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Inverse Trigonometric Function

Key points :
1. If sinθ = x, we write θ = sin-1 x.
⎡ π π⎤
2. sin(sin-1 x) = x, sin-1 (sinθ) = θ if ‘θ‘ ∈ ⎢− , ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦
cos(cos-1 x)=x, cos-1 (cosθ) = θ if θ∈ [ 0, π ]
⎛ π π⎞
tan (tan-1x ) = x, tan-1 (tanθ) = θ if θ∈ ⎜ − , ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠
π π
3. That value of sin-1 x lying between − and is called the principal value of sin-1 x.
2 2
That value of cos-1 x lying between 0 and π is called the principal value of cos-1 x.
π π
That value of tan-1 x lying between − and is called the principal value of tan-1 x.
2 2
4. If − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, then i) sin −1 (− x ) = − sin −1 x

ii) cos-1(-x) = π − cos−1 x

5. If xεR , then i) tan-1 (-x) = -tan-1x
ii) cot- (-x) = π − cot −1 x
6. If x ≤ -1 or x ≥ 1, then i) cosec-1 (-x) = -cosec-1x
ii) sec-1 (-x) = π − sec −1 x
1
7. cosec-1 x = sin-1 (if x ≠ 0).
x
1
sec-1 x = cos-1 (if x ≠ 0).
x
1
cot-1 x = tan-1 (if x > 0).
x
1
= π + tan-1 (if x < 0).
x
8. sin-1 x + cos-1 x = π/2 , tan-1 x + cot-1 x = π/2, sec-1 x + cosec-1 x = π/2.
9. If sin-1 x + sin-1 y = π/2, then x2 + y2 = 1.
10. sin(cos-1 x) = 1− x 2 , cos(sin-1 x) = 1− x 2
11. sin −1 x = cos −1 1 − x 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

= − cos −1 1 − x 2 for − 1 ≤ x < 0

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12. cos −1 x = sin −1 1 − x 2 for o ≤ x ≤ 1

= π − sin −1 1 − x 2 for -1 ≤ x<0

1− x2 1− x2
= tan −1 for 0<x ≤ 1, π + tan −1 for -1 ≤ x<0
x x

x
13. tan −1 x = sin −1 for x ≥ 0
1+ x2
1
= cos −1 for x ≥ 0
1+ x2

−1
2 sin −1 x = sin −1 ⎛⎜ 2x 1 − x 2 ⎞⎟ for
1
14. ≤x≤
⎝ ⎠ 2 2

= π − sin −1 ⎛⎜ 2x 1 − x 2 ⎞⎟ for
1
< x ≤ 1
⎝ ⎠ 2
−1
= sin −1 ⎛⎜ 2x 1 − x 2 ⎞⎟ − π for -1 ≤ x <
⎝ ⎠ 2

15. ( )
2 cos −1 x = cos −1 2x 2 − 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

= π − cos −1 (2x − 1) for − 1 ≤ x < 0

2

⎛ 2x ⎞
16. 2 tan −1 x = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ for − 1 < x < 1
⎝1− x2 ⎠
⎛ 2x ⎞
= π + tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ for x > 1
⎝1− x2 ⎠
⎛ 2x ⎞
= − π + tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ for x < −1
⎝1− x2 ⎠

2x
17. 2 tan −1 x = sin −1 for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
1+ x2
2
−1 1 − x
= cos for 0 ≤ x < ∞
1+ x2
2x
= tan −1 for − 1 < x < 1
1− x2

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18. (
3 sin −1 x = sin −1 3x − 4x 3 ) for
−1
2
≤x≤
1
2

(
3 cos −1 x = cos −1 4x 3 − 3x ) 1
for ≤ x ≤ 1
2
⎛ 3x − x 3 ⎞
3 tan −1 x = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
⎜ 1 − 3x 2 ⎟ 3 3
⎝ ⎠
x+y
19. (a) If -1 < x < 1, -1 < y < 1 and xy< 1, then tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1
1 − xy
x+y
(b) If x > 0, y > 0 and xy> 1, then tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 +π
1 − xy
x+y
(c) If x < 0, y < 0 and xy> 1, then tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 - π
1 − xy
x−y
20. (a) If xy> -1, then tan-1 x - tan-1 y = tan-1
1 + xy
x−y
(b) If x > 0, y < 0 and xy< -1, then tan-1 x - tan-1 y = tan-1 +π
1 + xy
x−y
(c) If x < 0, y>0 and xy< -1, then tan-1 x - tan-1 y = tan-1 -π
1 + xy
m
⎛m−n⎞ π −3π
21. tan-1 n + tan-1 ⎜ ⎟ = Or
⎝m+n⎠ 4 4
m
⎛m−n⎞ π 3π
22. tan-1 n – tan-1 ⎜ ⎟ = Or –
⎝m+n⎠ 4 4
2x
23. sin(2 tan-1 x ) =
1+ x 2
1− x 2
cos(2 tan-1 x) =
1+ x 2
2x
tan(2 tan-1 x ) =
1− x 2
24. sin (3 sin-1 x ) = 3x - 4x3
cos( 3cos-1 x) = 4x3 - 3x
-1 3x − x 3
tan ( 3 tan x) =
1 − 3x 2

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4 x (1 − x 2 )
25. sin ( 4 tan-1x ) =
(1 + x )
2 2

1 − 6x 2 + x 4
cos ( 4 tan-1 x ) =
(1 + x )
2 2

PROBLEMS
Very short Answer Questions:
1. Evaluate the following

(i) sin −1 ⎛⎜ − 3 ⎞⎟ (ii) cos −1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟

1
(
(iii) sec−1 − 2 ) (
(iv) cot −1 − 3 )
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎝2⎠
⎝ ⎠
Solution:
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ π
(i) sin −1 ⎜ − ⎟⎟ = − {∵ sin ( − x ) = sin x}
−1 −1 −1
⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = − sin ⎜⎜
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3

Solution :
⎛ 1 ⎞ π
(ii) cos −1 ⎜ ⎟=
⎝ 2⎠ 4
Solution :
π 3π
( )
(iii) sec−1 − 2 = π − sec−1 2 = π −
4
=
4
Solution :
π 5π
( )
(iv) cot −1 − 3 = π − cot −1 3 = π −
6
=
6
2. Evaluate the following
⎧π ⎛ 1 ⎞⎫ ⎧π ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎫⎪ −1 ⎛ 5π ⎞
(i) sin ⎨ − sin −1 ⎜ − ⎟ ⎬ (ii) sin ⎪⎨ − sin −1 ⎜ − ⎟⎟ ⎬ (iii) sin ⎜ sin ⎟
⎩3 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭ ⎜ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎩⎪ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎪⎭
5π ⎞
(iv) cos −1 ⎛⎜ cos ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
Solution :
⎧π ⎛ 1 ⎞⎫ ⎧π 1⎫ ⎧π π ⎫ π
(i) sin ⎨ − sin −1 ⎜ − ⎟ ⎬ = sin ⎨ + sin −1 ⎬ = sin ⎨ + ⎬ = sin = 1
⎩3 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭ ⎩3 2⎭ ⎩3 6⎭ 2

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Solution :
⎧π ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ π 3 ⎫⎪ ⎧π π ⎫
(ii) sin ⎨⎪ − sin −1 ⎜ − −1 3
⎟⎟ ⎬ = sin ⎨ + sin ⎬ = sin ⎨ + ⎬ = sin120 =
0
⎜ ⎩2 6⎭
⎩⎪ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎪⎭ ⎩⎪ 2 2 ⎭⎪ 2

Solution :
5π ⎞ 5π 1 ⎫
(iii) sin −1 ⎜⎛ sin −1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎧
⎟ = sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎨∵ sin = ⎬
⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎩ 6 2⎭
π π 1
= ∵ sin =
6 6 2
Solution :
⎛ 5π ⎞ −1 ⎧ 1 ⎫ −1 1 π 3π
(iv) cos −1 ⎜ cos ⎟ = cos ⎨− ⎬ = π − cos =π − =
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎩ 2⎭ 2 4 4

3. Find the values of (i) sin ⎧⎨ cos −1 ⎫⎬ (ii) tan ⎧⎨cos ec −1 ⎫⎬ (iii) sin ⎧⎨ 2 sin −1 ⎫⎬
3 65 4
⎩ 2⎭ ⎩ 63 ⎭ ⎩ 5⎭
Solution :

(i) sin ⎧⎨ cos −1 ⎫⎬

3 3 3
let cos−1 = α ⇒ cos α =
⎩ 5⎭ 5 5
⎧ 3⎫
sin α =
4 ⎧ 3⎫
sin ⎨ cos −1 ⎬ = ⎨∵ cos α = ⎬
⎩ 5⎭ 5 ⎩ 5⎭
Solution :

(ii) tan ⎧⎨cos ec −1 ⎫⎬ let cos ec −1

65 65 65
= α ⇒ cos ec α =
⎩ 63 ⎭ 63 63
Solution :

(iii) sin ⎧⎨ 2 sin −1 ⎫⎬

4 4 4 3
let sin −1 = α ⇒ sin α = : cos α =
⎩ 5⎭ 5 5 5

⎧ 4⎫ 4 3 24
sin ⎨ 2 sin −1 ⎬ = sin α = 2sin α cos α = 2 × × =
2

⎩ 5⎭ 5 5 25
3π 33π ⎞ 17π ⎞
4. Evaluate (i): tan −1 ⎛⎜ tan ⎞⎟ (ii) sin −1 sin ⎛⎜ ⎟ (iii) cos −1 cos ⎛⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
Solution :
3π
(i) Tan −1 ⎧⎨ tan ⎫⎬ = Tan −1 {−4} = Tan −1 (1)
⎩ 4 ⎭
π
=−
4

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Solution :
⎛ 33π ⎞ −1 ⎧ ⎧ 2π ⎫⎫ −1 ⎧ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎫ 2π
(ii) sin −1 sin ⎜ ⎟ = sin ⎨sin ⎨5π − ⎬⎬ = sin ⎨+ sin ⎜ ⎟⎬ =
⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎩ ⎩ 7 ⎭⎭ ⎩ ⎝ 7 ⎠⎭ 7
Solution :
17π ⎫ π⎫ π⎫ π 5π
(iii) cos −1 ⎧⎨cos −1 ⎧ −1 ⎧
⎬ = cos ⎨cos 3π − ⎬ = cos ⎨ − cos ⎬ = π − =
⎩ 6 ⎭ ⎩ 6⎭ ⎩ 6⎭ 6 6

Short Answer Questions

3 8 36
(i) Prove the following sin −1 + sin −1 = cos−1
5 17 85
3 12 33
(ii) sin −1 + cos−1 = cos−1
5 13 65
Solution :
3 8
(i) L.H.S sin −1 + sin −1
5 17
3 8
Let sin −1 = α sin −1 =β
5 17
3 8
sin α = sin β =
5 17
4 15
cos α = cos β =
5 17
We know that cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
4 15 3 8 36
= × − × =
5 17 5 17 85
36 3 8 36
∴ α + β = cos−1 ⇒ sin −1 + sin −1 = cos −1
85 5 17 85
Solution :
3 12
(ii) let sin −1 = α cos−1 =β
5 13
3 12
sin α = cos β =
5 13
4 5
cos α sin β =
5 13
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Cole know that cos (α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

4 12 3 5 33
cos(α + β ) = × − × =
5 13 5 13 65
33
∴α + β = cos −1
65
3 12 33
sin −1 + cos−1 = cos−1
5 13 65
⎧ 3 ⎫
Find the values of (i) sin ⎧⎨ cos −1 + cos −1 ⎫⎬
3 12 3
(ii) Tan ⎨sin −1 + cos −1 ⎬
⎩ 5 13 ⎭ ⎩ 5 34 ⎭

(iii) cos ⎧⎨sin −1 + sin −1 ⎫⎬

3 5
⎩ 5 13 ⎭
Solution :
3 12
(i) Let cos −1 =α and cos −1 =β
5 13
3 12
cos α = and cos β =
5 13
4 5
sin α and sin β =
5 13
⎧ 3 12 ⎫
sin ⎨ cos −1 + cos −1 ⎬ = sin (α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
⎩ 5 13 ⎭
4 12 3 5
= × + ×
5 13 5 13
63
=
65
Solution :
3 5
(ii) Let sin −1 = α and cos −1 =β
5 34
3 5
sin α = cos β =
5 34
4 3
cos α = sin β =
5 34
3 3 27
+
Tanα + Tanβ 27
Tan(α + β ) = = 4 5 = 20 =
1 − Tanα Tanβ 1 − 9 20 − 9 11
20 20

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Solution :
3 5
(iii) Let sin −1 = α and sin −1 = β
5 13
3 5
sin α = and sin β =
5 13
4 12
cos α and cos β =
5 13
⎧ 3 5⎫
cos ⎨sin −1 + sin −1 ⎬ = cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
⎩ 5 13 ⎭
4 12 3 5 33
= × − × =
5 13 5 13 65
3. Show that sec2 (Tan−1 2) + cos ec2 (cot −1 2) = 10
Solution:
Let Tan−1 2 = α and cot −1 2 = β
Tanα = 2 and cot β = 2

LHS = sec2 α + cos ec 2 β = 1 + Tan2α + 1 + cot 2 β = 44 + 1 + 4 = 10

1 1 2 1 1 1 π
4. Show that (i) Tan−1 + Tan−1 + Tan−1 = 0 (ii) Tan −1 + Tan−1 + Tan −1 =
7 13 4 2 5 8 4
3 3 8 π 1 1 201
(iii) Tan −1 + Tan −1 − Tan −1 = (iv) Tan −1 + Tan−1 = cot −1 + cot −1 (18)
4 5 19 4 7 8 43

Solution :
1 1 2
(i) Let Tan−1 = α Tan−1 = β Tan−1 = γ
7 13 9
1 1 2
Tanα = Tanβ Tanγ =
7 13 9
1 1 20
+
Tanα + Tanβ 7 13 91 2
Tan(α + β ) = = = =
1 − Tanα Tanβ 1 − 1 90 9
91 91
2 2
−
Tan(α + β ) − Tanγ 9 9 =0
Tan(α + β − γ ) = =
1 + Tan(α + β )Tanγ 1 + 4
8

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1 1 2
∵α + β − γ = 0 ⇒ Tan−1 + Tan−1 − Tan−1 = 0
7 13 9
Solution :
1 1 ⎛1⎞
(ii) Tan −1 + Tan −1 + Tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
2 5 ⎝8⎠
1 1 1
Let Tan−1 = α Tan−1 = β Tan−1 = δ
2 5 8
1 1 1
Tanα = Tanβ = Tanγ =
2 5 8
1 1
+
Tan(α + β ) = 2 5 =7
1 9
1−
10
7 1
+
Tan(α + β + γ ) = 9 8 = 56 + 9 × 72 = 1
7 1
1− × 72 72 − 7
9 8
π 1 1 1 π
α + β +δ = ⇒ Tan−1 + Tan−1 + Tan −1 =
4 2 5 8 4

Solution :
3 3 8
(iii) Let Tan−1 = α Tan−1 = β and Tan −1 = δ
4 5 19
3 3 8
Tanα = Tanβ = and Tanδ =
4 5 19
3 3
+ Tan (α + β ) + Tanδ
Tan(α + β ) = 4 5 = 27 ⇒ Tan (α + β − δ ) =
1−
9 1 − Tan (α + β ) Tanδ
20
27 8 513 − 88
+
= 11 19 = 209 =1
27 8 209 + 216
1+ ×
11 19 209
π
∵α + β − δ =
4

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Solution :
1 1
Tan−1 = α Tan−1 = β
(iv)Let 7 8
1 1
Tanα = and Tanβ =
7 8
1 1
+
Tanα + Tanβ 7 8 = 15 = 3
Tan(α + β ) = =
1 − Tanα Tanβ 1 − 1 55 11
50
3 ⎛ 11 ⎞
LHS α + β = Tan −1 = cot −1 ⎜ ⎟
11 ⎝ 3⎠
201
Let cot −1 = δ cot −1 18 = δ
43
201
cot δ = cot δ = 18
43
201×18 3618 − 43
−1
cot γ cot δ − 1
cot(γ + δ ) = = 43 = 43
cot δ + cot γ 201 201 + 774
43 43
3575 11
= =
975 3
11
γ + δ = cot −1 ∵ LHS=RHS
3

5.Find the value of Tan ⎧⎨cos −1 + tan −1 ⎫⎬

4 2
⎩ 5 3⎭
Solution:
4 2
Let cos−1 = α and tan −1 = β
5 3
4 2
cos α = and tan β =
5 3
3 2
Tanα = and tan β =
4 3
3 2 17
+
⎧ 4 2⎫ Tanα + Tanβ 17
Tan ⎨cos −1 + tan −1 ⎬ = Tan(α + β ) = = 4 3 = 12 =
⎩ 5 3⎭ 1 − tan α tan β 1 − ×
3 2 6 6
4 3 12

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π 1 π 1
6.Prove that Tan ⎧⎨ + cos −1 ⎫⎬ + Tan ⎧⎨ − cos −1 ⎫⎬ =
a a 2b
⎩4 2 b⎭ ⎩4 2 b⎭ a
Solution:
a a
Let cos−1 = α ⇒ cos α =
b b
⎛ π α ⎞ ⎛ π α⎞
L.H.S tan ⎜ + ⎟ + tan ⎜ − ⎟
⎝4 2⎠ ⎝4 2⎠
α⎞ ⎛ α⎞
2 2
α ⎛ α
1 + tan 1 − tan ⎜1 + tan ⎟ + ⎜1 − tan ⎟
2+ 2 =⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
α α α
1 − tan 1 + tan 1 − tan 2
2 2 2
⎧ α ⎫
2 ⎨1 + tan 2 ⎬
⎩ 2⎭
= 2 sec α =
2b
α a
1 − tan 2
2

7. (
Solve (i) cos 2sec−1 x = ) 1 3 4
(ii) cos −1 − sin −1 = cos −1 x
9 5 5
(iii) sin −1 (1 − x ) + sin −1 x = cos −1 x (iv) sin ⎧⎨sin −1 + cos −1 x ⎫⎬ = 1
1
⎩ 5 ⎭
Solution:
Let sin −1 x = α ⇒ x = sin α
( 1
) 1
cos 2sin −1 x = ⇒ cos2 α = ⇒ 1 − 2sin 2 α =
9 9
1
9
1 8
1 − 2 x2 = ⇒ 2 x2 =
9 9
4 2
x2 = ⇒ x = ±
9 3
2 2 2
Verification: For x = sin −1 = α ⇒ sin α =
3 3 3
⎧ 2⎫ 4 1
cos ⎨ 2 sin −1 ⎬ = cos 2 α = 1 − 2 sin 2 α = 1− 2× =
⎩ 3⎭ 9 9
2
2 ⎧ ⎛ 2 ⎞⎫ ⎛2⎞ 1
For x = cos ⎨2sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎬ =1 − 2sin 2 β = 1 − 2 ⎜ ⎟ =
3 ⎩ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎭ ⎝3⎠ 9
2 2
∴ The Equation gets satisfied for x = , −
3 3

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Solution :
3 4
(ii) cos −1 − sin −1 = cos −1 x
5 5
3 4
Let cos−1 = α sin −1 =β
5 5
3 4
cos α = sin β =
5 5
Given α − β = cos −1 x ⇒ x = cos (α − β )

3 3 4 4
x = cos α cos β + sin α sin β = × + × = 1 x = 1
5 5 5 5

Solution :
(iii) sin −1 (1 − x ) + sin −1 x = cos−1 x ∴ (1 − x ) = cos ( 2sin −1 x )

∴ sin −1 (1 − x ) = cos −1 x − sin −1 x Let sin −1 x = α ⇒ sin α = x

π
but cos−1 x = − sin −1 x ∴1 − x = cos 2 α
2
π
sin −1 (1 − x ) = − sin −1 x − sin −1 x 1 − x = 1 − 2 sin 2 α ⇒ 1 − x = 1 − 2 x 2
2
π
(1 − x ) = sin ⎧⎨ ⎫ 1
− 2 sin −1 x ⎬ 2 x2 − x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 =
⎩2 ⎭ 2
Solution :
⎧ 1 ⎫ −1 1
+ cos−1 x = sin −1 (1)
(iv) sin ⎨sin −1 + cos 2 x ⎬ = 1 ⇒ sin
⎩ 5 ⎭ 5
π 1
cos −1 x − sin −1
2 5
⎛π 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 1
x = cos ⎜ − sin −1 ⎟ = sin ⎜ sin −1 ⎟ =
⎝2 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ 5

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Long Answer Question

Prove that 2 sin −1 − cos −1 = cos −1 ⎛⎜

3 5 323 ⎞
1 ⎟
5 13 ⎝ 325 ⎠
3 5
Let sin −1 = α cos−1 =β
5 13
3 5
sin α = cos β =
5 13
4 12
cos α = sin β =
5 13
24
sin 2 α = 2sin α cos α = cos 2 α = 1 − 2sin 2 α
25
⎛ 9 ⎞ 7
= 1− 2⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 25 ⎠ 25
We know that cos ( 2α − β ) = cos 2 α cos β + sin 2 α sin β

7 5 24 12 35 + 288 323
= × + × = =
25 13 25 13 325 325
Solution :

4 1 π
(ii) sin −1 + 2 tan −1 =
5 3 2

4 1
Let sin −1 = α tan −1 = β
5 3

4 1
sin α = tan β =
5 3
2
3 2 tan β 2 9 3
cos α = sin 2 β = = 3 = × =
5 1 + tan β
2
1+
1 3 10 5
9
4
cos 2 β =
5
We know that cos(α + 2 β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

3 4 4 3
= × − × =0
4 5 5 5

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π
α + 2β =
2

Solution :

1 1 1 π
(iii) 4 tan −1 + tan −1 − tan −1 =
5 99 70 4

1 1 1
Let tan −1 =α tan −1 =β tan −1 =δ
5 99 70

1 1 1
tan α = tan β = tan δ =
5 99 70

2 5
2×
5 2 25 5 2Tan 2α 12 = 120
Tan 2α = = × = Tan 4α = =
1−
1 5 24 12 1 − Tan 2α 1 − 25 119
2

25 144

120 1 11880 + 119

_
Tan 4α + Tanβ 119 × 99 11999
Tan ( 4α + β ) = = 119 99 = =
1 − Tan 4α Tanβ 1−
120
×
1 11781 − 120 11661
119 94

11999 1
Tan ( 4α + β ) − Tanδ −
828269
Tan ( 4α + β − δ ) = = 11661 70 = =1
1 + tan(4α + β )Tanδ 1 + 11999 × 1 828269
11661 70

π 1 1 1 π
∴4α + β − δ = ∴4 tan −1 + tan −1 − tan −1 =
4 5 99 70 4

2. It cos−1 p + cos−1 q + cos−1 r = π prove that p 2 + q 2 + r 2 + 2 pqr = 1

Solution:

Let cos−1 p = α cos −1 q = β cos −1 r = δ

p = cos α q = cos β r = cos δ

Given α + β + γ = π cos (α + β ) = cos (π − γ )

cos α cos β − sin α sin γ = cos γ

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pq = − r + 1 − p 2 1 − q 2 ⇒ pq + r = 1 − p 2 1 − q 2

Squaring on both such

p 2 q 2 + r 2 + 2 pqr = 1 − p 2 − q 2 + p 2 q 2 ⇒ p 2 + q 2 + r 2 + 2 pqr = 1

⎛ 2p ⎞ −1 ⎛ 1 − q ⎞ p−q
2
−1 2x
3. If sin ⎜ 2 ⎟
− cos ⎜ 2 ⎟
= Tan−1 then prove that x =
⎝ 1+ p ⎠ ⎝ 1+ q ⎠ 1− x 1 + pq
2

Solution: Let p = Tanα q = Tanβ

⎛ 2Tanα ⎞ −1 ⎛ 1 − Tan β ⎞ −1 ⎛ 2 x ⎞
2
∴ sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ − cos ⎜ ⎟ = Tan ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 + Tan α ⎠ ⎝ 1 + Tan β ⎠ ⎝ 1− x ⎠
2 2

⎛ 2x ⎞
sin −1 ( sin 2 α ) = cos −1 ( cos 2 β ) = Tan −1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝1− x ⎠
Let x = Tanγ
⎛ 2Tanγ ⎞
2α − 2β = Tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − Tanγ ⎠
2α − 2 β = 2γ
Tanα − Tanβ p−q
tan γ = ⇒γ =
1 + Tanα Tanβ 1 + pqr

4. If a, b, c are distinct non-zero real numbers having the same sign prove that

⎛ ab + 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ bc − 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ ac + 1 ⎞
cot −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cot ⎜ ⎟ + cot ⎜ ⎟ = π or 2π
⎝ a−b ⎠ ⎝ b−c ⎠ ⎝ c−a ⎠

Solution: Since a, b, c have same sign two cases will arise

(i) Two of the three number a-b, b-c,c-a, are positive and there is negative
(ii) One of the number is positive and the other two are negative

Case(i) Suppose a-b>0 b-c>0 and c-a<0

⎛ ab + 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ bc + 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ ac + 1 ⎞
cot −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cot ⎜ ⎟ + cot ⎜ ⎟
⎝ a−b ⎠ ⎝ b−c ⎠ ⎝ a−c ⎠

⎛ ab + 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ bc + 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ ac + 1 ⎞
cot −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cot ⎜ ⎟ + π − cot ⎜ ⎟
⎝ a−b ⎠ ⎝ b−c ⎠ ⎝ a−c ⎠

⎛ a −b ⎞ −1 ⎛ b − c ⎞ −1 ⎛ a − c ⎞
tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ + tan ⎜ ⎟ + π − tan ⎜ ⎟ =π
⎝ 1 + ab ⎠ ⎝ 1 + bc ⎠ ⎝ 1 + ac ⎠
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⎛ x− y ⎞
∵ Tan −1 ⎜ −1 −1
⎟ = Tan x − Tan y
⎝ 1 + xy ⎠

a − b < 0, b − c < 0 and c − a > 0

Case (ii) Suppose

⎛ ab + 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ bc + 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ ac + 1 ⎞
cot −1 ⎜ ⎟ + cot ⎜ ⎟ + cot ⎜ ⎟
⎝ a−b ⎠ ⎝ b−c ⎠ ⎝ a−c ⎠

⎧ − ( ab + 1) ⎫ −1 ⎧ − (bc + 1) ⎫ −1 ⎧ ( ca + 1) ⎫
= cot −1 ⎨ ⎬ + cot ⎨ ⎬ + cot ⎨ ⎬
⎩ b−a ⎭ ⎩ c−b ⎭ ⎩ c−a ⎭

⎛ ab + 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ bc + 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ ca + 1 ⎞
= π − cot −1 ⎜ ⎟ + π − cot ⎜ ⎟ + cot ⎜ ⎟
⎝ b−a ⎠ ⎝ c−b ⎠ ⎝ c−a ⎠

⎛ b−a ⎞ −1 ⎛ c − b ⎞ −1 ⎛ c − a ⎞
= 2π − tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ − π tan ⎜ ⎟ + tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 + ab ⎠ ⎝ 1 + bc ⎠ ⎝ 1 + ac ⎠

= 2π − tan −1 b + tan −1 a − tan −1 c + tan −1 b + tan −1 a = 2π

5. If sin −1 x + sin −1 y + sin −1 z = π then prove that ` x 1 − x 2 + y 1 − y 2 + z 1 − z 2 = 2 xyz

Solution:

Let sin −1 x = α sin −1 y = β sin −1 z = γ

sin α = x sin β = y sin γ = z

Given α + β + γ = π ⇒ α + β = π − γ

sin (α + β ) = sin γ and cos γ = − cos (α + β )

x 1 − x2 + y 1 − y2 + z 1 − z 2

sin α 1 − sin 2 α + sin β 1 − sin 2 β + sin γ 1 − sin 2 γ

1 1
⎡sin 2 α + sin 2 β + sin 2 γ ⎤⎦ = ⎡ 2sin (α + β ) cos (α − β ) + sin 2 γ ⎤⎦
2⎣ 2⎣

1
⎡ 2sin γ cos (α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ ⎤⎦
2⎣

sin γ ⎡⎣cos (α − β ) + cos (α + β ) ⎤⎦ = 2sin α sin β sin γ = 2xyz

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6. If (i) Tan−1 x + Tan−1 y + Tan−1 z = π then prove that x + y + z = xyz

π
(ii) Tan −1 x + Tan −1 y + Tan −1 z = then prove that xy + yz + zx = 1
2

Solution: Let tan −1 x = α tan −1 y = β tan −1 z = γ

x = Tanα y = Tanβ z = Tanγ

Given α + β + γ = π ⇒ α + β = π − x
Tanα + Tanβ
Tan (α + β ) = Tan(π − γ ) ⇒ = Tanγ
1 − Tanα Tanβ
Tanα + Tanβ = −Tanγ + Tanα Tanβ Tanγ ⇒ Tanα + Tanβ + Tanγ Tanα Tanβ Tanγ
= x + y + z = xyz
Solution :

π π
(ii) α + β +γ = ⇒α +β = −γ
2 2
tan α + tan β tan α + tan β 1
= cot γ ⇒ =
1 − tan α tan β 1 − tan α tan β tan γ
tan α tan γ + tan β tan γ = 1 − tan α tan β

tan α tan β + tan β tan γ + tan γ tan α = 1

xy + yz + zx = 1

1 − x2 − 1 − x2
7. If α = Tan −1 then prove that x 2 = sin 2 α
1+ x + 1− x
2 2

Solution:

1 + x2 − 1 − x2 1 1 + x2 + 1 − x2
tan α ⇒ =
1 + x2 + 1 − x2 tan α 1 + x2 − 1 − x2

Using componendo and dividend we have

1 + tan α 1 + x2 + 1 − x2 + 1 + x2 − 1 − x2
=
1 − tan β 1 + x2 + 1 − x2 − 1 + x2 + 1 − x2

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cos α + sin α 1 + x2
= ⇒ squaring on both sloves
cos α − sin α 1 − x2

cos 2 + sin 2 α + 2 cos α sin α 1 + x 2 1 + sin 2α 1 + x 2

+ ⇒ =
cos 2 + sin 2 α − 2 cos α sin α 1 − x 2 1 − sin 2α 1 − x 2

1 + sin 2α + 1 − sin 2α 1 + x 2 + 1 − x 2 2 2
= ⇒ =
1 + sin 2α − 1 + sin 2α 1 + x − 1 + x
2 2
2sin α 2sin 2
2

⇒ x 2 = sin 2α

⎧ cos α + cos β ⎫ −1 ⎧ α β⎫
8. Prove that cos −1 ⎨ ⎬ = 2 tan ⎨ tan tan ⎬
⎩1 + cos α cos β ⎭ ⎩ 2 2⎭

⎧ α β⎫ ⎧ α β⎫
R.H .S 2 tan −1 ⎨ tan tan ⎬ Let tan −1 ⎨ tan tan ⎬ = θ
⎩ 2 2⎭ ⎩ 2 2⎭

α β
∴tan θ = tan tan
2 2

1 − Tan 2θ
R.H .S = 2θ We know that cos 2θ
1 + Tan 2θ

α β
sin 2 sin 2
2 2
α β α β
1 − tan 2
tan 2
cos 2
cos 2

∴ cos 2θ = 2 2 = 2 2
α β α β
1 + tan 2
tan 2
sin 2
sin 2

2 2 2. 2
2 α 2 β
cos cos
2 2

α β ⎛ 1 + cos α
α β ⎞ ⎛ 1 + cos β ⎞ ⎛ 1 − cos α ⎞ ⎛ 1 − cos β ⎞
cos 2 cos 2 − sin 2
⎜ sin 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
= 2 2 2 2 =⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
α β α β ⎛ 1 + cos α ⎞ ⎛ 1 + cos β ⎞ ⎛ 1 − cos α ⎞ ⎛ 1 − cos β ⎞
cos 2 cos 2 + sin 2 sin 2 ⎟+⎜
2 2 2 2 ⎜⎝ 2
⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2
⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 2
⎟
⎠

1 + cos α + cos β + cos α cos β − 1 + cos α + cos β − cos α cos β cos α cos β
cos 2θ = =
1 + cos α + cos β + cos α cos β + 1 − cos α − cos β + cos α cos β 1 + cos α cos β

cos α + cos β ⎛ cos α + cos β ⎞

cos 2θ = ⇒ 2θ = cos −1 ⎜ ⎟
1 + cos β ⎝ 1 + cos α cos β ⎠

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⎛ α β⎞ ⎛ cos α + cos β ⎞
∴ 2Tan −1 ⎜ Tan Tan ⎟ = cos −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 1 + cos α cos β ⎠

Solve the following Equations for x

⎛ x −1 ⎞ −1 x + 1 π
(i) Tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ + Tan =
⎝ x−2⎠ x+2 4
x −1 ⎞ x +1
Let Tan −1 ⎛⎜ ⎟ =α Tan −1 =β
⎝ x−2⎠ x+2
x −1 x +1
Tanα = Tanβ =
x−2 x+2
π Tanα + Tanβ
Given that α + β = ⇒ =1
4 1 − Tanα Tanβ
x −1 x +1
+
x − 2 x + 2 = 1 ⇒ ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) + ( x + 1)( x − 2 ) = 1

1− 2
( x 2 − 1) x2 − 4 − x2 + 1
( x − 4)
x2 + x − 2 + x2 − x − 2
= 1 ⇒ 2 x 2 − 4 = −3
−3
1
2 x2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±
2
⎛ 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ −1 ⎛ 2 ⎞
ii) Tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ + Tan ⎜ ⎟ = Tan ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 2x +1 ⎠ ⎝ 4x +1 ⎠ ⎝x ⎠
1 1
Tan−1 =α ⇒ Tanα =
2x +1 2x +1
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
Tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = β ⇒ Tan β =
⎝ 4x +1 ⎠ 4x +1
2
α + β = Tan−1
x2
Tanα + Tanβ 2
= 2
1 − Tanα Tanβ x
1 1
+
2x +1 4x +1 = 2
1−
1 x2
( 2 x + 1)( 4 x + 1)
4x +1+ 2x +1 2
= 2
8x + 6x + x − y x
2

6 x 3 + 2 x 2 = 16 x 2 + 12 x
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6 x3 − 14 x 2 − 12 x = 0
2 x {3 x 2 − 7 x − 6} = 0

2 x {3 x 2 − 9 x + 2 x − 6} = 0

2 x(3 x + 2)( x − 3) = 0
5x2 1 x2 1 5x2 x2
1− = − ⇒ 1− = −
4 4 2 4 4 2
3 5x2 − 2 x2 1
= ⇒x=
4 4 3
a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c) c (a + b + c)
Tan −1 + Tan −1 + Tan −1 =π
bc ac ab
a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c) a+b+c
x= × ⇒ xy = >1
bc ac c
x > 0 : y > 0 and xy > 1
⎛ x− y ⎞
∴Tan −1 x + Tan −1 y = π + Tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 − xy ⎠
⎧ a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c) ⎫
⎪ × ⎪
−1 a ( a + b + c ) b (a + b + c) −1 ⎪ bc ac ⎪
∴Tan + = π + Tan ⎨ ⎬
bc ac ⎪ a+b+c ⎪
1−
⎪⎩ c ⎪⎭
⎧ a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c) ⎫
⎪ × ⎪
⎪ bc ac ⎪
= π + Tan −1 ⎨ ⎬
⎪ a − b − c ⎪
1−
⎪⎩ c ⎪⎭

= π + Tan −1
( ( a + b + c ) ( a + b))
×
c
ab c − ( a − b)

⎧⎪ c ( a + b + c ) ⎫⎪
= π + Tan −1 ⎨ − ⎬
⎩⎪ ab ⎭⎪
⎧⎪ c ( a + b + c ) ⎫⎪
= π − Tan −1 ⎨ − ⎬
⎪⎩ ab ⎪⎭

a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c) c (a + b + c)
∴Tan −1 + Tan −1 = π − Tan −1
bc ac ab

a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c) c (a + b + c)
Tan −1 + Tan −1 + Tan −1 =π
bc ac ab
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⎛ 2x ⎞ −1 ⎛ 1 − x ⎞ ⎛ 2x ⎞ π
2
(iii) 3sin −1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
− 4 cos ⎜ 2 ⎟
+ 2 tan −1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
=
⎝ 1+ x ⎠ ⎝ 1+ x ⎠ ⎝ 1− x ⎠ 3

Let x = tan θ ⇒ θ = tan −1 x

⎧ 2 tan θ ⎫ −1 ⎛ 1 − tan θ ⎞ −1 ⎛ 2 tan θ ⎞ π

2
3sin −1 − ⎨ ⎬ − 4 cos ⎜ ⎟ + 2 tan ⎜ ⎟=
⎩1 + tan θ ⎭ ⎝ 1 + tan θ ⎝ 1 − tan θ
2 2 1
⎠ ⎠ 3

π
3sin −1 − {sin 2θ } − 4 cos −1 ( cos 2θ ) + 2 tan −1 ( tan 2θ ) =
3

π π π π 1
2θ = ⇒θ = ⇒ tan −1 = ⇒ x = tan =
3 6 6 6 3

(iv) tan ⎧⎨ arc cos ⎫⎬ = sin ⎧⎨ arc cot ⎫⎬

1 1
⎩ x⎭ ⎩ 2⎭

1 1 1
Let arc cos i.e cos = α ⇒ cos α =
x x x
1 1
cot −1 = β ⇒ cot β =
2 2
∴tan α = sin β
1 − x2 4
=
x2 5
2 4 9 3
x2 −1 = ⇒ x2 − 1 = ⇒ x2 = = x =
v5 5 5 v5
3
x=− does not satisfy the equation
v5
π π
(v) sin −1 (1 − x ) − 2sin −1 x = ⇒ sin −1 (1 − x ) = + 2sin −1 x
2 2
π
(1 − x ) = sin ⎧⎨ ⎫
+ 2 sin −1 x ⎬
⎩2 ⎭
(1 − x ) = cos ( 2 sin −1 x ) Let sin −1 x = α ⇒ x − sin α
1 − x = cos 2 α ⇒ 1 − x = 1 − 2 x 2
1
2 x 2 − x = 0 ⇒ x ( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 =
2

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x π
(vi) cos −1 x + sin −1 =
2 6
x
Let cos −1 x = α sin −1 =β
2
x
cos α = x sin β =
2
π 3
α +β = β=
6 2
π
sin (α + β ) = sin
6
1
sin α cos β + cos α sin β =
2

x2 x 1
1 − x2 1− + x× =
4 2 2
2

( 1− x 2
) ⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 x2 ⎞
⎜1 − ⎟ = ⎜ × ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠

x2 x4 1 x4 x2
1 − x2 − + = + −
4 4 4 4 2

11.If sin −1 x + sin −1 y + sin −1 z = π then prove that x 4 + y 4 + z 4 + 4 x 2 y 2 z 2 = 2 { x 2 y 2 + y 2 z 2 + z 2 x 2 }

Let sin −1 x = α sin −1 y = β sin −1 z = γ

sin α = x sin β = y sin γ = z
α + β + γ = π ⇒ cos (α + β ) = cos (π − γ )

1 − x 2 1 − y 2 − xy = − 1 − z 2

1 − x 2 1 − y 2 = xy − 1 − z 2

(1 − x ) (1 − y )
2 2
= x 2 y 2 + 1 − z 2 − 2 xy 1 − z 2

1 − x 2 − y 2 + x 2 y 2 = x 2 y 2 + 1 − z 2 − 2 xy 1 − z 2
Squaring on both sides we have

z 2 − x 2 − y 2 = −2 xy 1 − z 2

z 4 + x 4 + y 4 − 2 x 2 z 2 + 2 x 2 y 2 − 2 y 2 z 2 = 4 x 2 y 2 (1 − z )
2

x4 + y 4 + z 4 − 4 x2 y 2 z 2 = 2 x2 y 2 + 2 y 2 z 2 + 2 x2 z 2

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x y x 2 2 xy y2
cos −1 + cos −1 = α then prove that − cos α + 2 = sin 2 α
a b az ab b
x y
Let cos −1 =θ and cos −1 =φ
a b
x y
cos θ = cos φ = = θ
a b
Given θ + φ = α
cos (θ + φ ) = cos α ⇒ cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ

xy x2 y2
− 1− 2 1− = cos α
ab a b2

xy x2 y2
− cos α = 1 − 2 1−
ab a b2
Squaring on both sides we have
x2 y 2 ⎛ x2 ⎞ ⎛ y2 ⎞
+ cos 2
α = ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ ⎜1 − 2 ⎟
a 2b 2 ⎝ a ⎠⎝ b ⎠
x 2 y 2 2 xy
− cos α
a 2b 2 ab
x2 y 2 x2 y2 x2 y 2
+ cos 2
α = 1 − − +
a 2b 2 a 2 b2 a 2 y 2
x 2 y 2 2 xy
− cos α
a 2b 2 ab
x 2 2 xy y2
− cos α + = 1 − cos 2 α
a 2 ab b2
x 2 2 xy y2
∴ − cos α + = 1 − sin 2 α
a 2 ab b2

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PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1 1
1. Find the value of cot −1 + cot −1
2 3
4 7 117
2. Prove that sin −1 + sin −1 = sin −1
5 25 125
4 5 16 π
3. Prove that sin −1 + sin −1 + sin −1 =
5 13 25 2
41 π
4. Prove that cot −1 9 + cos ec −1 =
4 4
⎧⎪ 13 ⎫⎪ ⎧ −1 2 ⎫
5. Show that cot ⎨sin −1 ⎬ = sin ⎨ tan ⎬
⎪⎩ 17 ⎪⎭ ⎩ 3⎭

4 1 π
6. Prove that sin −1 + 2 tan −1 =
5 3 2
Prove that cos ⎧⎨ 2 tan −1 ⎫⎬ = sin ⎧⎨ 4 tan −1 ⎫⎬
1 1
7.
⎩ 7⎭ ⎩ 3⎭
5 12 π
8. Solve sin + sin −1 = ( x > 0 )
x x 2
3x 4x
9. Solve sin −1 + sin −1 = sin −1 x
5 5
π
10. Solve sin −1 x + sin −1 2 x =
3
11.
⎣ { }
If sin ⎡ 2 cos −1 cot ( 2 tan −1 x ) ⎤ = 0
⎦
x2 + 1
12.
⎣ {
Prove that cos ⎡ tan −1 sin ( cot −1 x ) ⎤ =
⎦ } x2 + 2

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