Software

Definition - What does Software mean?

Software, in its most general sense, is a set of instructions or programs instructing a computer to do
specific tasks. Software is a generic term used to describe computer programs. Scripts, applications,
programs and a set of instructions are all terms often used to describe software.

The theory of software was first proposed by Alan Turing in 1935 in his essay "Computable numbers
with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem." However, the word software was coined by
mathematician and statistician John Tukey in a 1958 issue of American Mathematical Monthly in
which he discussed electronic calculators' programs.

Software is often divided into three categories:

System software serves as a base for application software. System software includes device drivers,
operating systems (OSs), compilers, disk formatters, text editors and utilities helping the computer
to operate more efficiently. It is also responsible for managing hardware components and providing
basic non-task-specific functions. The system software is usually written in C programming language.
Programming software is a set of tools to aid developers in writing programs. The various tools
available are compilers, linkers, debuggers, interpreters and text editors.
Application software is intended to perform certain tasks. Examples of application software include
office suites, gaming applications, database systems and educational software. Application software
can be a single program or a collection of small programs. This type of software is what consumers
most typically think of as "software."

Software- the programs and other operating information used by a computer. Software can be made
up of more than one program. All-encompassing term that is often used in contrast to hardware (the
tangible parts of a computer)

Application- A program or group of programs that is designed for the end user. Application software
(an application) is a set of computer programs designed to permit the user to perform a group of
coordinated functions, tasks, or activities. Application software cannot run on itself but is dependent
on system software to execute.

Program- A set of instructions telling a computer what to do.

"All applications are programs, but a program is not necessarily an application. For example, there
are always lots of programs running on the background of an operating system, but since they
weren't developed for the end-user, they are not applications. On the other hand, Windows Media
Player and Firefox, for example, are applications. They have a Graphical User Interface

APPLICATION
An application, also referred to as an application program or application software, is a computer
software package that performs a specific function directly for an end user or, in some cases, for
another application. An application can be self-contained or a group of programs. The program is a
set of operations that runs the application for the user.

Examples of applications include word processors, database programs, web browsers, development
tools, image editors and communication platforms. Applications use the computer's operating
system (OS) and other supporting programs, typically system software, to function. An application
requests services from and communicates with other technologies via an application programming
interface (API).

Types of applications
Applications can vary in many ways, including how they're built, what platform they run on, whether
they are open source or proprietary, or for which market they are used.

For example, a mobile application developer writes their code as a native, web or hybrid application
-- and these terms can also describe desktop applications. The developer codes a native application
to run on specific hardware, such as a camera or GPS, and in the same programming language as the
underlying OS. For example, the Photos application on Mac OS X is written in Objective-Cthe same
language that Mac OS X uses.

An end user typically accesses a web application via a web browser, such as Google Chrome. A
developer can write web applications in several languages, including JavaScript, CSS and HTML, but
they cannot access the hardware on which the application is installed. Hybrid applications have APIs
that can access device resources, similar to a native application, but are typically written in
languages such as HTML and CSS. Additionally, developers often code mobile applications to work
on a specific device platform.

Applications can also be grouped into categories by licensing style. Proprietary software programs,
such as Adobe Photoshop, are applications that are owned under copyright. End users can buy or
license proprietary applications through the vendor providing the software. They cannot modify
these applications; they can only add functionality to them via third-party add-ons. Open source
applications, such as WordPress, provide the source code for end users and developers to use and
modify. Software companies and individual developers typically make open source applications
freely available under a generic or public license, such as GNU.

A developer or team of developers can create an application for a specific vertical market. A vertical
application typically serves a specific industry or departmental need, such as a medical billing
system. By contrast, a horizontal application, such as a word processor or web browser, applies to a
wide range of industries.

PROGRAM

A computer program is a collection of instructions[1] that performs a specific task when executed by
a computer. Most computer devices require programs to function properly.

A computer program is usually written by a computer programmer in a programming language.

From the program in its human-readable form of source code, a compiler can derive machine code—
a form consisting of instructions that the computer can directly execute. Alternatively, a computer
program may be executed with the aid of an interpreter.

A collection of computer programs, libraries, and related data are referred to as software. Computer
programs may be categorized along functional lines, such as application software and system
software. The underlying method used for some calculation or manipulation is known as an
algorithm.

What are the basic functions of a program?

The functions of a program vary depending on the type of program. For example, the function of a
browser program is to browse the Internet. The function of a word processor is to create, view, and
edit documents. A program is usually designed to perform a specific task (function), and only that
task. In other words, a word processor program may be able to create a document, but it cannot be
used to browse the Internet

, games are programs, but may be labeled as "games" and not "programs," to distinguish them as
designed for leisure rather than productivity. As a category of programs, games have subcategories
of their own, such as FPS, MMO, and RPG. For example, Quake is an "FPS game."

Examples of computer programs

There are millions of different programs available for computers, phones, and other devices today.
Below are a few examples and the related program category.

What is Operating System ?

An operating system is a program on which application programs are executed and acts as an
communication bridge (interface) between the user and the computer hardware.

The main task an operating system carries out is the allocation of resources and services, such as
allocation of: memory, devices, processors and information. The operating system also includes
programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, memory management
module, I/O programs, and a file system.

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

An Operating System acts as a communication bridge (interface) between the user and computer
hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide a platform on which a user can execute
programs in a convenient and efficient manner.

An operating system is a piece of software that manages the allocation of computer hardware. The
coordination of the hardware must be appropriate to ensure the correct working of the computer
system and to prevent user programs from interfering with the proper working of the system.

Important functions of an operating System:

Security –
The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques. it
also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.
Control over system performance –
Monitors overall system health to help improve performance. records the response time between
service requests and system response to have a complete view of the system health. This can help
improve performance by providing important information needed to troubleshoot problems.

Job accounting –
Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users, this
information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of user.
Error detecting aids –
Operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the malfunctioning of
computer system.
Coordination between other software and users –
Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers and other
software to the various users of the computer systems.

File Management –
A file system is organized into directories for efficient or easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain other directories and other files. An Operating System carries out the
following file management activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user access
settings and status of every file and more… These facilities are collectively known as the file system.

Device Management –
An OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. It performs the following
activities for device management. Keeps tracks of all devices connected to system. designates a
program responsible for every device known as the Input/Output controller. Decides which process
gets access to a certain device and for how long. Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way.
Deallocates devices when they are no longer required.

Memory Management –
The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is made up of
a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. Main memory
is a fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it should
be first loaded in the main memory. An Operating System performs the following activities for
memory management: