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Introduction To
Operational Amplifiers
Lesson 8
Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
1
Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
What is an operational amplifier? This particular
form of amplifier had the name “Operational”
attached to it many years ago.
2
Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
• adding signals
• subtracting signals
• integrating signals, x (t )dt
The applications of operational amplifiers ( shortened
to op amp ) have grown beyond those listed above.
3
Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
4
Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
The op amp is built using VLSI techniques. The circuit
diagram of an LM 741 from National Semiconductor is
shown below.
Vin(-) V+
Vin(+)
Vo
V-
5 Taken from National Semiconductor
Figure 8.1: Internal circuitry of LM741. data sheet as shown on the web.
Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
Fortunately, we do not have to sweat a circuit with 22
transistors and twelve resistors in order to use the op amp
The circuit in the previous slide is usually encapsulated into
a dual in-line pack (DIP). For a single LM741, the pin
connections for the chip are shown below.
V-
i n ve r t i n g i n p u t
o utput
n o n i n ve r t i n g i n p u t
V+
V1
_
Ro Vo
Vd Ri
+
AVd
V2
Ro
V1
+
_
Vd Ri AVd Vo
+
V2 _
10
Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
Application: As an application of the previous model,
consider the following configuration. Find Vo as a
function of Vin and the resistors R1 and R2.
R2
R1
_
+
+
Vin +
Vo
_ _
R1 Ro b
a
+ _ +
Vin Vi Ri AVi Vo
+
_ _
R1 Ro b
a
+ _ +
Vin Vi Ri AVi Vo
+
_ _
(Vin Vi )
Vi
Vi Vo
Eq 8.1
10 k 1 meg 40 k
(Vi Vo )
Vo 50 AVi Eq 8.2
40 k
14
Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
Eq 8.4
4.005 x105Vo 4 x109Vi 0
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Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
Vo 3.99Vin Eq 8.5
_ _
+ i2 = 0 Vi
+ + +
V1 +
Vo
V2 = V1
_ _ _
R1
_
+
+
Vin +
Vo
_ _
R1 a _
+
Vi +
Vin +
Vo
_ _
V0 ( s ) R2
Eq 8.8
Vin ( s ) R1
V0 ( s ) Z fb ( s )
Eq 8.9
Vin ( s ) Z in ( s )
22
Basic Electric Circuits
Ideal Op Amp:
• Analog Filters
23
Basic Electric Circuits
Ideal Op Amp:
+
_+ V in _ V0
+ 3V
_
+
_+ V in _ V0
+ 3V
_
25
Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
Example 8.2: Summing Amplifier. Given the following:
R fb
R1
a
R2
V1
V2 V0
R fb R fb
V0 V1 V2 Eq 8.12
R1 R2
If R1 = R2 = Rfb then,
V0 V1 V2 Eq. 8.13
+ +
T he
C irc uit 1 V in V out C irc uit 2
_
" B lo c k " _
+ +
C i rcui t 1 V in V0 C i rcui t 2
_ _
R0 a
+_ V0
V2
_
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Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
Example 8.5: The noninverting op amp. Continued
Writing a node equation at “a” gives;
V2 (V2 V0 )
0
R0 R fb
so
V0 1 1
V2
R fb R
0 R fb
which gives ,
R fb
V0 1 V2 Remember this
R0
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Basic Electric Circuits
Operational Amplifiers
Example 8.6: Noninverting Input.
Find V0 for the following op amp configuration.
2 k Vx
+
_
+
10 k
+_ 4 V 6 k a
V0
5 k
_
V x ( V x V0 )
0
5k 10k
or
V0 3V x 9V
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CIRCUITS
End of Lesson 8
Operational Amplifiers