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THEORY – is an organized system of accepted knowledge that is composed of concepts, proposition,
definitions and assumption intended to explain a set of fact, event or phenomena.
COMPONENTS OF A THEORY
1. Concepts Concepts help to describe or label phenomena.
2. Definition Definitions within the description of a theory convey
the general meaning of the concepts in a manner
that fits the theory.
3. Assumptions Statements the describe concepts or connects two
concepts that are factual.
4. Phenomenon Phenomenon is an aspect of reality that can be
consciously sensed or experience.
TYPES OF THEORIES
1. Grand Theories Broad in scope and complex.
2. Middle Range Theories Limited scope, less abstraction, address specific
phenomena or concepts.
3. Descriptive Theories Describe the phenomena, speculate why
phenomena occur, and describe the
consequences of phenomena.
4. Prescriptive Theories Address nursing interventions and predict the
consequences of a specific nursing intervention
and prescriptive theory are action oriented.
Nursing Paradigm – are patterns or model used to show a clear relationship among existing theoretical
works in nursing. METAPARADIGM: Greek “meta”- with and “paradeigma”- pattern.
FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS OF NURSING THEORY
1. Person Refers to all human being who are the recipients of
nursing care.
2. Environment Factors that affect individual internally and
externally.
3. Health Addresses the person’s state of well – being.
4. Nursing The intervention of the nurse rendering care in
support of, or in cooperation with the client.
NON – NURSING THEORIST
1. General System Theory All system must be goal oriented
A system is more than the sum of its parts
A system is ever-changing and any change
in on part affect the whole.
2. Change Theory Reaction to change is grounded in the basic
human needs for self – esteem, safety and security.
Change involves modification or alteration. Maybe
planned or unplanned.
ABRAHAMS MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEED
 3. Developmental Theory Human Growth and development is an orderly
predictive process that begins with conception and
continues through death.
SIGMUNDS FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYITIC MODEL
Stage 1. Oral (0 - 18 months) Stage 2. Anal (18 – 36 months)
Pleasure centers on the mouth – sucking, Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder
chewing and biting. elimination and coping with demands
control.
Stage 3. Phallic or Oedipal (3 – 6 years Stage 4. Latency (6 to 12 years)
Pleasure zone in genitals; coping with Sexual urges, from the earlier stage are
incestuous sexual feelings. repressed and channeled into productive
Oedipus complex (son) – unrecognized activities that are socially acceptable.
feeling for mother.
Electra complex (daughter) – unrecognized
feeling for father.
Stage 5. Genital (Puberty to Adulthood)
Sexual urges awaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle.
Individual is capable of having a mature adult sexual relationship.
ERIK – ERIKSON’S PSYSCHOSOCIAL MODEL
Stage 1. Trust vs Mistrust (0 – 18 months) Stage 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (18
Infant must learn to trust at a young age by months – 3 years)
satisfying their needs, if not they will tend to Let the child make choices in order for her to
mistrust people. learn cause, and if a child does something
parents should support then rather than
punishing them because this could lead to
shame and doubt.
Stage 3. Initiative vs Guilt (3 – 6 years) Stage 4. Industry vs Inferiority (6 – 11 years)
Let the child explore new thing and don’t Let the child learn, play with peers and
limit it since at their age they start to build praise them when they achieve something.
their conscience and ego. If you limit a child Because if there is no support the child
exploration it may lead to frustration and would feel that he is inferior.
guilt.
Stage 5. Identity vs Role confusion (Puberty – Stage 6. Intimacy vs Isolization (Young Adult)
Adolescence) At this stage we are currently looking for a
At this age a lot of changes is happening lifetime partner and if we feel like not
and teens tend to ask “Who I am” and if not wanted or not love we tend to isolate
answered they will tend to have role ourselves from other.
confusion.
Stage 7. Generativity vs Stagnation (Middle Age) Stage 8. Integrity vs Despair (Old age)
At this stage you should feel satisfies on the At this you are looking back in thing that you
things that you have like you contributed have done your life feeling satisfied of the
something to the society if not you feel like things you have done. And if not you have
you are dissatisfied with everything that you so many what if’s and you feel disappointed
have done in your whole life. in life.
JEAN PIAGETS’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Stage 1. Sensorimotor (0 – 2 years) Stage 2. Preoperational ( 2 – 7 years)
Infant develop action pattern for dealing in The child sees objects and person and they
the environment like, gasping, crying, hitting, use symbols and mental images. Play is an
looking and kicking example of a non – language of symbol.
Stage 3. Concrete operational (11 – adulthood) Stage 4. Formal operational
Ability to perform mental operations Individual thinking is more rational