Methodology

2 METHODOLOGY:
The project provided to us is completed performing each section works mentioned in the
contents before .The following stages is involved in the analysis and design of 2 and half
storey building with two storey underground.

2.1 LOAD CALCULATION:

Load calculation is done using the IS 1893:2002 and NBC105: 1994 as reference. The
exact value of unit weights of the materials from the code is used in the calculation. The
thickness of materials is taken as per design requirements.

2.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN:

The tentative size of structural elements are determined through the preliminary design so
that after analysis the pre assumed dimensions might not deviated considerably, thus
making the final design both safe and economical. Tentative sizes of various elements
have been determined as follows:

2.2.1 Slab
For slab, preliminary design is done according to deflection criteria span /effective depth =
26*modification factor. (IS456-2000 Art 23.2.1)

2.2.2 Beam
Thumb rule of d=L/12 to L/15 basis is adopted to consider the preliminary design of the
beam section.
b/D=1/2

2.2.3 Column
Preliminary design of column is done consideration and interior column. For the load
acting in the column, live load is decreased according to IS456-2000 & SP 16.

Cross-section of the column are adopted considering the economy. Square column section
is adopted in this building project as per the internal aesthetic requirements.

2.2.4 Staircase
Stairs is designed as per drawing. Coolum for stairs boxes is not included in the grid
system but they are assumed to be simply tied with main frame with beam.

2.3 LOADING PATTERNS:

Loading pattern from slab to beam is obtained by drawing 450 offset lines from each
corner then obtained trapezoidal as well as the triangular loading and is converted into the
equivalent UDL as described in the respective sections. The loading from cantilever slab
part is converted to UDL acting in beam by dividing the total load by beam. Load from all
cantilever part is converted to UDL acting in beam by dividing total load (wall UDL*total
wall length) by length of the beam. Self-weight of the projected beam part is assumed as
point load in near by column.

3
 Methodology

2.4 ANALYSIS:

2.4.1 Gravity load calculation:

There are three types of loads for which the provided proposed project is designed:
• Dead load
• Live load
• Seismic load

Dead Load:
Dead load consists of the load from each element of building i.e. weight of column, beam,
slab, and wall. Dimensions of column, beam, slab are taken from preliminary design and
corresponding density from code. For wall load thickness of wall is taken from plan.

Live Load:
Live load is taken from relevant code. In case of different live load in one panel of slab,
highest value of load is taken for the panel.

Seismic Load:
For seismic load whole mass lump of building is calculated from which base shear is
obtained according to code.

2.5 METHODS AND TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS:

For analysis, different softwares are available during these days. Concerning to our project
we are using “SAP 2000 V -20” for analysis.

2.6 DATA:

2.6.1 Architectural Drawings:

The architectural drawing is done by the Himali Builders and consultancy Kathmandu.
2.6.2 Geo-technical Data
The Geotechnical data are not available, so we assumed general data for Dhading.
2.6.3 Load Data
The load data is taken from the standard code of practices.

2.7 DESIGN METHOD:

Design methods available (or in use) are:
• Working stress method
• Ultimate load method
• Limit state method

2.7.1 LIMIT STATE METHOD:

4
 Methodology

It uses the concept of probability and based on the application of method of statistics to the
variation that occurs in practice in the loads acting on the structures or in the strength of
material.

The structures may reach a condition at which it becomes unfit for use for one of many
reasons e.g. collapse, excessive deflection, cracking, etc and each of this condition is
referred to a limit state condition. The aim of limit state design is to achieve an acceptable
probability that a structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the use for
which it has been intended i. e it will not reach a limit state. It means structures should be
able to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it through out its life and it would
satisfy the limitations of deflection and cracking.
We adopt limit state method for design.

2.8 THE MAJOR STEPS FOLLOWED BY SAP ANALYSIS ARE AS FOLLOWS

1. Creating grid /model

2. Define
➢ Material
➢ Section (Beam , Column, Slab)
➢ Load cases
➢ Load pattern
➢ Load combination(As per IS)
• 1.5(DL + LL )
• 1.2(DL+ILL+ELX)
• 1.2(DL+ILL-ELX)
• 1.2(DL+ILL+ELY)
• 1.2(DL+ILL-ELY)
• 1.5(DL + ELX)
• 1.5(DL - ELX
• 1.5(DL + ELY)
• 1.5(DL - ELY)
• 0.9DL +1.5 ELX
• 0.9DL +1.5 ELY
• 0.9DL -1.5 ELX
• 0.9DL -1.5 ELY
3. Asign
➢ Load
➢ Section
4. Analyze the structure Note: My = M2= Moment along y – axis
5. Display Mx = M3= Moment along x – axis
6. Design

Finally, we get area of steel from combination 1 to combination 13.

5
 Methodology

2.8.1 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

➢ The system has been analyzed as 3D space frames. Elements stresses in beams and
column are calculated by SAP 2000 v- 20 with provision of special joint frame
system.

➢ As the building is for residential service purpose room size can vary according to
its purpose so, to meet this variation frame structure is most suitable.

2.8.2 ANALYSIS OF BUILDING

The purpose of Seismic analysis of our building we use the structural analysis program
(SAP 2000 v- 20). SAP 2000 has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor
diaphragm system.

A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y plane, so
that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in X-Y plane.

Typically, each floor diaphragm is established by a joint in the plane of the diaphragm
called the special joint of the diaphragm. The location of the master joint on each floor
diaphragm is arbitrary and is selected by the user.

But for our convenience we locate special joint at Center of the building. All the other
joint that exists on the diaphragm are connected to the master joint by rigid links and their
displacement are dependent upon the displacement of the special joint. Therefore, these
joints are called dependent joint or slave joint.

This type of modeling is very useful in the lateral dynamic analysis of building. The base
shear is calculated as per code IS1893:2002(Part 1) is applied proportionally as default or
programmed in SAP 2000(V20)

6
 Methodology

2.8.3 LOAD CASES AND COMBINATION

2.8.3.1 LOAD CASES:
Load cases are the independent loading for which the structure is explicitly analyzed.
Earthquake forces occur in random fashion in all directions. For building whose lateral
load resisting elements are oriented in two principal directions. It is usually sufficient to
analyze in these to principal directions (X and Y direction) separately one at a time. Thus,
the load cases adopted are as follows:

a. Dead Load (DL)

b. Live Load (LL)
c. Earthquake Load in + ve X- Direction (EQX)
d. Earthquake Load in - ve X- Direction (EQX)
e. Earthquake Load in + ve Y- Direction (EQY)
f. Earthquake Load in - ve Y- Direction (EQY)

2.8.3.2 Load combination(As per IS)

3 1.5(DL + LL )
4 1.2(DL+ILL+ELX)
5 1.2(DL+ILL-ELX)
6 1.2(DL+ILL+ELY)
7 1.2(DL+ILL-ELY)
8 1.5(DL + ELX)
9 1.5(DL - ELX
10 1.5(DL + ELY)
11 1.5(DL - ELY)
12 0.9DL +1.5 ELX
13 0.9DL +1.5 ELY
14 0.9DL -1.5 ELX
15 0.9DL -1.5 ELY
•