DR. K.N.

MODI INSTITUTE OF
ENGG. AND TECHNOLOGY

CHEMICAL ENGG. SEMINAR ON

PROJECT
PROJECT PRESENTATION ON
TANNING OF RAW HIDE
 CONTENTS

 Acknowledgements
 Indian Leather Industry- Introduction
 Raw Material
 Process Description
 Process Detail
 Chrome Tanning
 Effluent Treatment
 Site Selection
 Environment Impacts
 Future Actions
 Bibliography
 INDIAN LEATHER INDUSTRY

 The Leather Industry holds a prominent place in the Indian

economy with an annual turnover of over US$ 11 billion, the export
of leather and leather products increased recording a cumulative
annual growth rate of about 14.77% in 5 years.

 The leather industry is an employment intensive sector, providing

job to about 2.5 million people, mostly from the weaker sections of
the society. Women employment is predominant in leather products
sector with about 30% share. India is the second largest producer of
footwear and leather garments in the world.
 RAW MATERIAL

 Raw Material used in leather industries is raw hide. Raw Hides are
the skin of specified animals that are further treated to form leather.
These animals include Buffalo, Cow and Sheep etc.

 A strong base for raw materials in India is endowed with 20% of the
world’s cattle and buffalo and 11% of the world’s goat and sheep
population.
RAW MATERIAL
 PROCESS DESCRIPTION

Pre-processes, Tanning Process and the finishing process that Raw

Hide undergoes to form leather:

 Curing
 Fleshing
 Trimming
 De-hairing
 Liming
 De-liming
 Pickling
 Tanning
 PROCESS DETAIL
TANNING

 Tanning is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to

produce leather, which is more durable and less susceptible to
decomposition.
 Tanning hide into leather involves a process which permanently
alters the protein structure of skin.
Tanning can be performed with either:
 Vegetable or
 Chemical methods.
 CHROME TANNING

 In Chromium Tanning Chromium Chemical

Treatment is done to form leather from raw
hide.
 The pH must be very acidic when the
chromium is introduced to ensure that the
chromium complexes are small enough to fit in between the fibres
and residues of the collagen.
 Once the desired level of penetration of chrome into the substance is
achieved, the pH of the material is raised again to facilitate the
process. This step is known as basification.
 In the raw state, chrome-tanned skins are blue, so are referred to as
wet blue.
 EFFLUENT TREATMENT

 There are in all two types of wastes from any Tannery or Leather
Plant: Organic and Inorganic.
 Organic waste is treated an aerobically to produce Bio Gas.
 Other wastes from Tannery like Saline water and other liquid waste
are also treated to increase Biological Oxygen Demand of liquid as
per per Pollution Control Board guidelines.
 SITE SELECTION

 Availability of Raw Materials

 Proximity to Market
 Infrastructural Facilities
 Land Costs
 Competition
 Ecological and Environmental Factors
 Availability of Manpower
 Government Policy
 Climatic Conditions
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

 One tonne of hide or skin generally leads to the production of 20 to

80 m3 of turbid and foul-smelling wastewater, including chromium
levels of 100–400 mg/L, sulfide levels of 200–800 mg/L.
 Pesticides are also often added for hide conservation during
transport. With solid wastes representing up to 70% of the wet
weight of the original hides
 the heavy use of polluting chemicals in the tanning process
 air pollution due to the transformation process (hydrogen sulfide
during dehairing and ammonia during deliming, solvent vapours).
 FUTURE ACTIONS
 First, there is an immediate need to stop the corruption that is
making it possible for the tanners to get away with not cleaning their
effluents as the regulations abide them to.
 Charge each tanner for the cleaning on the basis of how much
effluent the tannery emits. This would be possible by establishing a
measuring unit at the end of each tanner’s pipe, measuring the
amount of effluent it creates before it goes in to the common
conveyance system.
 For the leather industry, there have already been suggestions to
market vegetable tanned leather as environmental friendly or give
the leather an eco-label.
 New industrial complexes should be designed, on a modern basis,
incorporating all possible equipment safeguards and intrinsic safety
features, to house new tannery units and relocate those currently
beset with serious pollution problems.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/
65731/367-energy-balance-statistics-methodology.pdf as on (24
Nov, 2016)
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_production_processes as on (24 Nov,
2016)
 http://www.iilfleatherfair.com/leatherfair/chennaileather/about_leather_industr
y.php
as on (24 Nov, 2016)
 http://www.makeinindia.com/sector/leather as on (24 Nov, 2016)
 http://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/chrome-recovery/ as on (24 Nov, 2016)
 https://leatherpanel.org/sites/default/files/publications-attachments/mass_bala
nce.pdf
as on (24 Nov, 2016)
 http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/industries/location-selection/plant-location-
11-factors-that-influence-the-selection-of-plant-location/41072/
as on (15 April 2017)
 https://sites.google.com/site/isttschool/useful-information/chemicals-used-in-l
eather-processing/
QUESTIONS:

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THANK YOU