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Introduction of Single Phase to Single Phase

Cycloconverter
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single-phase-to-single-phase-cycloconverter)
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Power ElectronicsThe Cycloconverter has been traditionally used

only in very high power drives, usually above one megawatt,
where no other type of drive can be used. Examples are cement
tube mill drives above 5 MW, the 13 MW German-Dutch wind
tunnel fan drive, reversible rolling mill drives and ship propulsion
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Introduction
The Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) has been traditionally used only in
very high power drives, usually above one megawatt, where no other type of drive can be used. Examples are cement tube mill
drives above 5 MW, the 13 MW German-Dutch wind tunnel fan drive, reversible rolling mill drives and ship propulsion drives.
The reasons for this are that the traditional Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-
converter) requires a large number of thyristors, at least 36 and usually more for good motor performance, together with a very
complex control circuit, and it has some performance limitations, the worst of which is an output frequency limited to about one
third the input frequency .

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9/18/2019 Introduction of Single Phase to Single Phase Cycloconverter

Figure1. Block Diagram of Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)

The Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) has four thyristors divided into a
positive and negative bank of two thyristors each. When positive current flows in the load, the output voltage is controlled by
phase control of the two positive bank thyristors whilst the negative bank thyristors are kept off and vice versa when negative
current flows in the load. An idealized output waveform for a sinusoidal load current and a 45 degrees load phase angle is shown
in Figure 2. It is important to keep the non conducting thyristor bank off at all times, otherwise the mains could be shorted via the
two thyristor banks, resulting in waveform distortion and possible device failure from the shorting current. A major control
problem of the Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) is how to swap between
banks in the shortest possible time to avoid distortion whilst ensuring the two banks do not conduct at the same time. A common
addition to the power circuit that removes the requirement to keep one bank off is to place a centre tapped inductor called a
circulating current inductor between the outputs of the two banks. Both banks can now conduct together without shorting the
mains. Also, the circulating current in the inductor keeps both banks operating all the time, resulting in improved output
waveforms. This technique is not often used, though, because the circulating current inductor tends to be expensive and bulky and
the circulating current reduces the power factor on the input
THEORY
In a 1-φ Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter), the output frequency is less than
the supply frequency. These converters require natural commutation which is provided by AC supply. During positive half cycle of
supply, thyristors P1 and N2 are forward biased. First triggering pulse is applied to P1 and hence it starts conducting.
As the supply goes negative,P1 gets off and in negative half cycle of supply, P2 and N1 are forward biased. P2 is triggered and hence
it conducts. In the next cycle of supply,N2 in positive half cycle andN1 in negative half cycle are triggered. Thus, we can observe that
here the output frequency is 1/2 times the supply frequency.
TYPES OF CYCLOCONVERTER (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)
The Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) are classified into three types based
on the type of input ac supply applied to the circuit.
☞Single Phase to Single phase Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)
☞Three Phase to Three Phase Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)
☞Single Phase to Three Phase Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)
 
Operation Principles
The following sections will describe the operation principles of the Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-
electronics/cyclo-converter) starting from the simplest one, single-phase to single-phase (1f-1f) Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter).
Single-phase to Single-phase (1 Φ-1 Φ) Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)
To understand the operation principles of Cycloconverters (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-
converter), the single-phase to single-phase Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-
converter) (Fig. 2) should be studied first. This converter consists of back-to-back connection of two full-wave rectifier circuits. Fig 3
shows the operating waveforms for this converter with a resistive load.
The input voltage, vs is an ac voltage at a frequency, fi as shown in Fig. 3a. For easy understanding assume that all the thyristors
are fired at α=0° firing angle, i.e. thyristors act like diodes. Note that the firing angles are named as αP for the positive converter
and αN for the negative converter.
Consider the operation of the Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) to get one-
fourth of the input frequency at the output. For the first two cycles of vs, the positive converter operates supplying current to the
load. It rectifies the input voltage; therefore, the load sees 4 positive half cycles as seen in Fig. 3b. In the next two cycles, the

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9/18/2019 Introduction of Single Phase to Single Phase Cycloconverter

negative converter operates supplying current to the load in the reverse direction. The current waveforms are not shown in the
figures because the resistive load current will have the same waveform as the voltage but only scaled by the resistance. Note that
when one of the converters operates the other one is disabled, so that there is no current circulating between the two rectifiers.

Fig:2 Single Phase to Single Phase Cyclo Converter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)

Fig:3 Single Phase to Single Phase Cyclo Converter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)

☞Input Voltage
☞Output voltage for Zero Firing angle
☞Output voltage with firing angle π/3rad
☞Output voltage with varying firing angle
 
Thus by varying α, the fundamental output voltage can be controlled.
Constant α operation gives a crude output waveform with rich harmonic content. The dotted lines in Fig. 3b and c show a square
wave. If the square wave can be modified to look more like a sine wave, the harmonics would be reduced. For this reason α is
modulated as shown in Fig.3d. Now, the six-stepped dotted line is more like a sinewave with fewer harmonics. The more pulses
there are with different α's, the less are the harmonics.
a) Frequency Select =F

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9/18/2019 Introduction of Single Phase to Single Phase Cycloconverter

b) Frequency Select =F/2

c) Frequency Select =F/3

d) Frequency Select =F/4

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9/18/2019 Introduction of Single Phase to Single Phase Cycloconverter
Three-phase to single-phase (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) (3Φ-1Φ) Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)
There are two kinds of three-phase to single-phase (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)
(3Φ-1Φ) Cycloconverters (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter): 3φ-1φ half-wave
Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) (Fig. 4) and 3Φ-1Φ bridge Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) (Fig. 5). Like the 1Φ-1Φ case, the 3Φ-1Φ Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) applies rectified voltage to the load. Both positive and
negative converters can generate voltages at either polarity, but the positive converter can only supply positive current and the
negative converter can only supply negative current. Thus, the Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-
electronics/cyclo-converter) can operate in four quadrants: (+v, +i) and (-v, -i) rectification modes and (+v, -i) and (-v, +i) inversion
modes. The modulation of the output voltage and the fundamental output voltage are shown in Fig. 6. Note that α is sinusoidally
modulated over the cycle to generate a harmonically optimum output voltage.

☞+ converter output voltage

☞Cosine timing waves
https://www.pantechsolutions.net/introduction-of-single-phase-to-single-phase-cycloconverter 5/9
9/18/2019 Introduction of Single Phase to Single Phase Cycloconverter

☞– converter output voltage

 
The polarity of the current determines if the positive or negative converter should be supplying power to the load. Conventionally,
the firing angle for the positive converter is named α P, and that of the negative converter is named α N. When the polarity of the
current changes, the converter previously supplying the current is disabled and the other one is enabled. The load always requires
the fundamental voltage to be continuous. Therefore, during the current polarity reversal, the average voltage supplied by both of
the converters should be equal. Otherwise, switching from one converter to the other one would cause an undesirable voltage
jump. To prevent this problem, the converters are forced to produce the same average voltage at all times.
Three-Phase to Three-Phase (3Φ-3Φ) Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter):
If the outputs of 3 3Φ-1Φ converters of the same kind are connected in wye or delta and if the output voltages are 2∏/3 radians
phase shifted from each other, the resulting converter is a threephase to three-phase (3Φ-3Φ) Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter). The resulting Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) are shown in Figs. 7 and 8 with wye connections. If the
three converters connected are half-wave converters, then the new converter is called a 3Φ-3Φ half-wave Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter). If instead, bridge converters are used, then the result is a
3Φ-3Φ bridge Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter). 3Φ-3Φ half-wave
Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) is also called a 3-pulse Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) or an 18-thyristor Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter). On the other hand, the 3Φ-3Φ bridge Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) is also called a 6-pulse Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) or a 36-thyristor Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter). The operation of each phase is explained in the previous
section.

Fig. 7 3Φ-3Φ half-wave Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)

Fig. 8 3Φ-3Φ bridge Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)

The three-phase cycloconverters (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) are mainly used in ac
machine drive systems running three phase synchronous and induction machines. They are more advantageous when used with a
synchronous machine due to their output power factor characteristics. A Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) can supply lagging, leading, or unity power factor loads
while its input is always lagging. A synchronous machine can draw any power factor current from the converter. This characteristic
operation matches the Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) to the synchronous

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9/18/2019 Introduction of Single Phase to Single Phase Cycloconverter

machine. On the other hand, induction machines can only draw lagging current, so the Cycloconverter
(https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) does not have an edge compared to the other converters
in this aspect for running an induction machine. However, Cycloconverters (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-
electronics/cyclo-converter) are used in Scherbius drives for speed control purposes driving wound rotor induction motors.
Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter) produce harmonic rich output voltages,
which will be discussed in the following sections. When Cycloconverter (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-
electronics/cyclo-converter) are used to run an ac machine, the leakage inductance of the machine filters most of the higher
frequency harmonics and reduces the magnitudes of the lower order harmonics.
APPLICATIONS OF CYCLOCONTROLLERS (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/power-electronics/cyclo-converter)
☞Cement mill drives
☞Ship propulsion drives
☞Rolling mill drives
☞Scherbius drives
☞Ore grinding mills
☞Mine winders

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Power Theft Detection and Power Theft Detection and Forest Fire Detection and
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CONNECTORS : USB Mini-B SMD Connector (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/usb-mini-b-smd-connector) | DB9 FEMALE CABLE CONNECTOR (https://www.pantechsolutions.net/db9-female-cable-connector)
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