2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

Low Noise Amplifier in Smart Healthcare

Applications
Malti Bansal Jyoti
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Delhi Technological University Delhi Technological University
Delhi -110042,India Delhi -110042,India
maltibansal@gmail.com electronics jyoti91@gmail.com

Abstract— The smart health care monitoring systems are
playing a pivotal role in the medical health industry. The
wireless healthcare monitoring system is one of the leading
innovative developments in the medical system. A smart
wireless health monitoring system helps to measure the user’s
neural signals, heart rate, body temperature and any unusual
activity in the patient's body. This paper reviews and surveys
the various applications of a Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) in the
healthcare domain, such as ECG monitoring systems, EEG
monitoring Systems, neural recording system, biosensor
applications, Medical implantable systems, etc. The design
specifications of LNA for different applications have also been
analyzed. LNA is a key element of a front-end receiver, which
combines low noise figure, nominal supply voltage, high gain
bandwidth, good input, and output impedance matching, etc.
Finally, a comparison of the different parameters for various
applications has been done and reviewed in this paper.
is then analyzed and collaborated into the user’s medical
record. The benefit of these wireless systems is to provide
emergency services and for research purposes without
taking any time to accumulate samples [3].
The Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) is integral to a Radio
frequency communication system design, as in both cases of
homodyne as well as heterodyne concepts, it is the foremost
building section. It also sturdily influences the linearity with
the noise of the transceiver [4]. The common topology of the
Low Noise Amplifier includes three stages. The first stage is
input matching circuit or network (IMN), the second stage
consists of the amplifier section itself, and the last stage
includes the output matching circuit or network (OMN) [5].

Keywords—Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), CMOS, EEG, ECG,

healthcare systems.

I. INTRODUCTION
The use of wireless healthcare monitoring systems has
gained popularity and has become a necessary requirement
for user information to be retrieved anywhere in the
healthcare system. A healthcare system provides service
planning such as registration, scheduling, and collection and
management of clinical data of patients [1]. The general
architecture of a wireless healthcare monitoring system is as
shown in Figure 1 [2]. Basically, the overall system consists
of three sections; the first section is composed of intelligent
physiological sensors. The first level of the healthcare
system depends upon user applications; like the motion
sensor, blood pressure sensor, ECG sensor, etc. The function
of physiological sensors is to capture biological signals and
convert them into a digital form for easier processing in the
subsequent stages. In a Wireless Body Area Network
(WBAN), physiological sensors capture these signals and
interface with wireless platforms [3]. Furthermore, this
wireless system provides storage, computational and
communication abilities.
The second part of the wireless health monitoring
system consists of network nodes which collect and process
information from physiological sensors, store the data and
send the information continuously to the distinctive server.
The third level provides communication between the
personal server and healthcare provider. The main purpose
of the personal server is to process the raw data from the
physiological sensors and also interface with healthcare
services using internet resources. The third section of the Fig. 1: The architecture of Wireless Healthcare Monitoring Systems [2]
system is a healthcare provider who receives the data
continuously from the users or patients. The data of a patient

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

978-1-7281-1380-7/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 1002
 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

II. APPLICATIONS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER
Fig. 2: Applications of LNA
A. Electrocardiography Applications
In general, electrocardiography is the process of
measuring the electrical signals of the heart. An ECG is a
biopotential signal that is generated by the heart in the form
of an electrical current, that can be recognized on the body
surface. The monitoring and analysis of ECG signals become
necessary for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.
However, standard devices are used to calculate a heartbeat
which is basically to determine the end user situation. Any
kind of unusual activity in ECG signal in a patient indicates
that they suffer from cardiovascular diseases [6][7].
Low Noise Amplifier Topologies Employed
The low noise amplifier is one of the major elements in a
biopotential signals recording system. The bandpass filter is
also integrated into an LNA because it improves the power
efficiency of signals. One of the most widely used topologies
adopted in biomedical signals is the capacitive feedback
technique. The critical characteristics of biomedical sensor
interface are low power consumption with low noise figure
[9].
Low Noise Operational Transconductance Amplifier
(LNOTA)
An LNOTA is utilized in a low noise amplifier. It comprises
of a metal oxide semiconductor depletion pseudo-resistor,
the feedback capacitor, load capacitor, and a coupling
capacitor. Basically, the main function of a pseudo-resistor is
to reject DC offset voltage at electrode-tissue interface. It
provides higher value of resistance, i.e., tera ohm among
smaller swings. A 2-stage miller compensation LNOTA is
implemented because it provides high open loop gain as well
as rail to rail output voltage swing [10].
Basically, LNA is a fully differential open trans-conductance
amplifier composed of a common-mode feedback (CMFB)
circuit. The initial module consists of a large positive MOS
(PMOS) pair, M1 and M2. The PMOS circuitry is biased in
threshold region to decrease the flicker noise. Hence, the
output stage consists of cascode topology that is used to
increase the open loop gain [11].

TABLE II. PERFORMANCE OF LNA FOR ECG APPLICATIONS

Referenc [9] [12] [13] [11] [14]

es
CMOS 350nm 350nm 50nm 150nm 80nm
process
Power 1 1 2.8 ±1.7 1.8 ~ 3.3
supply
(V)
Current 8ȝA 743nA 330nA 1ȝA 33~337n
Fig. 3: ECG Signal [8] (TB- A
FEA)
High- 0.015Hz 0.392Hz 0.003Hz 0.05/0.4/ 4.5mHz~
TABLE I. CONSIDERATIONS FOR ECG SIGNAL LOW NOISE
pass ~700Hz (Tunable (Fixed) 2.5Hz 3.6Hz
AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS [9]
corner )
Specification Value Remarks frequenc
y
Supply voltage 1V 350nm technology
Low- 40/400/3 295Hz 245Hz 120Hz 31~292H
pass k/ 4k Hz (Tunable (Fixed) (Fixed) z
Supply current < 1ȝA System total current corner )
frequenc
y
Amplifier current < 500nA Low noise amplifier
Input 3.6ȝVrm 1.66ȝVr 2.7ȝVrm 0.95ȝVr 2.5ȝVrm
only Referred s ms s ms s
Noise
(20~10k (0.2~1k (0.05~25 (0.05~10 (0.05~46
Nominal Gain 200~1000 Programmable Gain Hz) Hz) 0Hz) 0Hz) 0Hz)

Referred noise < 3ȝVrms Integrated in the signal

corner frequency
band
B. Neural Applications
Nowadays, there has been an increase in the designing of
< 0.5Hz No external neural recording systems, which can be consolidated with the
components
smart wireless data transmission abilities for a restrained
estimation of the brain activity [15] [16][17]. During the last
few years, there has been an ever-increasing demand for an

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 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)
optimal design of recording systems. Basically, neural
recording systems use various interfaces which are required
to play the main role simultaneously in clinical applications,
i.e., as a component of therapeutic mechanism in sufferer
with neurological diseases as well as neuroscience
applications. The neural recording systems necessarily
consist of a set of electrodes which are used in
electrophysiology to capture or record neural signals as well
as measure the neural activity. These electrodes are used for
electrical simulation of nervous tissue, represented as a
microelectrode, and is followed by a low-noise amplifier
(LNAs). The main purposes of a low noise amplifier in
neural recording system is signal conditioning and neural
signal transfer of the mixed signal circuitry to enable the
digitization and processing of the collected data before its
wireless data transmission. A major element in this system is
the LNA, which is enabled to enhance the weak signals
acknowledged by the microelectrodes [18].
Fig. 4: Neural recording microsystem [15]
A building diagram of a wireless neural recording system is
shown in Figure 5. The amplifiers used in the wireless
recording device are for boosting the weak signals which are
measured by every electrode. On the other hand, the
function of differential amplifiers is to measurement the
potential of an individual signal electrode with a lower value
of impedance reference electrode. Typically, in wireless
neural recording applications, every signala electrode must
have its own enthusiastic LNA. In a multichannel recording
system, an assemblage of various amplifiers can take up a
larger chip area and more power consumption [19].
Fig. 5: Diagram of wireless neural recording system [19]
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Low Noise Amplifier Topologies used
In an LNA, the trade-off between design parameters such as
noise, power, and severe area is efficiently solved by
distinct proposals which can be found in the literature. The
methodology used in neural LNAs are referred to as
Capacitive Feedback Network Amplifier (CFN), Capacitive
Amplifier Feedback Network Amplifier (CAFN), Miller
Integrator Feedback Network amplifiers [18], Logrithmic
amplifier, etc. The important criteria for implementation of
neural recording microsystems are smaller size, low power
battery operation, acquire lesser invasion, avoid enormous
heat consumption, etc. Sundarasaradula et al. [20] presented
the implementation and analysis of low voltage, low noise,
with a lower consumption of power in logarithmic amplifier,
for a neural recording system application. The design
schematic of a logarithmic amplifier is generally dependent
upon the progressive-compression parallel-summation using
direct current (DC) offset cancellation feedback loop. The
architecture of the logarithmic amplifier utilized the
progressive-compression parallel-summation technique as
given in Figure 4. The proposed architecture of amplifier
consisted of five modules whcih is fully differential
amplifier using direct current compensation feedback loop
[20] [21].
Fig. 6: Stages of logarithmic amplifier [20]
Neural amplifier
Figure 6 shows the architecture of a neural bioamplifier. The
architecture generally consists of transistors Ma-Md which
are the metal oxide semiconductor devices which act as
pseudoa resistors where the midband gain is set to be
C1/C2, and the bandwidth is gm (transconductance of OTA),
where OTA is the operational transconductance amplifier
(OTA). Negative VGS functions as diode-connected PMOS
devices. The gate to source voltage having positive
value(VGS), the parasitic source-well-drain pnp bipolar
transistor is triggered. Despite the larger time- constant
value, huge revision in the input side was observed [22].
Fig. 7: Schematic of neural amplifier [22]
 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)

TABLE III. PERFORMANCE OF LNA FOR NEURAL APPLICATIONS

Ref [1 [2 [2 [2 [24] [25 [26 [2 [2 [ [30 The LNA is the first stage of receiver in the earpiece,
eren 8] 2] 0] 3] ] ] 7] 8] 2 ] which is powered by a battery. Reducing LNA power
ces 9 consumption parameter will improve the batterya life [34].
] LPLV LNA for wireless hearing aids was designed and
Mid 47 39. 64 39. 40d 50d 46d 40. 39. - 39. described in this chapter according to the design target. In
ban d 8d d 8d B B B 85 3d 4d order to select the most suitable topology, five different LNA
d B B B B dB B B topologies are simulated and compared. The cascode
gain
inductor source degeneration topology was selected for the
Ban 25 0.1 0. 0.0 2kH 9.2 13- 45 20 - 10 required design. The circuit used in wireless hearing aid
dwi 0 m 32 25 z- kH 8.9 Hz Hz Hz implemented by using radio frequency mosfet, transistor,
dth H Hz to Hz 200 z kH - - -
z to7 22 to7 kHz z 40. 10 7.2 capacitor as well as inductor models. The simulationa results
to .2 k .2 5k kH kH demonstrated satisfaction with the design specification. A
7k kH H kH Hz z z simulation results predicts a forward gain (S21) of 13.08 dB
H z z z with a noise factor of 2.19 dB while drawing 0.95 mW from
z
a 1.0 V power supply. The simulated IIP3 and P1dB are 7.5
CM 13 1.5 .1 1.5 350 180 350 50 1.5 5 18 dBm and -14.0 dBm [33].
OS 0n μ 2μ μ nm nm nm 0n μ 0 0n
pro m m m m m m 0 m
cess n D. EEG Applications
m An Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a device which is used
Po - 80 2. 80 6m 8.6 - - 27. 1 7.9 to measure and record the electrical activities produced by
wer μ 86 μ W μW 2μ 3 2μ discharging of neurons in the brain along the scalp [35].
diss W μ W W . W
ipat W 5 Electroencephalography (EEG) is the most functional and
ion m significant test used to confirm a diagnosis of epilepsy
W because the epileptic activity of brain can produce clear
unusual activity on a standard EEG study [36]. The low
noise front-end amplifier employs capacitance feedback
C. Wireless Hearing Aids circuitry with a fully differential operational
The main purposes of wireless hearing aid devices are to transconductance amplifier to obtain low signal distortion
amplify and improve a hearing problem and increasing and high dynamic range using balanced tunable pseudo-
audibility for proper communication. These devices receive resistors which is implement in feedback loop [37]. The low
sound signals from a microphone and then convert these noise amplifier has high pass corner which are able to
signals into electrical signals. The amplifier used in a continuously tune in to the frequency of the front-end
hearing device enhances the efficiency of signals. Thus, it amplifier and is continuously tunable to meet up with the
sends the sound to the ear by a speaker. In wireless hearing necessities of various applications. The main advantage of a
aid systems, an amplifier consists of various transistors or an capacitor circuit is that it consumes less area as compared to
amalgamation of integrated circuits. The function of an inductors. Hence, in the designing of multi-channel
amplifier is that it modulates the electrical signal and integrated circuits, the area of the distinct circuit module
increases the amplitude of the sound waves [31]. becomes more critical due to its low cost of production as
The manufacturing of a hearing aid device is technical well as using minimal size of chip. Miniaturization of
because it is a battery operated, electronic device. The main integrated circuits has been growing tremendously.
problem of hearing-impaired persons are different types of Therefore, to reduce the total coverage area of the system,
hearing losses. Therefore, each hearing aid device has to be the value of input capacitance of the low noise front-end
customized to match the user’s needs. Hence, every user’s amplifier should be as small as possible. Every aspect has its
hearing loss is different, so every hearing aid device is pros and cons; hence, smaller value of capacitance has lower
unique [32]. common mode rejection ratio. Additionally, it results in
poor impedance matching of positive as well as negative
feedback paths throughout fabrication [9].

Fig. 8: Wireless Hearing Aid Principle [33]
E. Biosensor Applications
A biosensor is an analytical device that is useda to detecta
the analyte, i.e., a chemical species with a combination of a
biological component and physicochemical detector. The
biologicala system comprises of a microorganism, receptor
cell, and tissue, organelles. Healthcare systems such as
communication technologies, medical sensors and mobile
computing use a number of biosensors which are either
implanted and worn by a patient to enable the diagnoses of
diseases. The body area sensor network (BASN) performs
the passive operation of the transmit the data for further
processinga. Secondly, a biosensor placed on or inn the

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 2019 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN)
human body provides the available information while
interacting on a specific and secure channel. The
performance of BASN recognizes both, the psychological as
well as behavioral characteristics of a patient [39].
Fig. 9: A BASN combined health model [40]
The biosensor applications operate in 2.45GHz ISM radio
bands [41][42]. The authors present a resistive termination
low noise amplifier which is able to connect with any
medical facility with an ISM receiver. The standard IEEE
802.15.6 indicates the wireless devices to be used for within,
outside and around the body communication as well as their
specific band for every country [43][44]. The architecture
used in the biomedical field is composed of two main
sections. The first section consists of a coherenta receiver
which is mainly based on the channel to create coincidental
symbols.The outcome of this section is digital, having high
precision, and has various consumable sections. Secondly,
the non-coherent receiver is composed of an LNA, a mixer,
an integrator and a comparator. The other applications of
LNA are Bluetooth, Bluetooth low energy, GSM, etc.
[45][46]. Advantages of this module are power consumption
and small area, smaller than a coher coherent receiver which
is mainly based on the channel to create coincidental
symbols with the signal reception system. The outcome of
this section is digital, having high precision, and has various
consumable sections. Secondly, the non-coherent receiver is
composed of an LNA, a mixer, an integrator and a
comparator. The other applications of LNA are Bluetooth,
Bluetooth low energy, GSM, etc. [45][46]. Advantages of
this module are power consumption and small area, smaller
than a coherent generation topology, resistive feedback
topology, distributed topology and resistive termination
topology. The main requirements of biosensor application
are higher gain and small area. A comparison of the
performance of these four basic LNA topologies indicates
that resistive termination topology has high gain and small
surface [47]
III. CONCLUSION
Review of various smart healthcare applications of a Low
Noise Amplifier has been done. The design considerations
and specifications for various applications of LNA have been
reviewed in this paper. An analysis of the performance of
LNA in various applications has been done. The applications
of Low Noise Amplifier such as wireless hearing aid system,
EEG, ECG, etc. have been reviewed and surveyed in this
paper. Finally, a comparison of the different parameters of
LNA for the various applications has been done and
reviewed in this paper.
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IV. ACKNOWLDEGEMENT
One of the authors (Jyoti) acknowledges the guidance
support from her thesis supervisor, Dr. Malti Bansal,
Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Delhi Technological
University, for carrying out this research work, as a part of
her Ph.D. thesis work in the domain of RF Microelectronics.
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