1 1

[A] = [A]o – kt ln [A] = ln [A]o – kt = + kt Kinetics

[A] [A]o
[A]o ln 2 1
t1/2 = t1/2 = t1/2 =
2k k k[A]o
–Ea/RT Ea k2 Ea ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
R ⎜⎝T1 T2⎟⎠
Arrhenius k = A e or ln k = ln A – (linearized) ln = –
RT k1
nA 3
PV = nRT PA = XA PT (XA = ) (KE)avg = RT Gases
ntotal 2
[base] ⎪real – approx⎪
pH = pKa + log ⎪ ⎪100% < 5% valid approx. check Equilibrium
[acid] ⎪ real ⎪
ΔU = q + w w = – Pext ΔV ΔH = ΔU + Δ(PV) ΔH = BEbroken – BEmade Energy
° °
ΔHrxn = Σ nprod ΔH prod – Σ nreact ΔH react qrxn = – qcal q = C ΔT = m c ΔT = n Cm ΔT
f f
ΔG = ΔH – TΔS ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln Q ΔG° = – RT ln K
ΔH° ΔS° K1 ΔH° ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ hc
Δ ∝ ΔE = hν =
R ⎜⎝T2 T1⎟⎠
ln K = – + ln = –
RT R K2 λ
TK = TC + 273.15 R = 8.314 J mol–1 K–1
0.0592 0.0592 1
ΔG° = – nF E° E = E° – log Q ECell = log (conc. cell) Electrochemistry
n n [Mn+]A
Q (charge) = I t Ecell = Ered C – Ered A F = 96487 C/mol e– 1 C = 1 A s = 1 J/V