Lecture 3

Bernoulli’s Equation

Definition

The differential equation of the form

dy
 p (x ) y  f (x ) y n (1)
dx

Where n any real number is called Bernoulli’s Equation

If n=0, equation (1) is linear equation

If n=1, equation (1) is separable equation

For n≠0 and n≠1 the substitution

u  y 1n
reduces any equation of the form (1) to a linear equation
Let u  y 1n

du dy
 (1  n ) y  n (2)
dx dx
Divinding equation (1) by y n , gives
1 dy y
n dx
 p ( x ) n
 f (x )
y y
dy
y n  p (x ) y 1n  f (x ) (3)
dx
By Multiplying equation (3) by (1-n), we obtain
ndy
(1-n)y  (1  n ) p (x ) y 1n  (1  n )f (x ) (4)
dx
Equation (4) can be written, according to the substitution (2), as
du
 (1  n ) p (x )u  (1  n )f (x )
dx
Which is a linear equation
Example 1

dy
Solve x y x2 y2
dx
Example 2

dy 1
Solve x y  2
dx y
Example 3

dy
Solve x  y (x y 3  1)
dx
 Homogeneous Equations

Definition

If a function f has the property

f (tx ,ty )  t  f (x , y )
for some real number  , the f is said to be Homogenous Function of degree 

Example
f (x , y )  y 2 +x 2
is a homogeneous function of degree 2, since
f (tx ,ty )  (ty )2  (tx )2  t 2 ( y 2  x 2 )  t 2f (x , y )
Note
f (x , y )  y 2  x 2  1 is not homogeneous function
A first order DE in differential form
M (x , y )dx  N (x , y ) dy  0 (1)
is said to be homogeneous if both coefficients M and N are homogeneous
functions of the same degree
Note:
If M and N are homogeneous functions of degree  then equation (1)
can be written in the form
dy y
f ( )
dx x
The substitution y  ux will reduce a homogeneous equation to a separable
first order differential equation
Example 4

Solve (x 2  y 2 )dx  ( x 2  xy )dy  0

Example 5

dy x 2  y 2
Solve 
dx xy
Example 6

Solve x dy  y dx  x 2  y 2 dx