schizophrenia meet other families and exchange their
ideas and experiences, which eventually cause them to see themselves
in a new light (Chien, Thompson, & Norman, 2008). Support groups or-
ganized with caregivers are practically formulated with sharing infor-
mation based on experiences and intuitions (Young, 2001). The
scientific data derived from the studies related to the implementation
of “Family to Family Support Program” are combined with the experi-
ences of caregivers, which consequently paves the way for families to
improve their knowledge and to raise awareness toward their mutual
connection with other families. Sharing experiences with others in
group meetings certainly creates an atmosphere through which families
are ensured that other families have also struggled against the same
challenges, and that they are not alone. People can better empathize
when they go through the same difficulties and they can help each
other better by suggesting practical solutions or giving useful advice
that cannot be offered by health professionals (Mead & Macneil, 2006).
Theme 3: I Feel Much Better
Another objective of the program is to increase the social support. Par-
ticipants of the program stated that they felt better after the program. The
meta analysis of the interventions regarding the families of patients with
schizophrenia illustrated that peer information support and mutual sup-
port improved coping skills of family members (Pharoah et al., 2006).
“Family to Family Support Program” makes a comfortable setting available
for caregivers to express their feelings while sharing their experiences
about treatment procedures, communication with patients and coping
with stress, which finally motivates the participants to feel better in com-
parison to their state of mind before the program. Sharing experiences
with others possibly helps people to develop an insight into their own
condition, thus preventing social isolation and broadening social net-
works. It has often been reported that peer support programs prove to
be effectual in improving psychosocial health (Davidson et al., 1999).
The caregivers of patients with schizophrenia find the opportunity to
share their experiences about living with a patient with schizophrenia
at home during the sessions of “Family to Family Support Program”.
Lucksted et al. (2008) interviewed with caregivers and reported that
some of the participants agreed that they never shared their experiences
about living with a patient with schizophrenia with anyone before and
talking over these issues in depth relieved them.
Theme 4: Schizophrenia is Not the End of the Road, Knowledge Sorts Things Out
The caregivers participated in this study confirmed that they gained
consciousness toward the fact that schizophrenia is not the end of the
Please cite this article as: Bademli, K., & Duman, Z.Ç., Emotions, Ideas and Experiences of Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia About "Family
to Family Support Program", Archives of Psychiatric Nursing (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.12.002
road and they could solve many problems by learning more about the
disorder. Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia have to endure
many difficulties during the treatment procedures. It has widely been
revealed that caregivers of patients with schizophrenia experience
emotional and behavioral challenges and they often fail to respond to
the patient's behaviors or to create their expectations (King & Nazareth,
1996). It was also concluded that “Family to Family Support Program”
allowed caregivers to raise awareness toward the causes and treatment
of the mental disorder, which, in turn, helped them to cope with the
challenges, reducing negative feelings and anxieties toward the
patient's condition and increasing social support (Chien, 2008; Dixon
et al., 2004; Schenk et al., 2008; Young, 2001). Family intervention ses-
sions commonly include information about the disorder, communica-
tion with the patient, and problem solving skills (Glynn, Cohen, Dixon,
& Niv, 2006) and the same pattern is similarly followed in this study.
The participants admitted that they were well informed about the disor-
der and well equipped with coping skills at the end of the program. In a
similar study conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the program, care-
givers were observed to increase their awareness and social support. It
was additionally noted that they more easily accepted the disorder
and they improved their skills of coping, problem solving, stress man-
agement and anger management. The participant family members
also maintained that they succeeded in developing new ideas about
new situations with the help of what they learned in the program. Be-
sides, some caregivers affirmed that they did not recognize certain indi-
cations and therefore they misinterpreted such behaviors as the
patient's misbehaviors. They added that their response substantially
changed after they joined the program (Lucksted et al., 2008). Care-
givers of patients with schizophrenia deliberately need information
and support about the disorder and coping strategies (Carter & Curlee,
1999). The content of “Family to Family Support Program” has been struc-
tured in accordance with the requirements of caregivers. It has been
concluded that caregivers could better deal with the problems about
their patient thanks to the training they received during the program.
Limitations
Since the study was conducted on caregivers participating to FFSP
program, the limitation of this study is that themes included only their
opinions and assessments. Additionally, it can be a method enriching
expression of related opinions and experiences of caregivers participat-
ing to program with individual interviews and focus-group made
with them.
CONCLUSION
In this study, it was revealed that FFSP had positive effects on feeling
strong, less stress during care, and enhancing to cope with among care-
givers of patients with schizophrenia. This is an important study since
this situation was supported with expressions of caregivers participat-
ing to such program and the themes occurred.
This qualitative study investigated the ideas, emotions, and experi-
ences of caregivers who participated in FFSP.
The participants reported that they benefited from the program with
respect to receiving emotional and social support, coping with chal-
lenges, learning new things and developing positive attitudes. Addition-
ally, the participant caregivers noted that it was quite relieving to meet
other caregivers who happened to endure similar problems and to share
their experiences. The participants also stated that the program was a
refreshing opportunity for them and they would suggest this program
to other caregivers.
In light of the results based on the experiences of caregivers, it is
strongly suggested that the caregivers who participated in FFSP im-
proved their coping skills, they felt well equipped to overcome the chal-
lenges, and they experienced less difficulties.
 K. Bademli, Z.Ç. Duman / Archives of Psychiatric Nursing xxx (2015) xxx–xxx
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