FOOD BY-PRODUCTS

I. Food by-products

II. Examples of Food By-Products

a) Leather
• Uses
• Manufacture
b) Adhesives
• Uses
• Types of adhesives
c) Gelatin
• Manufacture

III.References
▪ something produced in a usually
industrial or biological process in
addition to the principal product.

▪ Food industries are constantly trying

to utilize as much of their product as
possible.
 A. Leather
- is a by-product of meat industry;
durable and flexible material created by
tanning animal rawhide and skin.
 A. Leather
- is a by-product of meat industry;
durable and flexible material created by
tanning animal rawhide and skin.
- “tanning”- is a process which
converts the otherwise perishable skin to
a stable and nondecaying material.
Tanning agents include vegetable tannins.
A. Leather
▪ Two types of Tanning:

➢ Chrome Tanning
▪ 90% of the world’s leather are product of
chrome tanning.

➢ Vegetable Tanning
▪ is the most traditional way of tanning leather
hides.
▪ Use tannins from tree barks
Chrome Tanning Process
Chrome Tanning Process
Chrome Tanning Process
Vegetable Tanning Process
Vegetable Tanning Process
• Chromium (III) is that it can be
oxidized to chromium (VI).
• Acids (HCl) and other chemicals
used can cause skin, eye, and
respiratory irritation.
• Noise
B. ADHESIVE
B. Adhesives
- any substance that is capable of holding
materials together in a functional manner by
surface attachment that resists separation.
-Types Of Adhesives
--Animal Glues
--Starch Adhesive
--Synthetic-Resin Adhesives
a. Rigid Thermosets
b. Rubbery Thermosets
c. Thermoplastics
d. Copolymers and Mixtures
• Made from prolonged boiling of
animal connective tissues.
• The first confirmed appearance of
animal glues comes from 2000 BC in
Ancient Egypt.
• This industry collapse after 1930
• Manufacturing process is the same as
the manufacturing process of gelatin.
▪ Lesser strength and water
resistant compared to animal
glue.
▪ Cheaper and less odorous than
any other types of glue
▪ Made from plants’ starch.
▪ Chemicals may be added for
commercial production to
improve its properties.
Synthetic-Resin Adhesives
a.) Rigid Thermosets
- Heat and chemical resistance are
good; some have water resistant.

b.) Rubbery Thermosets

- Many of these are used as
sealants.

c.) Rubbery Thermosets

- Most hot-melt, nonsolvent glues
belongs to this group.

d.) Copolymers and Mixtures

- Formed to obtain better
properties than those possible with
single component.
C. GELATIN
▪ Is an organic nitrogenous, colloidal protein substance
whose principal value depends on its coagulative,
protective, and adhesive powers

▪ Blasting gelatin- it is formed by mixing collodion

cotton with nitroglycerine.

▪ Japanese gelatin- also known as agar-agar, a

mucilaginous substance extracted from seaweed.

▪ Animal gelatin- is obtained by hydrolysis from

collagen
➢ Type A Gelatin
▪ Mainly made from pork skin.
▪ More than 55% are used to
produce food.

➢ Type B Gelatin
• Made from bones and
sometimes skin and hides.
Gelatin Production
Type A Gelatin Production
SKIN

HCl or pH 1.0-3.0
H3PO4 or For 10 to 30 Gelatin
H2SO4 hours

DRYER CUTTER COOLER

Hot water
30%-40% solid
CONTINUOUS VACCUM
CONCENTRATION

pH 3.5-4.0 FILTRATION
55oC to 65oC 95oC to 100oC
Type B Gelatin Production
Gelatin Production
Gelatin Production
• Acids (HCl) and other chemicals
used can cause skin, eye, and
respiratory irritation.
• Heat
▪ REFERENCES:
https://panjiva.com/Filipino-Manufacturers-Of/gelatin
https://www.slideshare.net/NissanAhmed2/gelatin-62017781
https://www.carryology.com/insights/chrome-vs-vegetable-tanned-
leather/
https://www.britannica.com/technology/adhesive
http://www.ilocis.org/documents/chpt88e.htm
http://www.ilocis.org/documents/chpt67e.htm
http://www.leathersmithe.com/tanning-methods-and-the.html
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Gelatin.html
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/blasting+gelatin
http://www.elnasr4gelatin.com/elnasr-for-gelatin-gelatin-
manufacturing-type-a-gelatin-and-type-b-gelatin-alkaline-treatment-
gelatin-gelatin-manufacture-in-egypt
https://www.slideshare.net/MeerHossai
n3/manufacture-of-gelatin
1. Purpose of the pickling process
in leather making?

2. Crops or plants that are

commonly used to make starch
glue?

3. Difference (process) between

Type A and Type B gelatin
(process).