A channel section is considered to be most economical or most efficient when it passes a maximum discharge

for given cross section area, resistance coefficient, and bottom slope.[1] From the equation of continuity it is
evident that for area of cross section being constant, discharge is maximum when the velocity of discharge is
maximum. And from Chézy formula and Manning formula for a certain value of slope and surface roughness,
velocity is maximum when the hydraulic radius is maximum. And if we take the area as constant, hydraulic
radius is maximum if the wetted perimeter is minimum. A semicircular section is the best economical channel
but due to difficulty in creating it, a trapezoidal section can be considered most efficient.

DIFFERNCE B/W

IGNEOUS ROCK

Igneous rock , formed by the cooling of magma (molten rock) inside the Earth or on the surface.

Sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks, formed from the products of weathering by cementation or precipitation on the Earth's surface.

Metamorphic rocks,

formed by temperature and pressure changes inside the Earth.

Lift irrigation:

The type in which crops are supplied water by pumping water from lower level to higher level is known as lift
irrigation.

Flow or surface irrigation:

The type in which water is supplied directly to soil through channel is known as flow or surface irrigation.

A plane survey

A plane survey provides location of physical features in a small area.

A geodetic survey

is performed over an area so large that the curvature of the earth must be taken into account.

A Topographic Survey is a survey that gathers data about the elevation of points on a piece of land and presents
them as contour lines on a plot.

Aqueduct is an structure (usually made by concrete) that carries the water but level of water passage is not
sticking to the ground. on the other hand an aqueduct is a bridge with a canal on top of it. aqueducts usually used in
cross point of canals with other structures (such as roads, bridges, other canals and etc.). first aqueducts was made
by Romans to transport water from highlands to their cities.

But canals usually is made on natural ground by digging land and lining the walls and bed by Reinforced concrete or
the other materials for protecting surfaces from leakage and abrasion.

What is Super Passage?

When the canal is in full cutting and there is sufficient head way for the canal water a Super Passage may be
proposed. That is if the Full supply level (F.S.L) of canal is below a depth of free board required for canal from bed
level of drain crossing, at this point a super passage may be constructed to let the discharge of drain without causing
any damage to the canal.
What is Aqueduct?

Aqueduct is a structure that may be proposed on canal that is running in full embankment and there is sufficient way
to pass the discharge of drain. That is if the Maximum Flood Level (M.F.L) of drain is below a depth of free board
required in drain from Bed Level Canal, at this point an aqueduct may be proposed to let the discharge of drain
below canal without causing any damage to the canal

What is Under Tunnel (Type-2 Aqueduct)?

When the canal is running in partial or full embankment and there is no sufficient head way to pass the discharge of
drain below the canal then an Under Tunnel may be proposed. That is if the (MFL +Freeboard) of drain is above the
bed level of canal, then a barrel will be provided below the canal bed level by depressing the bed level of the drain.

What is Canal Syphon?

When the canal runs partially in cutting, the canal syphon may be adopted. A barrel will be provided below the bed
level of drain to pass the discharge of canal by depressing canal Full supply level (F.S.L) before the drain crossing and
again lift it back after crossing the drain. Sufficient head may be provided to force the water from up stream of canal
to down stream of canal. This is often provided for drain crossing that have huge discharge and an Under Tunnel may
not be economic.