Glossary

By Ciornii Dan

Notion Explanation Romanian Translate

1 Law The enforceable body of rules that govern a society Drept

2 Tort A civil, not criminal, wrong. A negligent or intentional injury against a person or Contravenție
property, with the exception of breach of contract.
3 Testimony Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries. Mărturie
4 Trial The hearing of civil or criminal case before a court of competent jurisdiction Judecată
5 Claim A creditor's assertion of a right to payment from a debtor or the debtor's property. Revendicare
6 Common law The legal system that originated in England and is now in use in the United States, Dreptul Comun
which relies on the articulation of legal principles in a historical succession of
judicial decisions.
7 Contract An agreement between two or more people that creates an obligation to do or not to Contract
do a particular thing.
8 Court Government entity authorized to resolve legal disputes. Judges sometimes use Curte,Tribunal
"court" to refer to themselves in the third person, as in "the court has read the briefs.
9 Creditor A person to whom or business to which the debtor owes money or that claims to be Creditor
owed money by the debtor.
10 Damages Money that a defendant pays a plaintiff in a civil case if the plaintiff has won. Daune
11 Defendant An individual (or business) against whom a lawsuit is filed. pârât
12 Evidence Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact Dovadă
finder (judge or jury) to decide the case in favor of one side or the other.
13 Issue The disputed point between parties in a lawsuit Litigiu
14 Judge An official of the Judicial branch with authority to decide lawsuits brought before Judecător
courts.
15 Judgment The official decision of a court finally resolving the dispute between the parties to Hotărâre
the lawsuit. Sentință
16 Jurisdiction The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a certain type of case. It also is Jurisdicție
used as a synonym for venue, meaning the geographic area over which the court has Autoritate
territorial jurisdiction to decide cases. Putere

17 Jurisprudence The study of law and the structure of the legal system Jurisprudență
18 Jury The group of persons selected to hear the evidence in a trial and render a verdict on Juriu
matters of fact. See also grand jury.
19 Lawsuit A legal action started by a plaintiff against a defendant based on a complaint that Proces
the defendant failed to perform a legal duty which resulted in harm to the plaintiff.
20 Litigation A case, controversy, or lawsuit. Participants (plaintiffs and defendants) in lawsuits Litigiu
are called litigants.
21 Plaintiff A person or business that files a formal complaint with the court. Reclamant
22 Procedure The rules for conducting a lawsuit; there are rules of civil procedure, criminal Procedură
procedure, evidence, bankruptcy, and appellate procedure.
23 Prosecute To charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a criminal case on behalf of the Urmărire penală
government
24 Sanction A penalty or other type of enforcement used to bring about compliance with the law Sancțiune
or with rules and regulations.
25 Venue he geographic area in which a court has jurisdiction. Loc de Judecată
26 Verdict The decision of a trial jury or a judge that determines the guilt or innocence of a Verdict
criminal defendant, or that determines the final outcome of a civil case.
27 Witness A person called upon by either side in a lawsuit to give testimony before the court Martor
or jury.
28 Lawyer A professional who gives legal advice and assistance to clients and represent them Avocat
in court or in other legal matters
29 To instruct To give orders to A informa
30 Audience The opportunity to be heard Audiență
31 Family Law The branch of law relating to family matters and domestic relations Dreptul Familiei
32 Criminal Law Also known as penal law this branch is distinguished from civil law .It relates to Dreptul Penal
illegal acts committed against individuals and the state.
33 Civil Law This branch of law is distinguished from criminal law.It refers to the area of law Dreptul Civil
that deals with relations between private individuals
34 International Law It is the body of law that regulates the international activities of states, international Dreptul Internațional
organizations and multinational corporations
35 Labour Law The area of law relating to the employment of workers. Dreptul Muncii
36 European Union The study of the objectives and implementation of the system of internal laws Dreptul European
Law between member states from the European continent
37 Prejudice An adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or Prejudiciu
examination of the facts
38 Discrimination Is treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction towards, a person based on Discriminare
the group, class, or category to which the person is perceived to belong.
39 Self-Defence A defence at common law to charges reasonable force is used to defend oneself Autoapărare
40 Smuggling The offence of importing or exporting specified goods that are subject to customs or Contrabandă
exercise duties without having paid the requisite duties
41 Treaty An international agreement in writing between two states or a number of states Tratat
42 Merger An amalgamation between companies of similar size Fuziune
43 Fee The price one pays as remuneration for rights or services Taxă
44 Amendment An amendment is a formal or official change made to a law, contract, constitution, Amendament
or other legal document.
45 Constitution a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state Constituție
or other organization is governed.
46 Negligence The most occurs when one person unintentionally inflicts injury upon another Neglijență
person
47 Assault is the tort of acting intentionally, that is with either general or specific intent, Asalt
causing the reasonable apprehension of an immediate harmful or offensive contact.
48 Battery is the tort of intentionally x„and voluntarily bringing about an unconsented harmful Ultraj ?
or offensive contact with a person or to something closely associated with them Molestare ?
49 Injury 1.Infringement of a right. 2. Actual harm caused to people or property Daună
50 Insanity A defect of reason, arising from mental disease Nebunie
51 Intoxication The condition of someone who is drunk or under the influence of drugs Intoxicație
52 Commitee A body of one or more persons that is subordinate to a deliberative assembly Comitet
53 Bill A proposed law put before a legislature Proiect de lege
54 Royal Assent The method by which a country's monarch formally approves an act of that nation's Consimțământ regal
parliament.
55 Parliament Legislative body of government Parlament
56 Govern Executive body of government Guvern
57 Voluntary Where the plaintiff voluntary engages in a fight with defendant for the sake of Voluntar
fighting
58 Defense of property Many jurisdictions allow the use of some amount of threat or force by person who Apărarea proprietății
is seeking to protect his or her own property from theft or damage
59 Police coduct A police officer is privileged to apply the threat of force, or if necessary to apply Dreptul polițistului de
actual force aplica violența
60 Provocation Words alone, no matter how insulting or provocative, do not justify an assault or Provocare
battery against the person who utters the words
61 authority A judicial decision, statute, or rule of law that establishes a principle; precedent Autoritate
62 Guilt An admission in court by a accused the person that he has committed the offence Vină
with which he is charged
63 Extradition The surrender by one state to another of a person accused of committing an offence Extrădare
in the latter.
64 Ownership The exclusive right to use, posses and dispose of property Proprietate
65 Penalty A punishment for a crime Penalizare
66 Dispute a conflict of claims or rights Controversa
67 Proof evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement. Dovada
68 Policy a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or individual. Politica
69 Compensation something, typically money, awarded to someone in recognition of loss, suffering, Compensatie
or injury.
70 Allegation a claim or assertion that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically Afirmatie
one made without proof.
71 Prison a building in which people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have Inchisoare
committed or while awaiting trial.
72 Imprisonment the state of being imprisoned Pedeapsa cu
inchisoare
73 Confinement the situation in which a person or animal is kept somewhere, usually byforce detentiune
74 Inmate a person confined to an institution such as a prison or hospital. Detinut
75 Release escape from confinement; set free. Eliberare
76 Cell a small room in which a prisoner is locked up Celula, camera
77 Delinquent (typically of a young person) tending to commit crime, particularly minor crime. Delincvent
78 Deprivation of Taking someone’s freedom away Deprivare de liberate
Liberty

79 Escape break free from confinement Evadare

80 Censorship the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. Cenzura
81 Traitor a person who betrays someone or something Tradator
82 Suspect a person thought to be guilty Suspect
83 Fine A sum of money, which, by judgment of a competent jurisdiction, is required to be Amenda
paid for the punishment of an offence.
84 Banishment the punishment of being sent away from a country Deportare
85 Adultery voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a person who is not their Adulter
spouse.
86 Bullying seek to harm, intimidate someone
87 Jaywalking cross or walk in the street or road unlawfully Traversarea ilegala a
strazii
88 Polygamy the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time. Poligamie
89 Trespass enter someone's land or property without permission.
90 Paedophilia 1. sexual feelings directed towards children. Pedofilie
91 Vandalism action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to public or private property. Vandalism
92 Abduction the action of forcibly taking someone away against their will. Rapire
93 Rape unlawful sexual activity and usually sexual intercourse carried out forcibly or under Viol
threat of injury
94 Theft the action or crime of stealing. Furt
95 Fraud wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain. Frauda
96 Hooliganism violent or rowdy behaviour by young troublemakers, typically in a gang. Huliganism
97 Conspiracy a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful. Conspiratie
98 Piracy the unauthorized use or reproduction of another's work. Piraterie
99 Robbery the action of taking property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of Jaf
force.
10 Terrorism the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the Terorism
0 pursuit of political aims.
10 Arson the criminal act of deliberately setting fire to property. Incendiere
1
10 Bribery the giving or offering of a bribe. Mita
2
10 Burglary illegal entry of a building with intent to commit a crime, especially theft. Furt prin spargere
3
10 Crime an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law. Crima
4
10 Felony a crime regarded in the US and many other judicial systems as more serious than a Crima mai serioasa
5 misdemeanour.Punishable by more than 1 year
10 Forgery the action of forging a copy or imitation of a document, signature, banknote, or Falsificare
6 work of art.
10 Immunity legal status wherein an individual or entity cannot be held liable for a violation of Imunitate
7 the law
10 Juvenile 1. the habitual committing of criminal acts or offences by a young person, Delicventa Juvenila
8 Delinquency especially one below the age at which ordinary criminal prosecution is possible.
10 Larceny Nonviolent theft Furt non violent
9
110 Misdemeanor Minor wrongdoing. Punishable by less than 1 year of imprisonment Crima mai putin
serioasa
111 Pardon official act of forgiving a crime Amnistie
112 Parole the temporary or permanent release of a prisoner before the expiry of a sentence, on Eliberare pe cuvant de
the promise of good behaviour. onoare
113 Perjury the offence of wilfully telling an untruth or making a misrepresentation under oath. Juramant fals
114 Probation the release of an offender from detention, subject to a period of good behaviour Eliberare conditionata
under supervision.
115 White-collar Non-violent crimes commited by high ranked criminals Crime de guler alb.
Crimes Crime calificate ?
116 Extortion the practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats. Stoarcere de bani
santaj
117 Hijacking an act of unlawfully seizing an aircraft, vehicle, or ship while in transit; a hijack.
118 Mugging an act of attacking and robbing someone in a public place. Jaf in loc public
119 Smuggling the illegal movement of goods into or out of a country. Contrabanda
12 Shop-Lifting the action of stealing goods from a shop while pretending to be a customer. Furt din magazine
0
12 Kidnapping the action of abducting someone and holding them captive. Rapire
1
12 Pickpocketing the action of stealing from a person's pockets. Furt de buzunar
2
12 Blackmail the action, treated as a criminal offence, of demanding payment or another benefit Santaj
3 from someone in return for not revealing compromising or damaging information
about them.
12 Bail the temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes on condition Cautiune
4 that a sum of money is lodged to guarantee their appearance in court.
12 Espionage the practice of spying or of using spies, typically by governments to obtain political Spionaj
5 and military information.
12 Deserter a member of the armed forces who deserts. Dezertor
6
12 Stowaway 1. a person who stows away on a passenger vehicle. Traveling without ticket. Pasager Clandestin
7