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Verification Manual - Staad PDF
Verification Manual - Staad PDF
foundation
Verification Manual
DAA039050-1/0001
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Verification Manual — i
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Section 1 Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd
2004]) 3
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1 3
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2 6
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1 14
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2 16
Verification Manual — v
Introduction
This document is intended to use as a hand calculation reference for STAAD.foundation
V8i (SELECTseries 4) Release 5.3 verification problems. Verification Problems can be found
under Start Page > Example > Verification.
Each section in this manual represents either specific design code (e.g., AS3600-2001) or
particular foundation type (e.g., Dead Man Anchor Guy Foundation). Hand calculation title
(e.g., AS GEN ISO 1) indicates corresponding STAAD.foundation file name.
At end of each hand calculation a comparison table between hand calculations and program
results is provided for various output parameters like bearing pressure, overturning and
sliding factor of safety, shear force, etc.
Verification Manual — 1
Chapter 4
1.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 500 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110 KN/m2.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height
of soil above footing=500 mm, GWT is 200 mm from GL.
Surcharge= 10 KN/m2
Verification Manual — 3
Chapter — 1
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1
1.1.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 500/110 m2 = 4.545 m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation = 627.486 KN
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force =0.5 x 627.486 = 313.74 KN
Hence OK
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
1.1.4 Comparison
Table 1-1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 108.94 KN/m2 108.63 KN/m2 Negligible
Resisting force for sliding (x) 313.74 KN 312.867 KN Negligible
Resisting Moment for 752.98 KNm 750.87 KNm Negligible
Overturning (z)
Resisting force for sliding (z) 313.74 KN 312.867 KN Negligible
Resisting Moment for 752.98 KNm 750.87 KNm Negligible
Overturning (x)
Verification Manual — 5
Chapter — 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
1.2.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN,Mz=50 KNm,Mx=50
KNm, fc = 25 N/m2m, fy = 450 N/m2m, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding
=1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Figure 1-2: Plan and Elevation
1.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/120 m2 = 12.5 m2
Assuming 3.935 m x 3.935 m x 0.5 m footing dimension,
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1693.56 =
846.78 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1693.56 =
846.78 KN
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
Verification Manual — 7
Chapter — 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Along X Direction
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Hence OK
F = (142.53+136.16)x0.5x1.8175x3.935 = 996.5763 KN
LA = (136.16+2x142.53)x1.8175/(3x(136.16+142.53)) = 0.916 m
Mu(right) = 912.864 KNm
So max moment wrt Z axis Mu(Z) = 913 KNm
Hence OK
Verification Manual — 9
Chapter — 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Hence OK
Hence OK
Verification Manual — 11
Chapter — 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Along Z Direction
Hence OK
Vmax= 2026 KN
τv = = 1.544 N/mm2
Hence safe
Verification Manual — 13
Chapter — 1
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1
1.2.4 Comparison
Table 1-2: Australian verification example 2 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Corner Pressure 109.373 KN/m2 109.373 KN/m2 None
99.53 KN/m2 99.525 KN/m2
109.373 KN/m2 109.373 KN/m2
119.22 KN/m2 119.22 KN/m2
Governing Moment 912.86 KNm 912.45 KNm Negligible
912.86 KNm 912.42 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way) 758.4 KN 757.25 KN Negligible
758.4 KN 757.25 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2026 KN 2024.93 KN Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 846.78 KN 846.78 KN None
846.78 KN 846.78 KN
Resisting Moment for 3332 KNm 3332 KNm None
Overturning
3332 KNm 3332 KNm
1.3.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN each column., fc = 25
MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm.
and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 105 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =450 mm. Depth of GWT=250 mm.
Figure 1-3: Plan and Elevation
1.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x600/115 m2 = 10.435 m2
Assuming 5 m x 2.7 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 x 2.7 x 0.600 x25 KN = 202.5 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5 x 2.7-2x0.3x0.3) x 0.450 x18 KN = 107.892 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5 x 2.7 x (0.45+0.6-0.25) x9.81 KN = 105.948 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x600+202.5 +2.25+107.892 -105.948) KN =
1406.694 KN
Maximum pressure= 1406.694 /(5 x2.7) = 104.199 KN/ m2
104.2 KN/ m2 <105 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Verification Manual — 15
Chapter — 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Total Service load on foundation = 2x600+202.5 +2.25+107.892 -105.948 KN= 1406.694
KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1406.694 = 3516.735 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.7x 1406.694 = 1899.04 KNm
Hence OK
1.3.4 Comparison
Table 1-3: Australian verification example 3 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 104.2 KN/m 2 104.2 KN/m 2 None
Resisting Moment for 3516.735 KNm 3516.816 KNm Negligible
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 1899.04 KNm 1899.08 KNm Negligible
Overturning (X)
1.4.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN and 550 KN on two
col., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal
height-500 mm. and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning
=1.5
1.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = (600+550)/100 m2 = 1.15 m2
Assuming 5 m x 2.85 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang=1m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 2.85 m x 0.500 x25 KN = 178.125 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600+550+178.125 +2.25) KN = 1330.38 KN
Pressure from axial load = 1330.38 /(5x2.85) = 118.34 KN/ m2
CG of foundation raft = 5/2= 2.5
CG of load = (1x600+4x550)/(600+550) = 2.43478 m
Eccentricity= 2.5 - 2.43478 = 0.065217 m
So Moment Mz = Pxe = 75 KNm
Zz = 2.85 x 52/6 = 11.875 m3
stress due to moment = M/Z = 6.32 KN/m2
Stress at left end = P/A + M/Z = 99.68 KN/m2
Stress at right end = P/A + M/Z = 87.04 KN/m2
So, Maximum stress
99.68 KN/m2<100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Verification Manual — 17
Chapter — 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5 x 1330.38 = 3325.95 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.85 x 1330.38 = 1895.79 KNm
Hence OK
Verification Manual — 19
Chapter — 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc =ß1.ß2.ß3.(Ast.fc/b.d)1/3 = 0.488 N/mm2
Hence OK
Punching Shear
τv = = 774.52x1000/(300x2+300x2+444x4)x444 = 0.5862
N/mm2
Verification Manual — 21
Chapter — 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
1.4.4 Comparison
Table 1-4: Australian verification example 4 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 99.68 KN/m2 99.68 KN/m2 Negligible
87.64 KN/m2 87.04 KN/m2
Governing Moment 172 KN-m 167 KN-m Negligible
201 KN-m 201 KN-m
495 KN-m 481 KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) 299.42 KN 299.37 KN None
Shear Force(Two-Way) 774.52 KN 774.52 KN Negligible
710.4 KN 710.04 KN
Resisting Moment for 3326 KNm 3326 KNm None
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 1896 KNm 1896 KNm None
Overturning (X)
2.1.2 Problem
A column 400mm X 400mm carries a dead load of 800 kN and an imposed load of 300 kN.
The safe bearing pressure is 200 kN/m2. Design a square base to resist the loads. The
concrete is grade 35 and the reinforcement is grade 460.
Verification Manual — 23
Chapter — 2
2.1 General Isolated Foundation 1
2.1.3 Solution
Figure 2-1: Bending section considered
Size of base
Self-weight of footing = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 x 25 = 78.125 kN.
Therefore, Service load = Dead load + Imposed load + Self weight
= (800 + 300 + 78.125) kN = 1178.125 kN.
Area required = 1178.125 / 200 m2 = 5.890625 m2.
Make the base 2.5 m x 2.5 m.
Moment Steel
Ultimate load = (1.4 x 800) + (1.6 x 300) = 1600 kN.
Ultimate pressure = 1600 / (2.5 x 2.5) = 256 kNm2
The critical section YY at the column face is shown in Figure 6.1.
MYY= 256 x (2.5 / 2 - 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 x 0.525 = 352.8 kNm.
Try an overall depth of 500 mm with 20 mm bars.
Effective depth = 500 – 40 – 20 – 10 = 430 mm.
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 1976.31 mm2.
Minimum area of steel = 0.0015 x B x d = 0.0012 x 2500 x 430 = 1625 mm2 < AS (Hence
Safe)
Let us provide 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2010.62 mm2.
Verification Manual — 25
Chapter — 2
2.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 625.5 mm from the column face. The
critical perimeter is shown in Figure 6.3.
Perimeter = 1690 x 4 = 6760 mm.
Shear = 256 x (2.52 – 1.69 2) = 868.8 kN.
v = 868 x 103 / (6760 x 430) = 0.3 N / mm2 < VC (Hence Safe).
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Spacing
We provided 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2010.62 mm2.
Spacing = (2500 - 40 x 2 - 16) / (10 -1) = 267.11 mm.
2.1.4 Comparison
Table 2-1: British verification example 1 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Results Result ference
Effective Depth 430 mm 430 mm None
Governing Moment 352.8 KN-m 352.8 KN-m None
Area of Steel 1976.31 1976.31 None
Shear Stress (One- 0.369 N/mm 2 0.369 N/mm2 None
Way)
Shear Stress (Two- 0.3 N/mm2 0.3 N/mm2 None
Way)
2.2.2 Problem
The characteristic loads for an internal column footing in a building are given in the
following table. The proposed dimensions for the column and base are shown in Figure
6.4. The safe bearing pressure of soil is 150 kN / m2. The materials to be used in the
foundation are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Table 2-2: Table BS2.1 - Column loads
Vertical Load (kN) Moment (KN m)
Dead Load 770 78
Imposed Load 330 34
2.2.3 Solution
Self-weight of footing = 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x 24 = 120.96 kN.
Total axial load = 770 + 330 + 120.96 = 1220.96 kN.
Total moment = 78 + 34 = 112 kN-m.
Base area = 2.8 x 3.6 = 10.08 m2.
Section modulus = (I / y) = (1/12)BD3/(D/2) = 6.048 m3.
Maximum pressure = 1220.96/10.08 + 112/6.048 = 139.65 kN / m2 < 150 kN / m2 (Hence
Safe).
Factored axial load = (1.4 x 770) + (1.6 x 330) = 1606 kN.
Factored moment = (1.4 x 78) + (1.6 x 34) = 163.6 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1606/10.08 + 163.6/6.048 = 186.38 kN / m2.
Minimum pressure = 1606/10.08 - 163.6/6.048 = 132.28 kN / m2.
Verification Manual — 27
Chapter — 2
2.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 2119.475 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 3600 x 500 / 100 = 2340 mm2 > calculated area of
steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Figure 2-5: Sections considered for bending in both directions
= 0.96d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 3472.334 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2800 x 500 / 100 = 1820 mm2 <
calculated area of steel. (Hence safe)
= 429.6 kN / m2.
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 429.6 = 644.4 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Verification Manual — 29
Chapter — 2
2.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Along Section X -X :
2 2
The critical section X2X2 at d = 450 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure
6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 159.33 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 159.33 x 3.6 x 7.25 = 415.85 kN
= 409.6 kN / m2.
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 409.6 = 614.4 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Punching Shear
Figure 2-7: Section considered for punching shear
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle
at a distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in Figure 6.7.
Total pressure under the base = 2.8 x 3.6 x 132.28 + 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x (186.38 – 132.28) =
1606.05 kN.
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (1.74)2 x 146.255 + 0.5 x (1.74)2 x (172.4 – 146.255) =
482.38 kN
Punching shear force = 1606.05 – 482.38 = 1123.67 kN.
Critical perimeter = 1.74 x 4 = 6.96 m.
Punching shear stress = 1123.67 / (6.96 x 0.43) = 375.46 kN / m2.
Verification Manual — 31
Chapter — 2
2.3 General Isolated Foundation 3
2.2.4 Comparison
Table 2-3: British verification example 2 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth (X-X) 430 mm 430 mm None
Effective Depth (Y-Y) 450 mm 450 mm None
Governing Moment (My) 395.955 KN-m 395.943 KN-m None
Governing Moment (Mx ) 619.862 KN-m 619.909 kN-m None
Area of Steel (Along X-X) 2340.00 2340.00 None
Area of Steel (Along Y-Y) 3472.2334 3472.2334 None
Shear Stress (One-Way) (Y1- 473.388 kN/m 444.81 kN/m2
2 Negligible
Y1)
Shear Stress (One-Way) (X1- 256.698 kN/m2 256.698 kN/m2 None
X1)
Shear Stress (Two-Way) 375.46 kN/m2 375.44 kN/m2 None
2.3.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning
=1.5
2.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/120 m2 = 12.5 m2
Assuming 3.85 m x 3.85 m x 0.65 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.85 x 3.85 x 0.65 x 25 KN = 240.865 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1500+240.865) KN = 1740.865 KN
Maximum pressure =1740.865/(3.85x3.85)=KN/ m 2 = 117.45 KN/m 2 <120 KN/m 2 (Hence
safe)
Ultimate pressure =1500x1.4/(3.85x3.85) KN/m 2 = 141.676 KN/m 2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1740.865 = 870.43 KN
Verification Manual — 33
Chapter — 2
2.3 General Isolated Foundation 3
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1740.865 = 3351.1 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1740.865 = 870.43 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1740.865 = 3351.1 KNm
Hence OK
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
d = (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
eff
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
d = (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
eff
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
Along X Direction
V1 = 0.17 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
Verification Manual — 35
Chapter — 2
2.3 General Isolated Foundation 3
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.352 N/mm 2
Along Z Direction
V1 = 0.17 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.352 N/mm 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 891 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A = 4.3347 m 2
m
Vmax = 1485.87 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 8.328 m
V1 = 0.17 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.352 N/mm 2
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 35
Spacing = = 110 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 110 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 35
Spacing = = 110 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 110 mm
Verification Manual — 37
Chapter — 2
2.4 General Isolated Foundation 4
Hence OK
2.3.4 Comparison
Table 2-4: British verification example 3 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth 594 mm 594 mm None
Bearing Pressure 117.45 117.45 KN/m2 None
KN/m 2
2.4.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 2000 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning
=1.5 Soil cover above footing =500 mm
Plan and Elevation
2.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Assuming 5.3 m x 5.3 m x 0.75 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 5.3 x 5.3 x 0.75 x 25 KN = 526.687 KN
Weight of soil = 5.3 x 5.3 x 0.5 x 18 KN = 252.81 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+526.687+252.81) KN = 2779.5 KN
Maximum pressure = 2779.5 KN/ (5.3 m x 5.3 m) KN/ m 2 = 98.9 KN/m 2 <100 KN/m 2
(Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure = 1.4(2000 KN) / (5.3 m x 5.3 m)KN/m 2 = 99.678 KN/m 2
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75 KN
Hence OK
Verification Manual — 39
Chapter — 2
2.4 General Isolated Foundation 4
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.3 x 2779.5 = 7365 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.3 x 2779.5 = 7365 KNm
Hence OK
About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x 2.5 x 2.5 / 2 = 1651 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth
d = (750-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 692 mm
eff
About Z Axis
Along X Direction
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Along X Direction
V1 = 0.173 N/mm2
V2 = 1 N/mm2
V3 = 1 N/mm2
Vc = = 0.354 N/mm2
Verification Manual — 41
Chapter — 2
2.4 General Isolated Foundation 4
Along Z Direction
V1 = 0.173 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.354 N/mm 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1038 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 5.645 m2
Vmax = 2237.3 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 9.504 m
V1 = 0.173 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.354 N/mm 2
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
Spacing = = 165 mm
Spacing for 16 mm bar = 165 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
Spacing = = 165 mm
Spacing for 16 mm bar = 165 mm
Verification Manual — 43
Chapter — 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
2.4.4 Comparison
Table 2-5: British verification example 4 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth 692 mm 692 mm None
Bearing Pressure 98.9 98.75 KN/m2 Negligible
KN/m 2
2.5.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1200 KN,Mz=80 KNm, fc = 25
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
2.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/120 m2 = 10 m2
Assuming 3.65 m x 3.65 m x 0.75 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =80 KNm
Stress at four corners ( service condition)
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 3.65x 3.65x 0.75x25 = 249.8 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1200 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1449.8 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m 3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m 3
Verification Manual — 45
Chapter — 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Mx=0
Mz = 80 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m 2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m 2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m 2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m 2
= 118.694 KN/m 2 <120 KN/m 2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.63x 1449.8 = 2645.885 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =80 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.63x 1449.8 = 2645.885 KNm
Hence FOS =2645.885/80 = 33.074
Hence OK
Verification Manual — 47
Chapter — 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
Along X Direction
V1 = 0.14 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.329 N/mm 2
Verification Manual — 49
Chapter — 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Along Z Direction
V1 = 0.141 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.329 N/mm 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1038 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A = 2.376 x 2.376 =7.68 m 2
m
Vmax = 968.11 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 9.504 m
V1 = 0.14 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.329 N/mm 2
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Verification Manual — 51
Chapter — 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
Spacing = = 115 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 115 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
Spacing = = 115 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 115 mm
2.5.4 Comparison
Table 2-6: British verification example 5 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth (mm) 692 692 None
Corner Pressure (KN/m2) 118.69 118.69 None
98.95 98.95
98.95 98.95
118.69 118.69
Ku 0.01481 0.0146 Negligible
0.0156 0.0158
Governing Moment (KN- 646.08 643.82 Negligible
m)
694.84 692.8
Shear Force ,One-Way 488.69 486.65 Negligible
(KN)
452.46 456.42
Shear Force, Two-Way 968.11 961.62 Negligible
(KN)
Steel required (mm2) 3558.75 3558.75 None
3558.75 3558.75
Resisting force for sliding 724.9 724.898 Negligible
(KN)
724.9 724.898
Resisting Moment for 2645.8 2645.8 Same
Overturning (KN-m)
2645.8
Verification Manual — 53
Chapter — 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
2.6.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN, Fx100 KN, fc = 25
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 90 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
2.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/90 = 16.67 m2
Assuming 4.65 m x 4.65 m x 0.65 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =-0.65x100 =-65 KNm
Stress at four corners ( service condition)
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 4.65x 4.65x 0.65x25 = 351.37 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1500 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1851.37 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m 3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m 3
Mx=0
Mz = -65 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m 2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m 2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m 2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m 2
= 89.5 KN/m 2 <90 KN/m 2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1851.37 = 925.685 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.65x 1851.37 = 4304.43 KNm
Hence OK
Verification Manual — 55
Chapter — 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
Verification Manual — 57
Chapter — 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
Along X Direction
V1 = 0.178 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.356 N/mm 2
Along Z Direction
V1 = 0.171 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.351 N/mm 2
Verification Manual — 59
Chapter — 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1782 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A = 2.082x2.082 =4.3347 m 2
m
Vmax = 1679 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 8.328 m
V1 = 0.171 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.351 N/mm 2
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 44
Spacing = = 105 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 155 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 42
Spacing = = 115 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 115 mm
Verification Manual — 61
Chapter — 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
2.6.4 Comparison
Table 2-7: British verification example 6 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth 594 mm 594 mm None
Corner Pressure 81.75 81.74 KN/m2 None
KN/m 2
89.5 KN/m2
89.5
89.5 KN/m2
KN/m2
81.74 KN/m2
89.5
KN/m2
81.75
KN/m2
Ku 0.02606 0.026 None
0.027 0.0269
Governing Moment 1068.71 1065.83 KNm Negligible
KNm
1103.31 KNm
1109.62
KNm
Shear Force(One-Way) 740.36 KN 736.98 KN Negligible
714 KN 712 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1679 KN 1677 KN Negligible
Steel required 4890 m m 4959.354 m2m
2 Negligible
4706 m2m 4790.8 m2m
Resisting force for 925.68 KN 925.68 KN None
sliding
925.68 KN 925.68 KN
Resisting Moment for 4304.43 4304.43 KNm None
Overturning KNm
4304.43 KNm
4304.43
KNm
2.7.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN,Mz=Mx=50 KNm, fc =
25 MPa, fy = 460 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 100 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
2.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required =1500/100 m2 = 15 m2
Assuming 4.45 m x 4.45 m x 0.65 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =50 KNm
Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm
Stress at four corners ( service condition)
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 4.45x 4.45x 0.65x25 = 321.79 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1500 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1821.79 KN
Verification Manual — 63
Chapter — 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.45x 1821.8 = 4053.5 KNm
Hence FOS=4053.5/50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.45x 1821.8 = 4053.5 KNm
Hence FOS=4053.5/50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK
About Z Axis
About X Axis
Verification Manual — 65
Chapter — 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Along X Direction
Z=d =<0.95d
= 0.969 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.969 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Along X Direction
V1 = 0.158 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.342 N/mm 2
Verification Manual — 67
Chapter — 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Along Z Direction
V1 = 0.158 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.342 N/mm 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face.
Vmax = 1640 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 8.328 m
V1 = 0.158 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.342 N/mm 2
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Figure 2-15: Section considered for punching shear
Verification Manual — 69
Chapter — 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 37
Spacing = = 120 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 120 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 37
Spacing = = 120 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 120 mm
2.7.4 Comparison
Table 2-8: British verification example 7 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth 594 mm 594 mm None
Corner Pressure 92KN/m2 92 KN/m2 None
85.2 KN/m2 85.91 KN/m2
92 KN/m2 92 KN/m2
98.81 98.81 KN/m2
KN/m2
Ku 0.027 0.0266 Negligible
0.027 0.0266
Governing Moment 1047.85 1045 KNm Negligible
KNm
1045 KNm
1047.85
KNm
Shear Force(One-Way) 720 KN 718.71 KN Negligible
720 KN 718.71 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1640 KN 1638 KN Negligible
Steel required 12 @ 120 12 @ 118 c/c Negligible
c/c
Resisting force for 910.9 KN 910.8 KN Negligible
sliding
910.9 KN 910.8 KN
Resisting Moment for 4053.5 4053.4 KNm Same
Overturning KNm
4053.4 KNm
4053.5
KNm
2.8.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 500 KN each column., fc = 25
MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm.
and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 150 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =400 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm
Verification Manual — 71
Chapter — 2
2.8 General Combined Foundation 1
2.8.3 Solution
Figure 2-16: Plan and Elevation
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1108.6 = 2771.5 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.5 x 1108.6 = 831.45 KNm
Hence OK
Verification Manual — 73
Chapter — 2
2.8 General Combined Foundation 1
Hence OK
V = 225.68 KN
umax
V1 = 0.143 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.331 N/mm 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 816 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 3.24 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=544x12=7728 mm
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 816 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 3.24 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=544x12=7728 mm
Verification Manual — 75
Chapter — 2
2.8 General Combined Foundation 1
2.8.4 Comparison
Table 2-9: British verification example 8 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 147.82 KN/ 147.82 KN/m2 None
m2
Governing Moment 140 KN-m 135.77 KN-m Negligible
174.9 KN- 174.9 KN-m
m
168 KN-m
168 KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) 225.68 KN 225.69 KN Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way) 3.24 KN 3.24 KN None
3.24 KN 3.24 KN
Resisting Moment for 2771.5 2771.5 KNm Negligible
Overturning (Z) KNm
Resisting Moment for 831.45 831.46 KNm Negligible
Overturning (X) KNm
Verification Manual — 77
Chapter — 2
2.9 General Combined Foundation 2
2.9.3 Solution
Figure 2-18: Plan and Elevation
About Z Direction
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.7 x 1327.63 = 1128.48 KNm
Hence OK
Verification Manual — 79
Chapter — 2
2.9 General Combined Foundation 2
V1 = 0.17 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.351 N/mm 2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 666 mm from the column face.
Two way shear = 380.43 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=444x12=6528 mm
τv = = 380.43x1000/(6528)x544=0.131 N/mm 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 666 mm from the column face.
Two way shear = 407.34 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=444x12=6528 mm
Verification Manual — 81
Chapter — 2
2.9 General Combined Foundation 2
2.9.4 Comparison
Table 2-10: British verification example 9 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 138.46 138.45 KN/m2 None
KN/m2
126.28 KN/m2
126.28
KN/m2
Governing Moment 214 KN-m 212 KN-m Negligible
231.62 231.78 KNm
KNm
249.42 KNm
242.122
KNm
Shear Force(One-Way) 347.24 KN 347.24 KN None
Shear Force(Two-Way) 380.42 KN 380.43 KN None
407.34 KN 407.34 KN
Resisting Moment for 3916.5 3916.5 KNm None
Overturning (Z) KNm
Resisting Moment for 1128.48 1128.48 KNm None
Overturning (X) KNm
2.10.2 Problem
Design a rectangular base to support two columns carrying the following loads:
Column 1 Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
Column 1 Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
The columns are each 350 mm square and are spaced at 2.5 m centers. The width of the
base is not to exceed 2.0 m. the safe bearing pressure on the ground is 180 kN/m2. The
materials are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Verification Manual — 83
Chapter — 2
2.10 Mat Combined Foundation
2.10.3 Solution
Let us assume the self weight of the base is 130 kN.
Total vertical load = (310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 130) = 1250 kN.
Area of base = 1250 / 160 = 7.81 m 2 (considering safe base pressure as 160 kN/m 2).
Length of base = 7.81/2 = 3.91 m
Let the dimension of the mat is as follows,
Width = 2 m,
Length = 4.5 m,
Depth = 0.6 m.
Hence self-weight of mat = 2 x 4.5 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 kN.
Hence, total vertical load = (310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6) = 1249.6 kN.
Actual base pressure = 1249.6 / (2 x 4.5) = 138.84 kN/m 2.
Verification Manual — 85
Chapter — 2
2.10 Mat Combined Foundation
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 970.95 mm 2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2000 x 600 / 100 = 1560 mm2 > calculated area of
steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Provide 16 bars 12 mm in diameter at 125 mm centers to give area of 1808 mm2.
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 436.6 mm 2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2000 x 600 / 100 = 1560 mm2 > calculated area of
steel.
Provide minimum steel as above.
V= = 0.228 N/mm 2.
= 0.39 N/mm 2.
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Verification Manual — 87
Chapter — 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
2.10.4 Comparison
Table 2-11: British verification example 10 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Max Bending 221.7 kN-m 201.204 kN-m 9.2
Moment (-)
Max Bending 99.7 kN-m 108.94 kN-m 9.2
Moment (+)
Area of Steal 780 mm2/m 780 mm2/m None
Required
Base Pressure 138.84 136 kN/m2 2
kN/m2
2.11.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= 45.89 KNm
Mx=-98.32 KNm
Self-wt of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment
computations
Verification Manual — 89
Chapter — 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
2.11.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m X 5.0m X 1.0m
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:-
σ 1 = ((500+625)/ 25) + (6*195.89/53) - (6*148.32/53) = 47.283 KN/m2
σ 2 = ((500+625)/ 25) - (6*195.89/53) - (6*148.32/53) = 28.478 KN/m2
σ 3 =((500+625)/ 25) - (6*195.89/53) + (6*148.32/53) = 42.717 KN/m2
σ 4 = ((500+625)/ 25) + (6*195.89/53) + (6*148.32/53) =61.522 KN/m2
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding:
For Sliding:
Along X- Direction
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.166 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction
Hence, FacFor Overturning:tor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5
Hence Safe
About X- Direction
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3098.425/298.32) =10.386 > 1.5 Hence
Safe
About Z- Direction
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3398.425/345.89) =9.82516 > 1.5 Hence
Safe
Verification Manual — 91
Chapter — 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
About X- axis
Hence safe
Therefore,
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 5000 x 1000 / 100 = 6500 mm2 > Calculated area of
steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6500 mm2
About Z- axis
Hence safe
Therefore,
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 5000 x 1000 / 100 = 6500 mm2 > Calculated area of
steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6500 mm2
Verification Manual — 93
Chapter — 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
Vu = qs tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:-
Average Base Pressure along one edge
=
348.5494 kN/ m2
Vu = qs tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:-
Average Base Pressure along one edge
= 348.5494 kN/ m2
Verification Manual — 95
Chapter — 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle
at a distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in figure.
Total pressure under the base = 5.0 x 5.0 x 12.8806 + 0.5 x 5.0 x 5.0 x (27.1194 – 12.8806)
= 500.00 kN.
Pressure at the critical sections:-
Verification Manual — 97
Chapter — 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
2.11.4 Comparison
Table 2-12: British verification example 13 comparisons
Reference STAAD.foundation Difference (Reasons
Result Result* there-of)
Moment about X 264.48 259.98 KNm Error due to approx-
KNm imation in base pres-
sure interpolation
Moment about Z 457.874 448.24 KNm Error due to approx-
KNm imation in base pres-
sure interpolation
Area of steel 6500.00 6500.00 mm2 Negligible
about X-X mm 2
3.1.2 Problem
Design of a square Isolated Footing
A tied column, 450 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored
dead load of 1300 kN and an unfactored live load of 1000 kN. Suitable soil with a factored
soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square
footing.
The compressive strength f’c is 30 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel
has fy=400 MPa. Unit weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Verification Manual — 99
Chapter — 3
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
3.1.3 Solution
Trial Footing Size
Calculate the initial footing size based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada
load combination factors must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 1300 kN) + (1.5 x 1000 kN) =
3,125 kN
Required area of footing: 3125/300 = 10.41 m2
Total Axial load = 3125+Self Weight of footing + weight of soil
Self Weight of footing = 3.6 x 3.6 x 0.75 x 24 = 233.28 KN
weight of soil=3.6 x 3.6 x 1.5 x 16 = 311.04 KN
3125+233.28+311.04 =3669.32 KN
So stress on soil=369.32/(3.6x3.6)=283.12 KN/m2
Along X Direction
Vumax =
= 768.22 KN
Ø = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 690 = 621 mm
bw=3600 mm
Vc = =1030913 N =1031 KN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = = 768.22 KN
Ø = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff=0.9 x 690=621 mm
bw = 3600 mm
Vc = = 1030913 N = 1031 KN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 345 mm from the column face.
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
Vmax = 241.126x(3.6x3.6-
1.2996)=2811.63 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2x d) = 4.56 m
τv = = 0.8936 N/mm2
α=4
ß=L/B =4.5/4.5 =1
1.8525 N/mm2
2.5846 N/mm2
1.235 N/mm2
As effective depth>300 mm so the multiplier=1300/(1000+deff)=0.769
So,
Development Length
Along Z Axis
ld = 0.45 k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 fy/√(f'c) db
Hence OK
Along X Axis
ld = 0.45 k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 fy/√(f'c) db
k1 = 1 if clear cover is less than 300 mm or else use 0.45
k2 = 1 if coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.2 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.5 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used and clear cover is less than 3xdb
k2 = 1.5 if bar spacing is less than 6 xdb
k3 = 1 Normal density concrete
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
k4 = 1 for 20M and larger bar size
ld = 0.45 x 1 x 0.8 x 1 x 0.8 x (400 MPa)/√(25MPa) x 19.5 mm = 449.28 mm
Available Length = (3600-450)/2-50 = 1525 mm
Hence OK
About X Axis
= 0.62817
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
So, ρ =0.001892
Hence OK
About Z Axis
= 0.62817
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So,ρ =0.001892
Hence OK
Along X Direction (Bottom)
3.1.4 Comparison
Table 3-1: CSA verification example 1 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 286.45 283.5 KN/m 2 Negligible
KN/m2
Governing Moment 1076.66 KN- 1076.64 KN-m Negligible
m
1076.66 KN-m
1076.66 KN-
m
Shear Force(One-Way) 768.22 KN 768.01 KN Negligible
768.22 KN 768.01 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2811.63 KN 2811.49 KN Negligible
Resisting Shear Force 1031 KN 1031.14 KN None
(One-Way)
1031 KN 1031.14 KN
Resisting Shear Stress 949.7 KN/m2 949.86 KN/m2 Negligible
(Two-Way)
Resisting force for 1834.66 KN 1837.09 KN Negligible
sliding
1834.66 KN 1837.09 KN
Resisting Moment for 6604.78 KNm 6613.4 KNm Negligible
Overturning
6604.78 KNm 6613.4 KNm
Ast (B) 6750 mm 6750 mm None
6750 mm 6750 mm
Ast (T) 6750 mm 6750 mm None
6750 mm 6750 mm
Ld (rqrd) 449.28 mm 449.28 mm None
449.28 mm 449.28 mm
Ld (available) 1525 mm 1525 mm None
1525 mm 1525 mm
3.2.2 Problem
Design of a square Isolated Footing
A tied column, 500 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored
dead load of 900 kN and an unfactored live load of 800 kN. Suitable soil with a factored
soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square
footing.
The compressive strength f’c is 20 MPa for the column and 20 MPa for the footing. All
steel has fy=350 MPa. Unit weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2
respectively.
Figure 3-2: Plan and Elevation
3.2.3 Solution
Trial Footing Size
Initial footing size is based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada
load combination factors must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 900 kN) + (1.5 x 800 kN) =
2,325 kN
Required area of footing: 2,325 /300 = 7.75 m2
Along X Direction
Vumax = = 550.24 KN
Ø = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
Vc = =655986 N =655.99 KN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = = 550.24 KN
Ø = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
Vc = = 655986 N = 655.99 KN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 270 mm from the column face.
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
τv = = 0.91 N/mm2
α=4
ß=L/B =5/5 =1
1.657 N/mm2
2.645 N/mm2
1.1046 N/mm2
As effective depth > 300 mm so the multiplier = 1300/(1000+deff) = 0.844
So,
Development Length
Along Z Axis
ld = 0.45 k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 fy/√(f'c) db
k1 = 1 if clear cover is less than 300 mm or else use 0.45
k2 = 1 if coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.2 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.5 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used and clear cover is less than 3xdb
k2 = 1.5 if bar spacing is less than 6 xdb
k3 = 1 Normal density concrete
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
k4 = 1 for 20M and larger bar size
ld = 0.45 x 1 x 0.8 x 1 x 0.8 x (350 MPa)/√(20MPa) x 19.5 mm = 439.52 mm
Available Length = (3000-500)/2-50 = 1200 mm
Hence OK
Along X Axis
ld = 0.45 k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 fy/√(f'c) db
k1 = 1 if clear cover is less than 300 mm or else use 0.45
k2 = 1 if coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.2 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.5 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used and clear cover is less than 3xdb
k2 = 1.5 if bar spacing is less than 6 xdb
k3 = 1 Normal density concrete
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
k4 = 1 for 20M and larger bar size
ld = 0.45 x 1 x 0.8 x 1 x 0.8 x (350 MPa)/√(20MPa) x 19.5 mm = 439.52 mm
Available Length = (3000-500)/2-50 = 1200 mm
Hence OK
About X Axis
= 0.0346
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
So,ρ =0.002405
Hence OK
About Z Axis
= 0.0346
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
So,ρ =0.002405
Hence OK
Along X Direction (Bottom)
3.2.4 Comparison
Table 3-2: CSA verification example 2 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of Reference Result
Result Difference
Bearing Pressure 296.73 KN/m2 296.07 KN/m2 Negligible
Governing 605.46 KN-m 605.46 KN-m None
Moment
605.46 KN-m 605.46 KN-m
Shear Force(One- 550.24 KN 550.06 KN Negligible
Way)
550.24 KN 550.06 KN
Shear Force(Two- 2045.56 KN 2045.45 KN Negligible
Way)
Resisting force for 1335.3KN 1332.3 KN Negligible
sliding 1335.3KN
1332.3 KN
Resisting Moment 4005.45 KNm 3996.827 KNm Negligible
for Overturning 4005.45 KNm
3996.827 KNm
Ast (B) #20@190 c/c #20@190 c/c None
#20@190 c/c #20@190 c/c
Ast (T) #20@190 c/c #20@190 c/c None
#20@190 c/c #20@190 c/c
Ld (rqrd) 439.52 mm 439.52 mm None
439.52 mm 439.52 mm
Ld (available) 1200 mm 1200 mm None
1200 mm 1200 mm
3.3.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1200 KN, fc = 30 MPa, fy = 400
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 90KN/m2.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height
of soil above footing=450 mm, GWT is 300 mm from GL.
Surcharge= 10 KN/m2
3.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/90 m2 = 13.33 m2
Assuming 4.3 m x 4.3 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.3 x 1647.895 = 3542.97 KNm
Hence OK
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.3 x 1647.895 = 3542.97 KNm
Hence OK
3.3.4 Comparison
Table 3-3: CSA verification example 3 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 89.12 KN/ 89.03 KN/ m2 Negligible
m2
Resisting force for sliding 823.95 KN 823.12 KN Negligible
(x)
Resisting Moment for 3542.97 3539.366 KNm Negligible
Overturning (z) KNm
Resisting force for sliding 823.95 KN 823.12 KN Negligible
(z)
Resisting Moment for 3542.97 682.862 KNm Negligible
Overturning (x) KNm
3.3.6 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450
MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data
Dia of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity = 250 KN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN
3.3.7 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x piledia, D=600 mm
Take D=600 mm
c/c pile distance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance =350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Pile No X Coordinate (mm) Z Coordinate (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.25
SO, Load on pilecap = 1.25x800+54.15 x1+0.78x1= 1054.93 KN
Load on each pile =1054.93 /4=263.73 KN
Figure 3-5: Bending sections considered
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 75 mm pile in pilecap & and 11.3 mm bar ( Bar No 10),
effective depth
deff = 463.7 mm
B =1900 mm ,
Øc = Resistance Factor of concrete = 0.6 (Clause No 8.4.2)
α1 = 0.8125 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
ß1 = 0.8475 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
c = (700.d)/(700+fy) = 282.25 mm (Clause No 10.5.2)
a = 239.208 mm (Clause No 10.1.7.a)
C = 5539 x 103 KN(Clause No 10.1.7.a)
Resisting Moment=C.(d-a/2)=1906 KNm
deff = 463.7 mm
B =1900 mm ,
C=5539 x 103 KN
Resisting Moment=C.(d-a/2)=1906 KNm
Punching Shear
Figure 3-7: Two-way shear sections considered
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =231.85 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=from pile3=from pile 4= 263.73 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1054.92 KN
b0=Perimeter of failure line at d/2 distance from column face=2.(Column Length+Column
Width+2d)x 2= 4x(250+463.7/2+463.7/2)=2854.88
Therefore Shear stress τc= =Vmax/(b0 x d)= 797 KN/m2
Calculation of punching shear stress capacity
λ = 1 (Clause 8.6.5)
Øc = 0.6 (Clause 8.4.2)
f' = Strength of concrete (in MPa)
c
ß = (Column Length)/(Column Width)=1900/1900=1
c
α = 4 (Clause No 13.0 & 13.4.4.a)
s
mod factor=1
Vr1=(1+2/ßc).0.2.λ.Øc.√(f'c).mod factor=1800 KN/m 2 (Eqn no 13.5 Clause no 13.4.4a)
Vr2=(0.2+(αs. dv)/bo).λ.Øc.√(f'c).mod factor=2549 KN/m 2 (Eqn no 13.6 Clause no13.4.4b)
Vr3=0.4.λ.Øc.√(f'c).mod factor= 1200 KN/m 2 (Eqn no 13.7 Clause no 13.4.4c)
Vr=Min (Vr1,Vr2,Vr3)=1200 KN/m 2
V < VResistance , Hence safe
Along X Direction
Where
Along Z Direction
3.3.8 Comparison
Table 3-4: CSA verification example 5 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Depth 600 mm 598 mm Negligible
Governing Moment (wrt 250.54 KN- 250.54 KN-m None
X axis) m
Resisting Moment (wrt 1906 KN-m 1933 KN-m Negligible
Z axis)
Governing Moment (wrt 250.54 KN- 250.54 KN-m None
X axis) m
Resisting Moment (wrt 1906 KN-m 1933 KN-m Negligible
Z axis)
Shear Force(One-Way) 274.5 KN 274.3 KN None
X
Shear Resistance(One- 469.5 KN 471.8 KN Negligible
Way) X
Shear Force(One-Way) 274.5 KN 274.3 KN None
Z
Shear Resistance(One- 469.5 KN 471.8 KN Negligible
Way) Z
Shear stress(Two-Way) 797 KN/m2 787.6 KN/m2 None
Resistance Shear Stress 1200 1200 KN/m2 None
(Two-Way) KN/m2
Ld required 381 mm 381 mm None
Ld Available ( Along X) 775 mm 775 mm None
Ld Available ( Along Z) 775 mm 775 mm None
Ast ( Along X) 2280 mm2 2240 mm2 Negligible
3.4.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 900 KN each column., fc = 30
MPa, fy = 400 MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal height-400 mm.
and C/C column distance=3500 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm. Surcharge= 5 KN/m2
Figure 3-8: Plan and Elevation
3.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x900/120 m2 = 15 m2
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Total Service load on foundation = 2134.4 KN
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.7x 2134.4 = 6083 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Total Service load on foundation = 2134.4 KN
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.15x 2134.4 = 3361.7 KNm
Hence OK
3.4.4 Comparison
Table 3-5: CSA verification example 5 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 118.87 118.87 KN/m2 None
KN/m2
Resisting Moment for 6083 KNm 6083 KNm None
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 3361.7 3361.7 KNm None
Overturning (X) KNm
4.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, fc = 15 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 400 mm X 400 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2,
and Load Factor = 1.5.
4.1.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/10 m2 = 10 m2
Assuming 3.5 m x 3.5 m x 0.6 m footing dimension (I = 12.5 m4)
Weight of footing = 3.5 x 3.5 x 0.6 x 25 KN = 183.75 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000 +183.75) KN = 1183.75 KN
Maximum pressure = 1183.75/(3.5 x 3.5) KN/ m2 = 96.633 KN/m2 <100
KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5/ (3.5 x 3.5) KN/m2 = 122.45 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section,
Ku,max = = 0.479
Hence safe
Corresponding allowable c
= 0.28 N/mm2
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.
Spacing
Spacing = = 102.73 mm
Spacing for 10 mm bar = 102.73 mm
Figure 4-2: Plan of Reinforcement
4.1.4 Comparison
Table 4-1: IS verification example 1 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth 560 mm 560 mm None
Governing 514.826 KN- 514.821 KN-m Negligible
Moment m
Area of Steal 2646.40 2645.01 mm2 0.05
mm 2
4.2.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN, fc = 15 MPa, fy = 250
MPa, Column Dimension = 500 mm x 500 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.
4.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 600/ 120 m2 = 5 m2
Hence safe
Ku,max = = 0.53
Ru,max = 0.36 x fc x Ku,max x (1- 0.42 Ku,max ) = 2.225
Mulim = Ru,max x B x de2 = 461.568 x 106 N-mm = 461.568 KN-m > Mu
Hence safe
Corresponding allowable c
= 0.42 N/mm2
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.
Spacing
Spacing = = 91.52 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 91.52 mm
Figure 4-5: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design
4.2.4 Comparison
Table 4-2: IS verification example 2 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth 294 mm 294 mm None
Governing 169.2187 KN- 169.2187 KN-m None
Moment m
Area of Steel 2837.87 mm2 2836.34 mm2 0.05
Shear Stress (One- 0.3486 0.3486 N/mm2 None
Way) N/mm2
Shear Stress (Two- 0.96 N/mm2 0.96 N/mm2 None
Way)
4.3.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 2000 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
4.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Assuming 4.95 m x 4.95 m x 0.700 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 4.95x4.95x0.7 x 25 KN = 428.79 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+428.79) KN = 2428.79 KN
Maximum pressure = 2428.79/(4.95x4.95) = 99.124 KN/ m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.95 x 2428.79 = 6011.25 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 2428.79 =
1214.395 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.95 x 2428.79 = 6011.25 KNm
Hence OK
About X Axis
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Along Z Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 321 mm from the column face.
Vmax = 2892 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 3.768 m
τv = = 1.19 N/mm2
ß=L/B =4.95/4.95 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
4.3.4 Comparison
Table 4-3: IS verification example 3 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 99.124 99.124 KN/m2 None
KN/m2
Governing Moment 1638.06 1638.038 KN-m None
KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) 1020 KN 1019 KN Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2892 KN 2891 KN Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 1214.395 1214.397 KN None
(X) KN
Resisting Moment for 6011.25 6011.155 KNm None
Overturning (Z) KNm
Resisting force for sliding 1214.395 1214.397 KN None
(Z) KN
Resisting Moment for 6011.25 6011.155 KNm None
Overturning (X) KNm
4.4.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning
=1.5 Surcharge=20 KN/m2
4.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/110 m2 = 8.33 m2
Assuming 3.65 m x 3.65 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.65x3.65x0.6 x 25 KN = 199.8 KN
Surcharge= 20 KN/m2
Surcharge force=20x3.65x3.65= 266.4 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000+266.4+199.8)= 1466.2 KN
Maximum pressure = 1466.2/(3.65x3.65)=
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1466.2 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.65 x 1466.2 = 2675.815 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1466.2 KN
Max Resisting force =0.5 x 1466.2 = 733.1 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.65 x 1466.2 = 2675.815 KNm
Hence OK
4.4.4 Comparison
Table 4-4: IS verification example 4 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 2
110 KN/m 109.9 KN/m 2 Negligible
Resisting Moment for 2675.815 2672.535 KNm Negligible
Overturning (x) KNm
Resisting force for 733.1 KN 732.2 KN Negligible
sliding (z)
Resisting Moment for 2675.815 2672.535 KNm Negligible
Overturning (z) KNm
Resisting force for 733.1 KN 732.2 KN Negligible
sliding (x)
4.5.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1200 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5.
Height of soil above footing=450 mm, dry condition.
Figure 4-8: Plan and Elevation
4.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/110 m2 = 10.91 m2
Assuming 3.7 m x 3.7 m x 0.55 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.7x3.7x0.55 x 25 KN = 188.237 KN
Weight of above soil = 3.7x3.7x0.45 x 18 KN = 110.889 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1200+188.237+110.889) KN = 1499.126
KN
Maximum pressure = 1499.126/(3.7x3.7) = 109.5 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1499.126
= 749.6 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.7 x 1499.126 = 2773.383 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1499.126
= 749.6 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.7 x 1499.126 = 2773.383 KNm
Hence OK
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Along Z Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 246 mm from the column face.
Vmax = 1718 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 3.168 m
τv = = 1.1 N/mm2
ß=L/B =3.7/3.7 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
4.5.4 Comparison
Table 4-5: IS verification example 5 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 109.5 109.45 KN/m2 Negligible
KN/m2
Governing Moment (x&Z) 702.97 KN- 700.1 KN-m Negligible
m
Shear Force(One-Way) ( 587.7 KN 586 KN Negligible
x&Z)
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1718 KN 1716.5 KN Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 749.6 KN 749.187 KN Negligible
(X)
Resisting Moment for 2773.4 2771.9 KNm Negligible
Overturning (Z) KNm
Resisting force for sliding 749.6 KN 749.187 KN Negligible
(Z)
Resisting Moment for 2773.4 2771.9 KNm Negligible
Overturning (X) KNm
4.6.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 2000 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5.
Height of soil above footing=500 mm, depth of GWT =200 mm
4.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Assuming 4.95 m x 4.95 m x 0.700 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 4.95x4.95x0.7 x 25 KN = 428.79 KN
Weight of above soil = 4.95x4.95x0.5 x18 KN = 220.522 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.95x4.95x0.5 x18 KN = 240.369 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+428.79+220.522-240.369) KN =
2408.943 KN
Maximum pressure = 2408.943/(4.95x4.95) = 99.12 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2408.943
= 1204.5 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.95 x 2408.943 = 5962 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 2408.943 =
1204.5 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.95 x 2408.943 = 5962 KNm
Hence OK
About X Axis
Hence OK
About Z Axis
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Along Z Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 321 mm from the column face.
Vmax = 2892 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 3.768 m
τv = = 1.19 N/mm2
ß=L/B =4.95/4.95 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
4.6.4 Comparison
Table 4-6: IS verification example 6 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 98.314 98.2832 KN/m2 None
KN/m2
Governing Moment 1638.06 1634 KN-m Negligible
(x&Z) KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) ( 1020 KN 1017 KN Negligible
x&Z)
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2892 KN 2889.7 KN Negligible
Resisting force for 1204 KN 1204 KN None
sliding (x)
Resisting Moment for 5962 KNm 5960 KNm Negligible
Overturning (z)
Resisting force for 1204 KN 1204 KN None
sliding (z)
Resisting Moment for 5962 KNm 5960 KNm Negligible
Overturning (x)
4.7.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN, Fz=120 KN fc = 25
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
4.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/120 m2 = 12.50 m2
Assuming 3.95 m x 3.95 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.95x3.95x0.6 x 25 KN = 234.04 KN
Therefore, total axial load on the footing = (1500+234.04) KN = 1734.04 KN
Maximum axial pressure =P/A= 1734.04 /(3.95x3.95) = 111.138 KN/ m2
Moment due to lateral load= 120x0.6 72 KNm
Total moment (Mx=72 KNm
Zx=3.95x3.952/6 = 10.27 mm3
M/Z=7.01 KN/m2
So,
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1734.04 =
867.02 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Hence OK
Hence OK
About X Axis
Where:
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Where:
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Along Z Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
So max SF=767 KN
Developed shear stress τv = 767 x 1000 / (3950 x 542) = 0.358 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 271 mm from the column face.
Vmax = 2148 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 3368 mm
τv = = 1.177 N/mm2
ß=L/B =3.95/3.95 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
4.7.4 Comparison
Table 4-7: IS verification example 7 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Max Bearing 104.129 104.129 KN/m2 None
Pressure KN/m2
MinBearing 118.148 KN 118.148 KN None
Pressure
Governing 999 KN-m 994 KN-m Negligible
Moment
950 KN-m 946 KN-m
Shear Force(One- 767 KN 764 KN Negligible
Way)
731 KN 728 KN
Shear Force(Two- 2148 KN 2146 KN Negligible
Way)
4.8.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 400 KN each column., fc = 25
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm.
and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Figure 4-12: Plan and Elevation
4.8.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x400/120 m2 = 6.67 m2
Hence safe
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.75 x 918.625 = 2641 KNm
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.35 x 918.625 = 620 KNm
Hence OK
Hence OK
Hence OK
Hence OK
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
4.8.4 Comparison
Table 4-8: IS verification example 8 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 118.35 118.35 KN/m2 None
KN/m2
Governing Moment 197 KN-m 191.4 KN-m Negligible
37.49 KN- 37.4 KN-m
m
122.5 KN-m
122.5 KN-
m
Shear Force(One-Way) 168.2 KN 168.2 KN None
Shear Force(Two-Way) 489.89 KN 489.88 KN Negligible
489.89 KN 489.88 KN
Resisting Moment for 2641 KNm 2641 KNm None
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 620 KNm 620 KNm None
Overturning (X)
4.9.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 350 KN each column., fc = 25
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm.
and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =500 mm. Dry condition
4.9.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x350/110 m2 = 6.36 m2
Hence safe
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 900.25 = 2250 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.65 x 900.25 = 742.7 KNm
Hence OK
Hence OK
Hence OK
Hence OK
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
4.9.4 Comparison
Table 4-9: IS verification example 9 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 109.12 108.92 KN/m2 Negligible
KN/m2
Governing Moment 105 KN-m 101.8 KN-m Negligible
131.2 KN-m 131.2 KN-m
144.97 KN- 144.97 KN-m
m
Shear Force(One-Way) 169.3 KN 169.26 KN None
Shear Force(Two-Way) 434.3 KN 434.3 KN None
434.3 KN 434.3 KN
Resisting Moment for 2250 KNm 2246 KNm Negligible
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 742.7 KNm 741.37KNm None
Overturning (X)
4.10.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 350 KN each column., fc = 25
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm.
and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 130 KN/m2. Coefficient
of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm
4.10.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 500/130 m2 = 7.69 m2
Hence safe
wrt Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1137.42 = 3071 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.65 x 1137.42 = 938.37 KNm
Hence OK
Hence OK
Hence OK
About X Axis
Hence OK
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
4.10.4 Comparison
Table 4-10: IS verification example 10 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 127.48 127.66 KN/m2 Negligible
KN/m2
Governing Moment 200 KN-m 199.9 KN-m Negligible
112.4 KN- 112.4 KN-m
m
207 KN-m
207 KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) 223.95 KN 223.89 KN Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way) 630.07 KN 630.08 KN None
630.07 KN 630.08 KN
Resisting Moment for 3071 KNm 3067 KNm Negligible
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 938.4 KNm 937 KNm Negligible
Overturning (X)
4.11.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 350 KN & Fx=-30 KN each
column., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal
height-500 mm. and C/C column distance=4000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 90
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning
=1.5. No soil above footing. Dry condition
4.11.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x350/00 m2 = 7.78 m2
Hence safe
wrt Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 6 x 859.75 = 2579.25 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.75 x 859.75 = 752.28 KNm
Hence OK
Mux = 95 KNm
Hence OK
Hence OK
About X Axis
Hence OK
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
4.11.4 Comparison
Table 4-11: IS verification example 11 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of
Result Result Difference
Bearing Pressure 88.17 KN/m2 88.16 KN/m2 Negligible
75.59 KN/m2 75.6 KN/m2
Governing Moment 129.7 KN-m 95 KN-m 8.5%
264.25 KN-m 264.25 KN-m None
157 KN-m 167 KN-m 6%
Shear Force(One-Way) 248.61 KN 248.61 KN None
Shear Force(Two-Way) 449.289 KN 449.29 KN None
458.245 KN
458.24 KN
Resisting Moment for 2579.25 KNm 2579.25 KNm None
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 752.28 KNm 752.28 KNm None
Overturning (X)
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
4.12.1 Reference
4.12.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
4.12.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5xpiledia, D = 600 mm
Take D=650 mm
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance = 350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Table 4-12: Pile Locations in Plan
X Coor- Z Coor-
Pile No dinate dinate
(mm (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load , moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift
capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.5
About Z Axis
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy ) = 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B =1900 mm , deff = 532 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1852 KNm
Hence OK
AboutX Axis
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 532 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B =1900 mm , D = 532 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 1852 KNm
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Along Z Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Calculation of Shear
Parallel to X Axis
Parallel to Z Axis
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =266 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 317.12
KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1268.464 KN
4x(250+532/2+532/2)=3128 mm
τv = = 0.76 N/mm2
ß=L/B =1900/1900 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
4.12.4 Comparison
Table 4-13: IS verification example 12 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Governing 299.12 KNm 229.112 KN-m None
Moment
Shear Force(One- 226.74 KN 222 KN Negligible
Way)
Shear Force(Two- 1268.464 KN 1259.44 KN None
Way)
4.13 IS Pilecap 2
4.13.1 Reference
4.13.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1100 KN, Mx= 50 KNm, Fz= 50
KN,fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500
mm
4.13.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile dia, D=600 mm
Take D=800 mm
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance =350 mm
Assuming 5 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.5
So
Calculation of Moment
About Z Axis
About X Axis
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 695 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B =2397 mm , deff = 532 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 3987.7 KNm
Hence OK
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 695 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B =2397 mm , deff = 532 mm
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 3987.7 KNm
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Along Z Direction
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
Calculation of Shear
Parallel to X Axis
Parallel to Z Axis
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =347.5 mm from the column face.
4x(250+347.5 +347.5)=3780 mm
τv = = 0.538 N/mm2
ß=L/B =2397/2397 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k2397<=1
Hence, k=1
4.13.4 Comparison
Table 4-15: IS verification example 13 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Governing 586 KNm 570 KNm Negligible
Moment
512.74 KNm 512.5 KNm
Shear Force(One- 462 KN 461 KN Negligible
Way)
404 KN 415 KN
Shear Force(Two- 1412.544 KN 1412 KN None
Way)
Depth 800 mm 800 mm None
4.14.2 Problem
Design a combined footing for two columns with the given data: C1 (400 mm x 400 mm)
with 4-25 Ø bars and C2 (500 mm x 500mm) with 4-28 Ø bars supporting axial loads P1
= 900 KN and P2 = 1600 KN respectively (under service dead and live loads). The column
C1 is an exterior column whose exterior face is flush with the property line. The center-to-
centre distance between C1 and C2 is 4.5 meters. The allowable soil pressure at the base of
the footing, 1.5 m below ground level, is 240 KN/m2. Assume a steel of grade Fe 415 in
the columns as well as the footing, and a concrete grade of M 20 in the footing.
4.14.3 Solution
Dimension of Mat (Based on the bearing Capacity given):
Length = 6.16 m
Width = 2 m
Depth = 0.95 m
v
= = 0.533 N/mm2 < c,allowable
Hence safe
v
= = 0.508 N/mm2 < c,allowable
Hence safe
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.
Calculation of reinforcement
Maximum negative moment Mu(-) = 1227 KN-m
Maximum negative moment/width = 1227/2 KN-m/m = 613.5 KN-m/m
Ast = 0.5 x x B x de
B = 1000 mm
de = 865 mm
Mu= 613.5 x 106 N-mm
Ast = 2067.97 mm2/m
Ast,min = 0.0012 x B x D = 1140mm2/m
Figure 4-24: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams
4.14.4 Comparison
Table 4-16: IS verification example 14 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Max Bending 603.201 KN- 613.5 KN-m/m 1.68
Moment(-) m/m
Max Bending 219.687 KN- 223 KN-m/m 1.48
Moment(+) m/m
Area of Steal 2014.835 2067.97 mm2/m 2.56
Required mm2/m
Base Pressure 227 KN/m2 226.67 KN/m2 Negligible
5.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Service dead load = 350 kips, Service live
load = 275 kips, Service surcharge = 100 psf, Average weight of soil above footing = 130 pcf,
Permissible soil pressure = 4.5 ksf, Column dimension = 30 x 12 in, Strength of concrete
(fc’) = 3,000 psi, and Strength of steel (fy) = 60,000 psi.
5.1.3 Solution
Determination of base area of footing:
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.
[Clause 15.2.2]
Wide-beam action
Vu = qs x tributary area
Bw = 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 13(6.0 – 2.33) = 47.71 ft 2
Vu = 5.089 x 47.71 = 242.796 kips
φV = φ(2√(f'c)bwd) [Eq 11 - 3]
= 0.75(2√(3000) x 156 x 28)/1000 [Clause 9.3.2.3]
= 359 kips > Vu O.K.
Two-way action
Vu = qs x tributary area
= Minimum of
[Eq 11-33,11-34 & 11-35 respectively]
bo = 2(30 + 28) + 2(12 + 28) = 196 in.
bo/d = 196/28 = 7
= 40 for interior columns
=
φVc = 0.75 x 3.6 √(3000) x 196 x 28/1000 = 812 kips > Vu = 780 kips
O.K.
Calculation of Reinforcement
Figure 5-3: Critical section for moment (long projection)
Required Rn = psi
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 60 reinforcement:
[Clause 10.5.4]
Ld = [Eq. 12-1]
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 3.0 in.
C = minimum of
Since Ld = 32.9 in. is less than the available embedment length in the short direction
(156/2 - 30/2 - 3 = 60 in.), the No.8 bars can be fully developed.
Use 13 – No.8 each way.
5.1.4 Comparison
Table 5-1: US verification example 1 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth 28 in 28 in None
Governing 1190.86 ft- 1190.77 ft-kips Negligible
Moment kips
Area of Steal 9.61 in2 9.70 in2 0.94
Shear Stress (One- 242.79 kips 242.56 kips Negligible
Way)
Shear Stress (Two- 778.05 kips 778.01 kips Negligible
Way)
5.2.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip, fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.2 Kip/sqft.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
5.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 122 inch x122 inch x18 inch footing dimension,
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 224.66 =
112.33 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13704.26 in kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 224.66 =
112.33 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13704.26 in kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 7.5 inch from the column face.
Along Z Direction
Along Z Direction
About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
About Z Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002405
Therefore, Astx = ρx *b*d = 4.4 in2
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002405
Therefore, Astz = ρz*b*d = 4.4 in2
5.2.4 Comparison
Table 5-2: US verification example 2 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth 15 inch 15 inch None
Bearing Pressure 0.0151 Ksi 0.0151 Ksi None
Governing Moment 3487 in kip 3471 in kip Negligible
3487 in kip 3471 in kip
Shear Force(One-Way) 92.24 Kip 91.8 Kip Negligible
92.24 Kip 91.8 Kip
Shear Force(Two-Way) 266.24 Kip 266.29 Kip Negligible
Resisting force for 112.33 Kip 112.33 Kip None
sliding
Resisting Moment for 13704.26 13703.75 in kip Negligible
Overturning in kip
5.3.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 250 Kip, fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2Kip/sqft.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Figure 5-5: Elevation and Plan
5.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 250/2 = 125 sqft
Assuming 160 inch x160 inch x21 inch footing dimension,
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 353.04 =
176.52 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 160 x 353.04 = 28243.2 in kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 353.04 =
176.52 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 160 x 353.04 = 28243.2 in kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9 inch from the column face.
Vc =
=546441.58 lb
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
About Z Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002188
Therefore, Astx = ρx *b*d = 6.3 in2
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002188
Therefore, Astz = ρz*b*d = 6.3 in2
5.3.4 Comparison
Table 5-3: US verification example 3 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth 18 inch 18 inch None
Bearing Pressure 0.0138 Ksi 0.0138 Ksi None
Governing Moment 6002 in kip 5989 in kip Negligible
6002 in kip
5989 in kip
Shear Force(One- 92.24 Kip 91.8 Kip Negligible
Way)
92.24 Kip 91.8 Kip
Shear Force(Two- 337.68 Kip 337.7 Kip None
Way)
Resisting force for 176.52 Kip 176.37 Kip Negligible
sliding
Resisting Moment for 28243.2 in kip 28218.85 in kip Negligible
Overturning
5.4.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 300 Kip, fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.1Kip/sqft.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
5.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required =300/2.1 = 142.86 sqft
Assuming 158 inch x158 inch x21 inch footing dimension,
Hence safe
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 356.581 =
178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 158 x 356.581 = 28169.899 in kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 356.581 =
178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 158 x 356.581 = 28169.899 in kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9 inch from the column face.
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002637
Therefore, Astx = ρx *b*d = 7.45 in2
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002637
Therefore, Astz = ρz*b*d = 7.45 in2
5.4.4 Comparison
Table 5-4: US verification example 4 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Effective Depth 18 inch 18 inch None
Bearing Pressure 0.0143 Ksi 0.0143 Ksi None
Governing Moment 7114.95 7082.85 in kip Negligible
in kip 7082.85 in kip
7114.95
in kip
Shear Force(One-Way) 146.87 Kip 146.2 Kip Negligible
146.87 Kip 146.2 Kip
Shear Force(Two-Way) 404.81 Kip 404.86 Kip None
Resisting force for 178.29 Kip 178.18 Kip Negligible
sliding
Resisting Moment for 28169.899 28152.53 in kip Negligible
Overturning in kip
5.5.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip,Mx=Mz=240 in kip. fc
= 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil
= 2.2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
Figure 5-8: Elevation and Plan
5.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 130 inch x130 inch x19 inch footing dimension,
Max stress = 0.0136 Ksi = 2.16 Ki/sqft <2.2 Kip/sqft (Hence safe)
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 229.55 =
114.775 Kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 229.55 =
114.775 Kip
Hence OK
For overturning
About X Direction
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 8 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=19-2-1=16 inch
Along X Direction
Critical section for moment is at distance d from the face of the column.
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x0.5 = 0.157
Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 + 0.018405) x 0.5 =
0.0175 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 -
0.0175) x87/130 = 0.0163 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 -
0.0175) x 43/130 = 0.0170 Ksi
Along Z Direction
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x0.5 = 0.157
Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 + 0.018405) x 0.5 =
0.0175 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 -
0.0175) x87/130 = 0.0163 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 -
0.0175) x 43/130 = 0.0170 Ksi
About Z Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
About X Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x 0.5 = 0.0157
Ksi (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 + 0.018405) x 0.5 =
0.0175 Ksi (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 -
0.0175) x 71/130 = 0.0166 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.0175 + (0.0157 -
0.0175) x 59/130 = 0.0167 Ksi
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002215
Therefore, Astx = ρx *b*d = 4.61 in2
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002215
Therefore, Astz = ρz*b*d = 4.61 in2
5.5.4 Comparison
Table 5-5: US verification example 5 comparison
Reference Percent Dif-
Value of STAAD.foundation
Result ference
Effective Depth 16 inch 16 inch None
Bearing Pressure 0.0136 Ksi 0.0136 Ksi None
0.0122 Ksi 0.0123 Ksi
0.0136 Ksi 0.0136 Ksi
0.015 Ksi 0.0149 Ksi
Governing Moment 3899.52 3893.52 in kip Negligible
in kip
3893.52 in kip
3899.52
in kip
Shear Force(One-Way) 96.43 Kip 96.05 Kip Negligible
96.43 Kip 96.05 Kip
Shear Force(Two-Way) 266.96 Kip 267.01 Kip Negligible
Resisting force for 114.775 Kip 114.773 Kip None
sliding
114.775 Kip 114.773 Kip
Resisting Moment for 14920.75 14920.466 in kip Negligible
Overturning in kip
14920.466 in kip
14920.75
in kip
5.6.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, Concrete grade M25,
Steel Grade Fe 415, Pedestal Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm x 500 mm.
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding
=1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Soil Depth is 500 mm , depth of GWT from GL is 200 mm and surcharge on foundation
is 5 KN/m2. (consider unt wight of soil 18 KN/m2)
5.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/120 = 8.33 m2
Assuming 3140 mm x 3140 mm footing dimension, with 490 mm depth
Punching Shear
Weight of footing = 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.49 x 25 = 120.78 KN
Punching Shear Vm = 1400/(3.14 x 3.14) x (3.14 x 3.14-0.665 x 0.665) =
1337.2 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x (b + d + 2 x d) = 2660 mm
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm .d) = 1211.34 KN/m2
ßc = Width of col/depth of col = 250/250 = 1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 2660 mm
V1 = (2+4/ßc)√fc.bc.d = 0.083x(2+4/1)x√25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 = 2748.7
KN
V2 = (40.d/b+2)√fc.bc.d = 0.083x(40x 415/2660+2)x√25 x 2660 x 415x
1/1000 = 3775.17 KN
V3 = 4.√fc.bc.de =0.083 x 4 x √25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 =1832.47 KN
Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) =1832.47
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
About X Axis
About Z Axis
Along X Direction
ρz = 0.002359
Therefore, Astx = ρz.b.d = 3074 m2m
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.002359
Therefore, Astz = ρx.b.d = 3074 m2m
5.6.4 Comparison
Table 5-6: US verification example 6 comparison
Reference Percent Dif-
Value of STAAD.foundation
Result ference
Effective Depth 415 mm 415 mm None
Bearing Pressure 119.92 KN/m2 119.96 KN/m2 None
Resisting force for sliding 472.936 KN 472.945 KN None
472.936 KN 472.945 KN
Resisting Moment for Over- 1856.23 KNm 1856.276 KNm Negligible
turning
1856.23 KNm 1856.276 KNm
Governing Moment 465.48 KNm 465.48 KNm None
465.48 KNm 465.48 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way) 459.23 KN 459.4 KN Negligible
459.23 KN 459.4 KN
Shear Resistance (One-Way) 811.18 KN 810.737 KN Negligible
811.18 KN 810.737 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1337.2 KN 1337.28 KN None
Shear Resistance (Two-Way) 1374.35 KN 1372.8 KN Negligible
Reinf X 3074 m2m 3076.9 m2m Negligible
Reinf Z 3074 m2m 3076.9 m2m Negligible
5.7.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = -1200 KN, Fx=Fz=5 KN,
Mx=Mz=10 KNm. fc = 25 N/m2m, fy = 415 N/m2m, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250
mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Assume 500 mm soil depth above footing
and depth of GWT 200 mm. Assume unit weight of concrete & soil are 25 & 18 KN/cum
respectively. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning
=1.4
5.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/120 = 10 m2
Assuming 3500 mm x 3500 mm x 540 mm footing dimension,
Maximum pressure from axial load = 1435.063 /(3.5 x 3.5) = 117.15 KN/m2
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force = 5 KN
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 1435.063 =
574 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 5 KN
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 1435.063 =
574 KN
Hence OK
For Overturning
About X Direction
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Hence OK
Section Design
Fy = -1.4 x 1200 KN = -1680 KN
Fx = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Fz = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Mx = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Mz = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 232.5 from the column face.
Effective Depth= 465 mm
Punching Shear bc = 1609.9 KN = 1610 KN
Figure 5-11: Corner pressure values on plan for punching shear
Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) = 2207.63 KN
Along X Direction
Along Z Direction
m = fy/0.85.fc = 19.5295
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=M 25)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.025729
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.019297
ρmin = 0.0018
About Z Axis
About X Axis
Along X Direction
ρz = 0.002313
Therefore, Astx = ρz.b.d = 3765 m2m
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.002325
Therefore, Astz = ρx.b.d = 3784 m2m
5.7.4 Comparison
Table 5-7: US Verification problem 9 comparison
Percent Dif-
Value of Reference Result STAAD.foundation
ference
Effective Depth 540 mm 540 mm None
Bearing Pressure 116.39 KN/m2 116.397 KN/m2 None
114.35 KN/m2 114.35 KN/m2
117.9 KN/m2 117.91 KN/m2
119.95 KN/m2 119.95 KN/m2
Resisting force for sliding 574.05 KN (Xdir) 574.05 KN (Xdir) None
574.05 KN (Zdir 574.05 KN (Zdir)
Resisting Moment for Over- 2511 KNm (WRT 2511 KNm (WRT Z) None
turning Z)
2511 KNm (WRT X)
2511 KNm (WRT
X)
Governing Moment 639 KNm 638 KNm Negligible
642 KNm 642 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way) 564 KN 564 KN Negligible
561 KN 561 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1610 KN 1610 KN None
5.8.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip each column., fc = 4 Ksi,
fy = 60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-20 inch. and C/C
column distance=195 inch . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction
=0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =24 inch. Depth of GWT=10 inch
5.8.3 Solution
Figure 5-16: Elevation and Plan
Hence safe
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 148.624 = 20435.8 in kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 40x 148.624 = 2972.48 in kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=132 inch
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
Hence OK
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
ρmax Hence OK
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
ρz (top) = 0.002597
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.0018
5.8.4 Comparison
Table 5-8: US verification example 7 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 0.0136 Ksi 0.0135 Ksi Negligible
Governing Moment 488.736 461.95 in kip Negligible
in kip
2414.41 in kip
2414.897
411 in kip
in kip
411.608
in kip
Shear Force(One-Way) 42.73 Kip 43.07 Kip Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way) 66.8 Kip 67.37 Kip Negligible
66.8 Kip 67.37 Kip
Resisting Moment for 2972.44 2972.48 in kip Negligible
Overturning in kip
20435.8 in kip
20435.52
in kip
5.9.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2 sqft = 60 sqft
Assuming 275 inch x44 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
wrt Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 147.26 = 20248.25 in kip
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 44x 147.26 = 3239.72 in kip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 791 in kip
deff = (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/Ø =879 in kip
Hence OK
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 2440 in kip
deff = (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
Ø = 0.9
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/Ø =2711.1967 in kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.1398 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00238
ρmax Hence OK
About X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Cantilever length=(40-12)/2 = 14 inch
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 0.013885x275x16 2/2 =552.82
in kip
deff = (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/Ø =614.24 in kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0051 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000086
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρz (top) = 0.00238
ρx(bot) = 0.0018
5.9.4 Comparison
Table 5-9: US verification example 8 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of Reference Result
Result Difference
Bearing Pressure 0.0135 Ksi 0.0135 Ksi None
0.0109 Ksi 0.0109 Ksi
Governing Moment 791 in kip 830 in kip Negligible
2440 in kip 2439.66 in kip
552.82 in kip 534 in kip
Shear Force(One- 47.126 Kip 46.8 Kip Negligible
Way)
Shear Force(Two- 67.48 Kip 66.91 Kip Negligible
Way)
70.28 Kip 69.81 Kip
Resisting Moment 3239.72 in kip 3239.518 in kip Negligible
for Overturning 20248.25 in kip
20246.985 in kip
5.10.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN on each column.,
Concrete Grade = M 25, Steel Grade Fe 415, Column Dimension = 250 mm x250 mm,
Pedestal height-500 mm each. and C/C column distance=5000 mm . Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 120 KN/m2., FOS against overturning =1.4
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm
5.10.3 Solution
Figure 5-20: Elevation and Plan
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 7x 3750 = 13125 KNm
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.5 x 3750 = 8437.5 KNm
Hence OK
Ultimate design
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
2 way shear Vm = 1957.5 KN
ß = Width of col/depth of col=250/250 = 1
c
b = 2 (b + d + 2 d ) = 4136 mm
c eff
V = (2 + 4/β )√(f b d) = 8074 KN
1 c c c
V = (40 d/b + 2)√fc b d = 12894.7 KN
2 c
V = 4 √f b d = 5382.76 KN
3 c c e
V = min(V , V , V ) = 5382.76 KN
c 1 2 3
So, 0.75 V = 4037 KN
c
Vm< 0.75xVc , Hence safe
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
ρz (top) = 0.0018
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.001871
Therefore, Ast =ρ b d
5.10.4 Comparison
Table 5-10: US verification example 7 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 119.05 119.05 None
(KN/m )2
5.11.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = -1200 KN & Fx= 10 KN on each
column., Concrete Grade = M 25, Steel Grade Fe 415, Column Dimension = 250 mm x250
mm, Pedestal height-500 mm each. and C/C column distance=5000 mm . Bearing
Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2., FOS against overturning =1.4
5.11.3 Solution
Figure 5-22: Elevation and Plan
Hence OK
Hence safe
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.25x 2703 = 4392.4 KNm
Hence OK
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure from axial load = 1.4 x 2 x1200/(7 x 3.25) = 147.692 KN/m2
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
Two way shear, V = 1602.987 KN
m
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
Two way shear, V = 1602.17 KN
m
ß = Width of col/depth of col=250/250 = 1
c
b = 2 (b + d + 2 d ) = 2896 mm
c eff
V = (2 + 4/β )√(f ) b d = 3418 KN
1 c c c
V = (40 d/b + 2)√(f ) b d = 4868.97 KN
2 c c
V = 4.√(f ) b d = 2278.69 KN
3 c c e
V = min(V , V , V ) = 2278.69 KN
c 1 2 3
So, 0.75 V = 1709 KN
c
Vm< 0.75 Vc , Hence safe
M = 238.94 KNm
uz
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/φ = 265.5 KNm
Hence OK
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
ρz (top) = 0.0018
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.004
Therefore, Ast =ρ b d
5.11.4 Comparison
Table 5-11: US verification example 7 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 119.6 119.6 None
(KN/m )2
118.04 118.04
Governing Moment 239 237 Negligible
(KNm)
1260 1260
1163 1169
Shear Force, One- 917 917 None
Way (KN)
Shear Force, Two- 1602.99 1602.99 None
Way (KN)
1602.17 1602.18
5.12.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 330 kip, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 in x 12 in. Pedestal ht= 20 in.
Dia of pile= 18 in
Vertical capacity = 65 kip
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip
5.12.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 27 in.
Take D = 31 in.
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =54 mm
Edge distance =18 inch
Assuming 6 pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load , moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift
capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(330) + 1(37.2)+0 1(.267) = 499.467
Load on each pile =499.467/6=83.245 kip
Punching Shear
Figure 5-25: Section considered for punching shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =13inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile5 = from pile 6 = 83.245 kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile4 = 0.944 x 83.245 = 78.58 kip
So total punching shear Vm= 490.14 kip
Pm = 4 (12+13+13) =152 inch
ß = L/B =12/12 =1
V1= (2 + 4/β c)√(fc) bc d = (2+4/1) √(4000) 152 26 =1499.6 (10)3 lb
V2 = (40 d/b + 2)√(fc) bc d = (40 26/152 + 2) √(4000) 152 26 =
2210 (10)3 lb
V3= 4.√(fc) bc de = 4 √(4000) 152 26= 999.78 (10)3 lb
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 999.78 kip
So, 0.75 Vc = 749.8 kip
Calculation of Shear
Parallel to X Axis
Parallel to Z Axis
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
m = f /0.85 f = 60/(0.85 4) = 17.65
y c
ß = 0.85 (as f = 4)
1 c
ρ = 0.85 ß f 87/f (87 + f ) = 0.028507
bal 1 c y y
ρ = 0.75 ρ = 0.02138
max bal
ρ = 0.0018 ( as f = 60 Ksi)
min y
Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0025
b = 90 in, d=26 in
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 144 in , d=26 in
5.12.4 Comparison
Table 5-13: US verification example 10 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Pile Reaction (kip) 83.245 83.244 None
Governing Moment 670 718 15%
(ft kip)
437 502.6
Shear Force, One- 166.49 166.49 None
Way (kip)
55.5 55.5
Shear Force, Two- 490.14 490.217 Negligible
Way (kip)
5.13.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 150 kip, Mx= 50 ft kip. fc = 4
ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inchx12 inch. Pedestal ht= 20 inch
5.13.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5xpiledia, D=27 inch
Take D=27 inch
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =54 mm. Edge diatance =18 inch
Assume a 4 pile combination.
Coordinates of piles; considering pedestal at 0,0,0
Table 5-14: Pile Coordinates in Plan
Pile X Coordinate Z Coordinate
No (in) (in)
1 -27 -27
2 -27 27
3 27 27
4 27 -27
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.4
So,
Punching Shear
Figure 5-27: Section considered for two-way shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =11.5 inch from the column face.
Calculation of Shear
Figure 5-28: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
Parallel to Z Axis
Calculation of Moment
Figure 5-29: Section considered for bending
About Z Axis
Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.0617 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy = 0.0363 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001
About X Axis
Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.07 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy = 0.0412 <1 , Hence OK
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22 inch
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22 inch
5.13.4 Comparison
Table 5-15: US verification example 11 comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of Reference Result
Result ference
Pile Reaction 49.849 Kip 49.851 Kip None
65.409 Kip 65.407 Kip
Governing 207.1 ft kip 219.654 ft kip Negligible
Moment 228.93 ft kip
294.254 ft kip
Shear 51.195 Kip 58.08 51.226 Kip None
Force(One-Way) Kip
58.14 Kip
Shear 230.516 kip 230.517 kip None
Force(Two-
Way)
5.14.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, fc = M 25, fy = Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm
5.14.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm
Take D = 655 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =1200 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming five pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Table 5-16: Pile Coordinates in Plan
Pile X Coordinate Z Coordinate
No (mm) (mm)
1 -848.528 -848.528
2 -848.528 848.528
3 0 0
4 848.528 -848.528
5 848.528 848.528
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load , moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift
capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1000) + 1(106.56)+0 1(0.78) = 1507.34 KN
Load on each pile = 1507.34/5 = 301.468 KN
deff = 740 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 615 mm
Punching Shear
Figure 5-31: Section considered for punching shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =307.5 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile4 = from pile 5 = 301.468
KN
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KN
So total punching shear Vm= 1205.9 KN
Pm = 4 (250 + 307.5 + 307.5) =3460 mm
ß = L/B = 250/250 = 1
Calculation of Shear
Figure 5-32: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
Parallel to Z Axis
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
m = f /0.85 f = 415/(0.85 25) = 19.529
y c
ß = 0.85 (as f = M 25)
1 c
ρ = 0.85 ß f 87/f (87 + f ) = 0.025729
bal 1 c y y
ρ = 0.75 ρ = 0.019297
max bal
ρ = 0.0018 (as f = 415 N/mm 2)
min y
Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 2400 mm, d = 615 mm
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 2400 mm, d = 615 mm
5.14.4 Comparison
Table 5-17: US verification example 11 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Pile Reaction, Service 221.5 221.4 Negligible
(KN)
Pile Reaction, Ulti- 301.5 301.4 Negligible
mate (KN)
Governing Moment 489 485 Negligible
(KNm)
489 485
Shear Force, One- 523 520 Negligible
Way (KN)
523 520
Shear Force, Two- 1206 1206 None
Way (KN)
5.15.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = -1200 KN & Mz = 100 KNm, fc =
M 25, fy = Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm
5.15.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm
Take D = 780 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter = 900 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming six pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load , moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift
capacity. Similarly, as there is no tension pile case so each pile is safe again uplift.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1200) + 1(78) + 1(0.78) = 1758.78 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1758.78/6 = 293.13 KN
Moment (Mz) = 1.4(100) = 140 KNm
So Pile reaction at Pile 1 /Pile 2 = 293.13 + 140 0.9/(4 0.9 0.9) = 332.02 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 3 /Pile 4 = 293.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 5 /Pile 6 = 293.13 -140 0.9/(4 0.9 0.9) = 254.24 KN
deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 655 mm
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =327.5 mm from the column face.
Calculation of Shear
Figure 5-36: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
Parallel to Z Axis
So Total V Z1Z1 = 0 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
So Total V Z2Z2 = 0 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 0 KN
No shear parallel to the Z axis, Hence Safe
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
m = f /0.85 f = 415/(0.85 25) = 19.529
y c
ß = 0.85 (as f = M 25)
1 c
ρ = 0.85 ß f 87/f (87 + f ) = 0.025729
bal 1 c y y
ρ = 0.75 ρ = 0.019297
max bal
ρ = 0.0018 (as f = 415 N/mm 2)
min y
Calculation of Mz
For moment wrt X1X1
Calculation of Mx
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0020
b = 1600 mm, d = 655 mm
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 2500 mm, d = 655 mm
5.15.4 Comparison
Table 5-19: US verification example 13 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Pile Reaction, Service 241 241 Negligible
(KN)
241 241
213 213
213 213
185 185
185 185
Pile Reaction, Ulti- 332 332 None
mate (KN)
332 332
293 293
293 293
254 254
254 254
Governing Moment 578 572 Negligible
(KNm)
318 318
Shear Force, One- 600 599 Negligible
Way (KN)
0 0
Shear Force, Two- 1463 1462 Negligible
Way (KN)
5.16.2 Problem
Design a rectangular combined footing using the conventional method given. fc’ = 3000psi
(column and footing), fy = 60000 psi, qa = 2 ksf.
Column 1 Column 2
12 in. x 12 in. 15 in. x 15 in.
4 No. 7 bars 4 No. 8 bars
DL = 60 kips DL = 110 kips
LL = 60 kips LL = 90 kips
5.16.3 Solution
Step 1- Find out ultimate soil pressure
Pu 1 = 1.2 x 60 + 1.6 x 60 = 168 kips
Pu 2 = 1.2 x 110 + 1.6 x 90 = 276 kips
ΣPw = P1 + P2 = 60 + 60 + 110 + 90 = 320 kips
This is necessary so that eccentricity is not introduced in finding L using working loads
and then switching to “ultimate” values.
444 = 15 x 276
= 9.324 ft
To make the resultant 444 kips (factored loads) fall at L/2:
Step 3 - Find B
BLq = 444
B= = 8.143 ft
Use B = 8.17 ft.
dV =
V = 22.48 x – 168
dM =
M= – 168 (x – 0.5)
At x = 1(right face of column 1),
M = -72.76 ft-kips
Maximum negative M at V = 0 is
B vc d = 166.39 – 22.48 d
The net shear is column load – upward soil force in diagonal tension zone:
A= = 4.07 ft 2
A= = 7.01 ft 2
And
As (d - a/2) =
L’ = = 3.585 ft
M= x 12 = 773.45 in-kips
Take d = (16.765 – 1) in to allow for longitudinal rebars:
B’ = 15 + 16 x 1.5 = 39 in = 3.25 ft
L’ = = 3.46 ft
M= x 12 = 746.6 in-kips
Use 4 No. 6 for 4 x (0.44) = 1.76 in2 at column 2 with concrete all around
> 2
Use 2
Step 9 - Conclusion
Steel in cantilever portion is found to be 0.28 for moment and 0.67 in2 / ft for minimum
requirement of 200 / fy (could use 0.28 x 1.33 >= T and S alternatively but would require
increasing other steel by 1 / 3 also)
Use 10 No. 7 bars
Run five bars full length to use as chairs for short direction steel.
5.16.4 Comparison
Table 5-20: US verification example 12 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Average Base Pressure 0.01911 0.02 kip/in2 4.657
kip/in2
Maximum Negative 543.76 ft- 529.064 ft-kips 2.70
Bending Moment kips
Maximum Positive 147.7 ft- 149.12 ft-kips 0.96
Bending Moment kips
Required Area of 0.94 in2/ft 0.909 in2/ft 3.3
Reinforcement
5.17.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= -10.32KNm
Mx=45.89 KNm
Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and
moment computations.
5.17.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 3.75m X 3.75m X 1.0m
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:-
Mz = -10.32 – (-300*1) = 289.68 KNm
Mx= +45.89 +(-200*1) = -154.11 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by:-
s 1 = ((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) =
75.980 KN/m2
s 2 = ((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) =
10.0621 KN/m2
s 3 =((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) =
45.131 KN/m2
s 4 = ((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) =
111.049 KN/m2
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (474.6848/300) =1.5823 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction:
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (474.6848/200) =2.373 > 1.5 Hence Safe
For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (1780.068/154.11) =11.5506 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction:
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (1780.068/289.68) =6.1449 > 1.5 Hence Safe
s 1 = (500/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) = 50.9804 KN/m2
s 2 = (500/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) = -14.9378 KN/m2
s 3 =(500/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) = 20.1307 KN/m2
s 4 = (500/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) = 86.049 KN/m2
Average pressure:-
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and
two-way action (punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to
determine the controlling shear criteria for depth.
Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0m and average effective thickness d = 0.92m (36.22
in)
Vu = qs tributary area
Bw = 3.75m = 147.6378 in
qs is given by:-
Vu = qs tributary area
Bw = 3.75m = 147.6378 in
qs is given by:-
Hence O.K.
Vu = qs tributary area
= Minimum of
= = 5.304348
O.K.
About X Axis
Mu =3.75*{36.958*1.725*1.725*0.5+0.5*(53.0899-36.958)*1.725*1.725*2/3}=
266.2033 KNm
min
= 0.00180
About Z Axis
Mu =3.75*{38.1923*1.725*1.725*0.5+0.5*(68.5147-38.1923)*1.725*1.725*2/3}=
325.87126 KNm
min
= 0.00180
Hence OK
5.17.4 Comparison
Table 5-21: US verification example 14 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Difference (Reasons
Value of
Result result* there-of)
Moment about X 266.2033 269.53 Error due to
(KNm) approximation in base
pressure interpolation
Moment about Z 325.87126 328.41 m Error due to
(KNm) approximation in base
pressure interpolation
Area of steel 6210 6106.05 Error due to
about X-X (mm2) approximation in base
pressure interpolation
Area of steel 6210 6241.05 Error due to
about Z-Z (mm2) approximation in base
pressure interpolation
Shear force 185.47 186.09 Error due to
approximation in base
(One way) along
pressure interpolation
X (KN)
Shear force 148.9025 144.21 Error due to
approximation in base
(One way) along
pressure interpolation
Z (KN)
Shear force 447.079 447.38 Negligible
(Two way) (KN)
Factor of Safety 1.582 1.582 Negligible
against Sliding
(X)
Factor of Safety 2.373 2.373 Negligible
against Sliding
(Z)
Factor of Safety 11.5506 11.550 Negligible
against
Overturning (X)
Factor of Safety 6.1449 6.145 Negligible
against
Overturning (Z)
5.18.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= 45.89 KNm
Mx=-98.32 KNm
Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and
moment computations.
5.18.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m X 5.0m X 1.0m
Determination of base area of footing:
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:
Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction:
Hence Safe
For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Hence Safe
About Z- Direction:
Hence Safe
To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads are
used. For this problem, the factors used are all 1.0
The pressure at the four corners are given by:
Average pressure:
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and
two-way action (punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to
determine the controlling shear criteria for depth.
Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0m and average effective thickness d = 0.92m (36.22
in)
Vu = qs tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194 –
12.8806)/5.0*1.13} =23.9014 KN/ m2 [1.13=5 -(5/2 +0.3 +0.92 +0.15)]
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
Vu = qs tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*1.73}
=22.89603 KN/ m2 [ 1.73=(5/2 +0.3 –0.92 –0.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
Hence O.K.
Vu = qs tributary area
Tributary area = [25.000 - (0.3 + 0.92)x(0.3 + 0.92)] = 23.5116 m2
V = 20.000 x 23.5116 = 470.232 KN = 105.6701 Kip.
u
= Minimum of
bo = 2(0.3+0.3+2*0.92) = 4.88m =192.126 in
= = 5.304348
About X-Axis
ρmin = 0.00180
Since ρ is < ρmin , ρ = ρmin =0.00180
Required As = ρbd = 0.00180 5.0 0.92 = 0.00828 m2 = 8280 mm2
About Z- axis:
ρmin = 0.00180
Since ρ is < ρmin , ρ = ρmin =0.00180
Required As = ρbd = 0.00180 5.0 0.92 = 0.00828 m2 = 8280 mm2
Try with 20 mm bars (Af =314.16 mm2)
So, no. of bars required = 8280/ 314.16 =27 bars
5.18.4 Comparison
Table 5-22: US verification example 15 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Difference (Reasons
Value of
Result result* there-of)
Moment about X 264.48 264.53 KNm Negligible
KNm
Moment about Z 457.874 457.83 KNm Negligible
KNm
Area of steel 8280 8906.40 mm2 Error due to
about X-X mm2 approximation in
base pressure
interpolation
Area of steel 8280 8321.40 mm2 Error due to
about Z-Z mm2 approximation in
base pressure
interpolation
Shear force 226.1924 225.67 KN Error due to
KN approximation in
(One way) along
base pressure
X
interpolation
Shear force 144.134 143.58 KN Negligible
KN
(One way) along
Z
Shear force 470.232 470.01 KN Negligible
KN
(Two way)
Factor of Safety 2.1656 2.166 Negligible
against Sliding
(X)
Factor of Safety 3.2484 3.248 Negligible
against Sliding
(Z)
Factor of Safety 10.386 10.386 Negligible
against
Overturning (X)
Factor of Safety 9.82516 9.825 Negligible
against
Overturning (Z)
6.1.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Material Specification-
6.1.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
Note: Ø is in degrees
Pa = γ.h.Kp
Thus
Note: Here, γ= Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
α <=1
C= Cohesion in Kip/ft 2 unit
φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 38.19 inch
Area of each top rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch
Total area of Top Rebar = As = 2.4040625 Ksi
a = As.fy/(ß.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch
6.1.4 Comparison
Table 6-2: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Sliding Resistance (kips) 103.786 103.71 Negligible
Uplift Resistance (kips) 234.34 234.495 Negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.12 2.117 Negligible
Vertical FOS 3.445 3.448 Negligible
Factored moment resisted by top rebar 127.122 127.086 Negligible
(ft-kip)
Max. moment capacity (vertically hog- 408.37 407.66 Negligible
ging) (ft-kip)
Factored moment resisted by front 91.506 91.553 Negligible
rebar (ft-kip)
Max. moment capacity (horizontally 355.472 354.856 Negligible
hogging) (ft-kip)
6.2.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition-
Axial Tension = 75.926 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 49.816 degree
Min area required for guy rod =1.519 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia of rod
required = 1.4 inch
Material Specification-
6.2.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
Note: Ø is in degree
Pa = γ.h.Kp
Thus
Note: Here γ= Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C
α <=1
C= Cohesion in Kip/ft 2 unit
Figure 6-8: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift
6.2.4 Comparison
Table 6-5: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 2 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of
Result Result Difference
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 119.605 119.542 negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 135.072 135.123 negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.443 2.44 negligible
Vertical FOS 2.328 2.329 negligible
factored moment resisted by 132.0033 131.963 negligible
top rebar ( ft kip)
Max moment capacity 408.37 407.66 negligible
(vertically hogging) (ft kip)
factored moment resisted by 111.4087 111.454 negligible
front rebar (ft kip)
Max moment capacity 355.472 354.865 negligible
(horizontally hogging)
(ft kip)
6.3.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Material Specification
6.3.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
Kp=tan2 (450+Ø/2)
Kp=tan2 (450-Ø/2)
Note: Ø is in degree
Pa = γ.h.Kp
Note: Here γ= Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C
α <=1
C= Cohesion in Kip/ft 2 unit
Now Design check for the top & front face rebar are to be
done
6.3.4 Comparison
Table 6-8: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 3 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of
Result Result Difference
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 163.161 163.306 Negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 151.296 151.355 Negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.066 2.064 Negligible
Vertical FOS 3.151 3.153 Negligible
factored moment resisted by 78.039 78.011 Negligible
top rebar ( ft kip)
Max moment capacity 603.099 602.06 Negligible
(vertically hogging) (ft kip)
factored moment resisted by 128.3438 128.361 Negligible
front rebar (ft kip)
Max moment capacity 356.394 355.775 Negligible
(horizontally hogging) (ft kip)
6.4.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition-
Material Specification-
6.4.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
Kp=tan2 (450+Ø/2)
Kp=tan2 (450-Ø/2)
Note: Ø is in degree
Pa = γ.h.Kp
So Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + γ.h.Ka
Where:
Note: Here γ= Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C
α <=1
C= Cohesion in Kip/ft 2 unit
φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 6 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 92.19 inch
Area of each top rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch
Total area of Top Rebar = As = 3.60609375 Ksi
a = As.fy/(ß.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = φ.As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 1488.8 ft kip
ratio = 1488.835 / 373.5576 = 3.986 >1, Hence OK
φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 8 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 68.19 inch
Area of each front rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch
Total area of Front Rebar = As = 3.60609375 sq.inch
a = As.fy/(ß.fck.B) = 0.662885 inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = φ.As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 1101.2 ft kip
ratio = 1101.17 / 313.2285 = 3.516 >1, Hence OK
6.4.4 Comparison
Table 6-10: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 4 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of
Result Result Difference
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 413.423 413.174 negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 719.211 719.281 negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.574 2.571 negligible
Vertical FOS 3.755 3.756 negligible
factored moment resisted by 373.5576 373.447 negligible
top rebar ( ft kip)
Max moment capacity (ver- 1488.835 1486.29 negligible
tically hogging) (ft kip)
factored moment resisted by 313.2285 313.359 negligible
front rebar (ft kip)
Max moment capacity (hor- 1101.17 1099.277 negligible
izontally hogging) (ft kip)
7.1.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 100 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2 ft, pier height= 30
ft, water level at 40 ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.1.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Effective Overburden Pres-
Layer
sure (lb/ft2)
Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 2789
Skin Friction
Ψ Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
Ψ = Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer Ψ
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.7171
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer q = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nq
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 5.184
Layer2 31.58
Layer3 18.0
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap
Layer Qp (kip)
Layer1 16.286
Layer2 99.211
Layer3 56.549
Unfactored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.1.4 Comparison
Table 7-1: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of Difference
Result Result
UnfactoredTip 56.571 kip 56.549 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin 102.487 kip 102.423 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial 144.916 kip 144.834 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 18.857 kip 18.849 kip Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance 34.162 kip 34.141 kip Negligible
Factored Total Axial 48.305 kip 48.278 kip Negligible
Capacity
7.2.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:API
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft,
water level at 50ft.
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
K = 0.8
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 4ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.2.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Skin Friction
Ψ Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
Ψ = Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer Ψ
Layer1 3.1746
Layer2 0.8178
Layer3 1.0672
Layer4 1.9157
α Factor
Layer α
Layer1 0.55
Layer2 0.55
Layer3 0.55
Layer4 0.55
Layer Qf (psf)
Layer3 110.584
Layer4 248.814
Total Skin Friction 499.702
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
Layer q (psf)
Layer1 9000
Layer2 9900
Layer3 18000
Layer4 27000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap
Layer Qp (psf)
Layer1 113.097
Layer2 124.407
Layer3 226.195
Layer4 339.292
Unfactored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.2.4 Comparison
Table 7-2: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of Difference
Result Result
UnfactoredTip 339.429 kip 339.292 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin 382.486 kip 382.206 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial 648.371 kip 647.985 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 113.143 kip 113.097 kip Negligible
Factored Skin 127.495 kip 127.402 kip Negligible
Resistance
Factored Total Axial 216.124 kip 215.995 kip Negligible
Capacity
7.3.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft 3, N60- 11
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60- 14
3. Clay - , 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60- 16
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.3.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Skin Friction
α Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
α = 0.55
Layer α
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.55
Rs_modified
Layer
(kip)
Layer1 7.342
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 48.381
Total Modified Skin 165.817
Friction
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 13.2
Layer2 15.6
Layer3 5.611
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
Layer1 41.469
Layer2 49.009
Layer3 17.628
Un-factored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.3.4 Comparison
Table 7-3: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of Difference
Result Result
UnfactoredTip 17.635 kip 17.628 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin 165.884 kip 165.817 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial 169.376 kip 169.308 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 5.878 kip 5.876 kip Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance 55.295 kip 55.272 kip Negligible
Factored Total Axial 56.459 kip 56.436 kip Negligible
Capacity
7.4.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft,
water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
Neglected zone
for skin frictionTop - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 4ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
Figure 7-4: Pier Elevation
7.4.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Effective Overburden Pres-
Layer
sure (lb/ft2)
1 315
2 1345
3 1874
4 1380
Skin Friction
α Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
α = 0.55 (for all layers)
Layer α
1 0.55
2 0.55
3 0.55
4 0.55
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814
Σ (Total Skin Friction) 499.702
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
For cohesive soil layerq = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layerq =po x Nq
Layer q (kip)
1 3.646
2 3.880
3 5.611
4 27
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 45.815
2 48.759
3 70.510
4 339.292
Un-factored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.4.4 Comparison
Table 7-4: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of Difference
Result Result
Unfactored Tip 339.429 kip 339.292 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin 382.360 kip 382.206 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial 648.246 kip 647.985 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 113.143 kip 113.097 kip Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance 127.453 kip 127.453 kip Negligible
Factored Total Axial 216.082 kip 213.658 kip Negligible
Capacity
7.5.1 Reference
Alternate Vesic Method
7.5.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic
Method
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.5.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Skin Friction
α Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
α = 0.55
Layer α
1 0
2 0
3 0.55
tan(δ1) = 0.675
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
Rs = f x As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 10.030
2 69.596
3 62.204
Σ (Total Skin Friction) 141.829
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Factor F = 1
r
Factor N =9
cp
Cohesionless Soil (Bottom Layer)
Factor N =0
qp
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
Layer q (psf)
1 0
2 0
3 18000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 0
2 0
3 56.549
Un-factored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.5.4 Comparison
Table 7-5: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of Difference
Result Result
UnfactoredTip 56.571 kip 16.549 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin 121.824 kip 121.737 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial 164.253 kip 164.149 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 18.857 kip 5.516 kip Negligible
Factored Skin 40.608kip 40.579 kip Negligible
Resistance
Factored Total Axial 54.751 kip 54.716 kip Negligible
Capacity
7.6.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic
Method
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft,
water level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 4ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.6.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Skin Friction
α Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
α = 0.55 (All layers)
tan(δ ) = 0
1
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
Rs = f x As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814
Σ (Total Skin Friction) 499.702
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 339.292
Un-factored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.6.4 Comparison
Table 7-6: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of Difference
Result Result
UnfactoredTip 339.429 kip 339.292 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin 382.360 kip 382.206 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial 648.246 kip 164.149 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 113.143 kip 113.097 kip Negligible
Factored Skin 127.453 kip 127.402 kip Negligible
Resistance
Factored Total Axial 216.082 kip 54.716 kip Negligible
Capacity
Vessel Geometry
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 1 ft
Diameter, Dp = 5 ft
Footing Geometry
Design Parameters
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 0 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 3.8 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
8.1.2 Solution
Wind Load
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 6 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
Cs = 0
Empty Seismic = C s x De = 0 kip
Operating Seismic = C s x Do = 0 kip
Test Seismic = C s x Dt = 0 kip
Governing Loads
Axial = 20 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 ft-kip
Table 8-6: Applied Load at Top of
Pedestal - Strength Level
Load Axial Shear Moment
Case (kips) (kips) (kip-ft)
1 10 0 0
2 o 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
Governing Loads
Axial = 10 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect.
4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 15.625 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 3.1066 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
F =4 M /(N D ) - 0.9 (D + W )/N = -0.369 kip
u uped d c u ped d
Area of Dowel Bar Required
A = F /(φ f ) = -8.192(10)-3 in2
s_ped_req u y
Minimum Dowel Reinforcement per PIP STC03350 4.5.5 : #5 - 32
Dowel Bar Size Provided = 5
Area of Steel Provided = -0.00819 in2
Area of steel required in pedestal, As, req = (dd)2 x pi/4 = 0.307 in2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig. A, An = 5.5086 ft 2
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 8-7: Stability Ratio
Load Stability
Eccentricity
Case Ratio
1 0 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
Concrete Design
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 2.724551
ft
m = f / (0.85 f ) = 17.647
y c
2 m R / f = 2.597(10)-3
n y
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter, Df = 10 ft
Footing Thickness, Tf = 2 ft
8.1.3 Comparison
Table 8-9: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison
Hand Cal- Percent Dif-
STAAD.foundation
culations ference
Footing Diagonal 10 10 none
Footing Thickness 2 2 none
Footing Soil Bear- 0.458 0.496 8%
ing
Stability Check 0 0 n/a
One Way Shear 0.266 0.266 0%
Check
Punching Shear 6.463 6.564 2%
Check
Reinforcement Pro- 0.460 0.447 3%
vided
Note: Soil Bearing values are generated from graph; %diff also contains human errors.
Vessel Geometry
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4 ft
Diameter, Dp = 14 ft
Footing Geometry
Design Parameters
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Wind Load
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0.105
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.043
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0.084
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.049
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
C s = 5.973x10-3
Governing Loads
Axial = 70 kip
Shear = 15.09532 kip
Moment = 414.5593 ft-kip
Table 8-15: Applied Load at Top of
Pedestal - Strength Level
Load Axial Shear Moment
Case (kips) (kips) (kip-ft)
1 92.4 0 0
2 79.2 0 0
3 79.2 24.15251 663.2949
4 79.2 0.394208 3.153661
5 25.2 24.15251 663.2949
6 59.4 0.394208 3.153661
7 25.2 0.16724 1.337917
8 63 12.07625 331.6474
Governing Loads
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect.
4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 2.0833 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 759.9049 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 97.42292 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
F =4 M /(N D ) - 0.9 (D + W )/N = 66.274 kip
u uped d c u ped d
Area of Dowel Bar Required
A = F /(φ f ) = 1.473 in2
s_ped_req u y
Design Results
Concrete Design
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) =
1.628742 ft
s = 18 in.
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft
8.2.2 Comparison
Table 8-17: Vertical Vessel verification example 2 comparison
Hand Cal- Percent Dif-
STAAD.foundation
culations ference
Footing Diagonal 16 16 0
Footing Thickness 1 1 0
Footing Soil Bear- 2.1030 2.102 0
ing
Stability Check 2.7454 2.748 0
One Way Shear 4.1857 4.193 0
Check
Punching Shear 17.58 17.951 2
Check
Reinforcement Pro- 0.20453 0.18765 9
vided
Vessel Geometry
Pedestal Geometry
Height = 2 ft
Diameter = 12 ft
Footing Geometry
Design Parameters
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
8.3.2 Solution
Wind Load
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 1.997
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.805
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.3
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 1.332
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.697
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
C s = 0.805
Empty Seismic = C s x De = 1.701 kip
Operating Seismic = C s x Do = 3.402 kip
Test Seismic = C s x Dt = 5.103 kip
Governing Loads
Governing Loads
Axial = 56 kips
Shear 4.57674 kips
Moment = 71.5765 ft-kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect.
4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 2.08333 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 80.730 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 35.788 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
F =4 M /(N D ) - 0.9 (D + W )/N = 5.212 kip
u uped d c u ped d
Area of Dowel Bar Required
Design Results
Concrete Design
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.538921
ft
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 14 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft
8.3.3 Comparison
Table 8-26: Vertical Vessel verification example 3 comparison
Hand Cal- Percent Dif-
STAAD.foundation
culations ference
Footing Diagonal 14 14 none
Footing Thickness 1 1 none
Footing Soil Bear- 0.8672 0.835 4%
ing
Stability Check 11.766 12.898 9%
One Way Shear 0.9052 1.13 20%
Check
Punching Shear 12.085 12.338 2%
Check
Reinforcement Pro- 0.2045 0.1878 9%
vided
Comparison
Table 8-27: Vertical Vessel verification example 4 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Base Shear Empty Case 5.902132222 5.902 0.0022403
(kip)
Base Shear Operating 11.80426444 11.804 0.0022403
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty 59.02132222 59.021 0.00054595
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating 118.0426444 118.043 0.00030121
Case (kip ft)
Comparison
Table 8-28: Vertical Vessel verification example 5 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Base Shear Empty Case 3.9693 3.969 0.007
(kip)
Base Shear Operating 7.9386 7.939 0.005
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty 39.693 39.69 0.007
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating 79.3858 79.39 0.005
Case (kip ft)
SDS = 0.097, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.039, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
C S = 4.91x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear
Comparison
Table 8-29: Vertical Vessel verification example 6 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Base Shear Empty Case 0.49096 0.491 0.0081
(kip)
Base Shear Operating 0.98192 0.982 0.0081
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty 4.9096 4.91 0.0081
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating 9.8192 9.82 0.0081
Case (kip ft)
Comparison
Table 8-30: Vertical Vessel verification example 7 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Base Shear Empty Case 1.249592 1.25 0.03264
(kip)
Base Shear Operating 2.499184 2.499 0.00736295
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty 12.49592 12.496 0.0006402
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating 24.99184 24.992 0.0006402
Case (kip ft)
Comparison
Table 8-31: Vertical Vessel verification example 8 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Base Shear Empty Case 0.903868649 0.904 0.01452995
(kip)
Base Shear Operating 1.807737298 1.808 0.01452995
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty 9.038686492 9.039 0.00346839
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating 18.07737298 18.077 0.00206331
Case (kip ft)
Comparison
Table 8-32: Vertical Vessel verification example 9 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Seismic Response Coef- 0.02361 0.024 1.631
ficient (C s)
Base Shear Operating 4.722 4.722 0.006
Case (kip)
S1, 0.8574, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 2.0951, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance
with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R = 2, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.0, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 4 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kip
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 1.397, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.572, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
C S = 0.071, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition
V = Cs Operating = 14.289 kip
wt
Comparison
Table 8-33: Vertical Vessel verification example 10 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Seismic Response Coef- 0.0715 0.071 0.63
ficient (C s)
Base Shear Operating 14.289 14.289 0.002
Case (kip)
Comparison
Table 8-34: Vertical Vessel verification example 11 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Seismic Response Coef- 0.0167 0.017 1.787
ficient (C s)
Base Shear Operating 3.339 3.339 0.007
Case (kip)
Comparison
Table 8-35: Vertical Vessel verification example 12 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Seismic Response Coef- 0.2021 0.202 none
ficient (C s)
Base Shear Operating 40.429 40.429 none
Case (kip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 80 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = C
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 1, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z d z f
Shear Force on Top of Pier
F=q G C A
z f
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
qz A M (ft -
Kz F (kip)
(psf) (ft2) kip)
0.849 15.195 15 0.194 0.097
0.849 15.195 210 2.712 21.698
0.902 16.143 75 1.029 18.010
0.945 16.920 75 1.079 24.269
0.982 17.582 75 1.121 30.823
1.044 18.680 150 2.382 83.823
1.094 19.578 150 2.496 112.329
1.137 20.344 150 2.594 142.663
1.141 20.415 15 0.260 15.748
Σ 13.867 448.995
Comparison
Table 8-36: Vertical Vessel verification example 13 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Wind Shear on Top of 13.867 13.867 none
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 448.995 448.898 negligible
Pier (ft kip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 90 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = D
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z d z f
Shear Force on Top of Pier
F=q G C A
z f
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
qz A F M (ft -
Kz
(psf) (ft2) (kip) kip)
1.030 23.339 20 0.317 0.159
1.030 23.339 280 4.444 35.550
1.083 24.536 100 1.668 29.198
1.126 25.507 100 1.734 39.026
1.162 26.329 100 1.790 49.235
1.222 27.680 200 3.764 131.756
1.270 28.775 200 3.913 176.103
1.311 29.702 200 4.039 222.171
1.347 30.509 200 4.149 269.700
1.369 31.019 140 2.953 217.046
Σ 28.77 1169.945
Comparison
Table 8-37: Vertical Vessel verification example 14 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Wind Shear on Top of 28.774 28.774 none
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1169.945 1168.516 0.12
Pier (ft kip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z d z f
Shear Force on Top of Pier
F=q G C A
z f
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
qz A M (ft -
Kz F (kip)
(psf) (ft2) kip)
0.575 19.449 20 0.265 0.132
0.575 19.449 280 3.703 29.625
0.624 21.115 100 1.436 25.127
0.665 22.505 100 1.530 34.433
0.701 23.709 100 1.612 44.336
0.761 25.740 200 3.501 122.522
0.811 27.434 200 3.731 167.899
0.854 28.901 200 3.931 216.183
0.892 30.203 200 4.108 266.993
0.917 31.037 140 2.955 217.169
Σ 26.771 1124.42
Comparison
Table 8-38: Vertical Vessel verification example 15 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Wind Shear on Top of 26.771 26.771 none
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1124.42 1123.23 0.11
Pier (ft kip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z d z f
Shear Force on Top of Pier
F=q G C A
z f
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
qz A F M (ft -
Kz
(psf) (ft2) (kip) kip)
0.575 19.449 6 0.079 0.040
0.575 19.449 84 1.111 8.888
0.624 21.115 30 0.431 7.538
0.657 22.245 24 0.363 7.987
Σ 1.984 24.452
Comparison
Table 8-39: Vertical Vessel verification example 16 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Wind Shear on Top of 1.984 1.984 none
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 24.452 24.293 negligible
Pier (ft kip)
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation
errors can be avoided by doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical
solution, then check applied load distribution, follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 106 kip
Empty Load = 92 kip
Test Load = 118 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when
vessel is located in higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute
towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0 kip
Live Load = 0 kip
Erection Load = 110 kip
Earthquake Loads
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est) = 10 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 15 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition = 9 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 10 kip
X = long
Z = trans
Wind Loads
μ = 0.4
Load EQ EQ W W
Empty Operating Test Thermal Bundle Live Erection
Comb. Trans Long Trans Long
16 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
17 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8-42: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
Axial Transverse Longitudinal
Load Longitudinal Transverse
Load Moment Moment (ft-
Comb. Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip) (ft-kip) kip)
1 42.4 0 0 0 0
2 42.4 0 0 0 0
3 42.4 0 5 0 0
4 42.4 2.25 0 0 0
5 42.4 0 7 0 0
6 42.4 10.5 0 0 0
7 36.8 0 5 0 0
8 36.8 2.25 0 0 0
9 38.16 0 4.9 0 0
10 38.16 7.35 0 0 0
11 33.12 0 4.41 0 0
12 33.12 4.9 0 0 0
13 44.0 0 5 0 0
14 44.0 2.25 0 0 0
15 39.176 0 2.075 0 0
16 39.176 0.9338 0 0 0
17 36.8 0 0 0 0
Table 8-43: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
Axial Transverse Longitudinal
Load Longitudinal Transverse
Load Moment Moment (ft-
Comb. Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip) (ft-kip) kip)
1 59.36 0 0 0 0
2 50.88 0 0 0 0
3 50.88 0 4 0 0
4 50.88 3.6 0 0 0
5 50.88 0 7 0 0
6 50.88 10.5 0 0 0
7 33.12 0 4 0 0
8 33.12 3.6 0 0 0
9 38.16 0 7 0 0
10 38.16 10.5 0 0 0
11 33.12 0 6.3 0 0
12 33.12 7 0 0 0
13 39.60 0 4 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD.foundation analysis.
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation
errors can be avoided by doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical
solution, then check applied load distribution, follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 150 kip
Empty Load = 100 kip
Test Load = 160 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when
vessel is located in higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also
contribute towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0
Bundle Pull Force = 0
Live Load = 0
Erection Load = 110 kip
CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft
Earthquake Loads
Location Corona 92880
S1 = 0.882, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 2.296, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R = 1, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.15, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 6 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Periods per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal = 7 ft + 10.416 ft - 5 ft =
fa = , Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
fv = , Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 1.53, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.882, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
C S = 0.074, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition = 11.029 kip
Base Shear Based on Empty Load Condition = 7.352 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 11.029 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Wind Loads
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Load EQ EQ W W
Empty Operating Test Thermal Bundle Live Erection
Comb. Trans Long Trans Long
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
15 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0
16 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
17 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8-46: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
Axial Transverse Longitudinal
Load Longitudinal Transverse
Load Moment Moment (ft-
Comb. Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip) (ft-kip) kip)
1 60 0 0 0 0
2 60 0 0 0 0
3 60 0 2.5 5 0
4 60 1.125 0 0 10
5 60 0 5.404 20.27 0
6 60 5.404 0 0 20.27
7 40 0 2.5 5 0
8 40 1.125 0 0 10
9 54 0 3.783 14.19 0
10 54 3.783 0 0 14.19
11 36 0 2.522 9.457 0
12 36 2.522 0 0 9.457
13 44 0 2.5 5 0
14 44 1.125 0 0 10
15 53.12 0 1.038 2.075 0
16 53.12 0.467 0 0 4.150
17 40 0 0 0 0
Table 8-47: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
Axial Transverse Longitudinal
Load Longitudinal Transverse
Load Moment Moment (ft-
Comb. Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip) (ft-kip) kip)
1 84 0 0 0 0
2 72 0 0 0 0
3 72 0 4 8 0
4 72 1.8 0 0 16
5 72 0 5.404 20.27 0
6 72 5.404 0 0 20.27
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD.foundation analysis.
Eccentricity 88
Index P
British
Combined Foundation 71, 77
Isolated Foundation 23, 26, 32,
38, 44, 53,
62, 88
Mat Combined Foundation 83
British Code 23
BS8110 23
Canadian Code 99
CSA A23.3 99
Tables
Table 1-1: Australian verification example 1 comparison 5
Table 1-2: Australian verification example 2 comparison 14
Table 1-3: Australian verification example 3 comparison 16
Table 1-4: Australian verification example 4 comparison 22
Table 2-1: British verification example 1 comparison 26
Table 2-2: Table BS2.1 - Column loads 26
Table 2-3: British verification example 2 comparison 32
Table 2-4: British verification example 3 comparison 38
Table 2-5: British verification example 4 comparison 44
Table 2-6: British verification example 5 comparison 53
Table 2-7: British verification example 6 comparison 62
Table 2-8: British verification example 7 comparison 71
Table 2-9: British verification example 8 comparison 77
Table 2-10: British verification example 9 comparison 83