Dorothea Elizabeth Orem
Health- state mutually exclusive of illness
Self-care theory
 Concept of Practice
 Member of a curriculum subcommittee at
Catholic unit
 Mid-range theory Orem’s conceptual
Framework:
 Orem’s self-care- identify the
demand if higher/lower
 Self-care demands- ability to meet
demands
 Nursing Agency- deficit Orem’s
model and the nursing process
 Assessment
 Evaluation
 Planning
Implementation Metaparadigm
Person- integrated as “whole”
Health- state of wholeness Environment-
encompasses the elements external to man
Nursing- art, a helping serving and a technology
Virginia Henderson
Nursing Need Theory
 Modern legend in nursing
 Foremost nurse of the 20th century Nursing
Unique function of nursing is to assist
Metaparadigm
 Person- have basic needs that are component
of health
 Environment- unique pattern of living
 Health- function independent
Fay Glenn Abdellah
21 Nursing Problems
 Country’s leading researcher in health
 Based on problem- solving method
 Patient Centered care- required you to take
active role
 10 steps to identify client’s problem
 Nursing skills- observation of health status
skills of communication
 Identification and Classification of
Problems- typology of 21 nursing problems
Metaparadigm
Person- Having physical, emotional, social needs
Environment- home for community Nursing-
helping profession
Jean Watson
Theory of Human Caring
 The nurse is also cared of
 The model emphasizes humanistic aspects
 Middle-range theory focuses on
interconnectedness of patient and nurse
 Carative factors- guides the care of nursing
Metaparadigm
 Person- subjective and unique
 Environment- crucial to holistic healing
 Health- unity between physical, social,
mental and spiritual
 Nursing- connective bond
Dorothy Johnson
Behavioral System Model
 Based on Nightingale’s belief that nursing’s
goal is to help individuals prevent from
disease
Functional requirements for BSM
 Protection
 Nurturance
 Stimulation
Subsystems- interrelated parts that function together
to form a whole
Attachment Subsystem- most critical
Dependency Subsystem- promotes helping
behavior
Injective- has to do with what, how much, how
Eliminate- when, how and under conditions
Sexual- dual functions
Achievement- to control an aspect of self o
Aggressive-protective- protection and preservation
Metaparadigms Person- behavioral system with
patterned
Nursing- external force that acts to preserve the
organization
Environment- consists of factors that are not part of
BMS
Sister Callista Roy
Roy Adaptation Model
 Adaptation- a conceptual framework for
nursing Considered a “systems” model
Defines:
 Adaptation- process and outcome
whereby thinking and feeling persons
 Nursing- health care profession that
focuses on human life processes
 Nursing science- developing system
of knowledge
 Nursing practice- essential services
 Goal of Nursing- promotion of adaptation
for individuals and groups in 4 adaptive
models
4Adaptive Models
 Physiological- physical and chemical
processes
 Self-concept- focuses on psychological and
spiritual integrity
 Role function- roles that individuals occupy
in society
 Interdependence- close relationship of
people and their purpose
Defines:
Person- holistic human adaptive system
Health- state and process of becoming integrated
and a whole
Environment- stimulate the person to make adaptive
responses
Betty Neuman
Systems Model Theory
 LOD- Line of Defense
 Primary Prevention- reduction of possible
risk factors
 Secondary Prevention- reduce the noxious
effects
 Tertiary Prevention- adjustment of
processes
Major Concept of her Theory
 Content- comprise the whole client system
 Entropy- process of energy depletion
 Flexible LOD- protective
 Normal LOD- usual state of LOD
 LOR- Line of Resistance -series of
concentric circles Stressors- environmental
factors
 Prevention- primary nursing intervention
Defines:
 Person- multidimensional being
 Environment- totality if the internal and
external forces
 Health- equated with wellness
 Nursing- unique profession concerned with
all variables
Imogene King
Goal Attainment
 Founder of king international group
Goal Attainment Theory 3 Frameworks
Personal- how the nurse views
Interpersonal- how the nurse interrelates
Social- how the nurse interacts
Action- means of behavior
Response- reacting
Interaction- deals with the clients
Open system- absence of boundary existence
Preposition- if goals are achieved, satisfaction
happens
 3 health needs
1. Information
2. Care for illness prevention
3. Total care
Metaparadigm
 Person- existing in open system
 Health- ability of person to adjust stressors
 Environment- process of balance
 Nursing- interacts and communicate with the
client
Ida Jean Orlando
Deliberative Nursing Process
 motion by the behavior of patient
5 stages
1. Assessment-completes a holistic assessment of
patient’s needs
2. Diagnosis- uses clinical judgement about health
problems
3. Planning- problems identified in the diagnosis
4. Implementation- uses the nursing care plan
5. Evaluation- looks at the progress of the patient
Goal:
 nurse to act deliberately rather than
automatically
Metaparadigm
 Human- an individual in need
 Health- being without physical or emotional
discomfort
 Environment- occurs when there’s a nurse
patient contact
 Nursing- distinct profession
Hildegard E. Peplau
Theory of Interpersonal Relations
 Nursing is therapeutic
 Middle Ranged theory
Roles of Nurse in Therapeutic Relationship
Stranger- offering the client the same assistance o
Resource- providing specific answers to questions o
Teacher- helping the client to learn formally or
informally
Leader- offering direction
Surrogate- substitute
Counsellor- promoting experience
Metaparadigm
 Person- developing organism
 Environment- existing forces
 Health- word symbol that implies forward
movement
 Nursing- significant therapeutic
interpersonal process
Madeleine Leininger
Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Theory
 Mid-range theory
Metaparadigm
 Person- caring and capable of being
concerned about basic needs
 Environment- Not defined
 Nursing- a learned humanistic and scientific
profession focused on human care
phenomena
Professional Nursing Care- formal and cognitively
learned professional care knowledge
Culturally Congruent (Nursing)
Ethno-nursing- the study of nursing care beliefs
Transcultural Nursing- evolving knowledge and
practices related to new field
Joyce Travelbee
Human to Human Relationship Model
 an experience or series of experiences
between a nurse and the recipient of his or her
care.
Interactional Phases
Original Encounter- first impression by the
nurse of sick person
Emerging Identities- the time when relationship
begins
Empathy- the ability to share in the person’s
experience
Sympathy- the nurse wants to lessen the cause of
patient’s suffering
Rapport- describes as nursing interventions
Metaparadigm
 Person- human being
 Health- subjective and objective
 Environment- human condition and life
experiences encountered by the patient
 Nursing- interpersonal process