CONIC SECTIONS CIRCLE

– the curves obtained by slicing a double cone by a plane – the set of all points in a plane (x,y)
that are equidistant from a given
Ax 2  Cy2  Dx  Ey  F  0 point, called the center r
Equation of a Circle with
(h,k)
Center (h,k) and Radius r

( x  h)2  ( y  k )2  r 2

Ax 2  Cy2  Dx  Ey  F  0
AC

PARABOLA Equation of a Parabola with Vertex (h,k) and

Axis of Symmetry x  h
– the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point (focus) and a line (directrix) ( x  h)2  4c( y  k ) ( x  h)2  4c( y  k )

d1  d2 axis of symmetry (h,k)

x=h

(h,k) x=h
latus rectum d1

Equation of a Parabola with Vertex (h,k) and

focus d2 Axis of Symmetry y  k

vertex ( y  k )2  4c( x  h) ( y  k )2  4c( x  h)

directrix

(h,k) y=k y=k (h,k)

Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0 , C  0 and D  0
Ax 2  Dx  Ey  F  0 , A  0 and E  0

ELLIPSE Equation of an Ellipse with

Vertical Major Axis
– the set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances from two fixed
points, called the foci, is constant ( x  h)2 ( y  k )2
a b c
2 2 2  1
d1  d2  2a b2 a2
ac
d1
d2 Equation of an Ellipse with
c
focus focus Horizontal Major Axis F1
( x  h)
2
(y  k) 2
a  1
b a 2
b2 C(h,k)

F2
Ax 2  Cy2  Dx  Ey  F  0
AC  0

HYPERBOLA – the set of all points in a plane such that the absolute value of the Equation of a Hyperbola
with Vertical Transverse
difference of the distances from two fixed points, called the foci, is constant
Axis

| d1  d2 | 2a c 2  a2  b2 ( y  k )2 ( x  h)2
 1
c a a2 b2

d2 Equation of a Hyperbola with F1

d1
a focus Horizontal Transverse Axis
focus c ( x  h)2 ( y  k )2
b  1
a2 b2

Ax 2  Cy2  Dx  Ey  F  0
AC  0 F2

PRECALCULUS jctleonor
 CONIC SECTIONS

A. Find the center and the radius of the given circle. Then sketch its graph.
1. (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 6)2 = 81 3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 11 = 0 5. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 20𝑦 = 4
2 2
2. (𝑥 + 4) + (𝑦 − 3) = 9/4 4. 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 + 24𝑦 − 12 = 0 6. 5𝑥 2 + 5𝑦 2 − 30𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 75
B. For the following parabolas, (a) find the focal distance, the coordinates of the vertex, focus and endpoints of the latus
rectum, (b) give the equation of the axis of symmetry and the directrix, and (c) sketch its graph.
1
1. 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 4)2 + 2 3. 𝑥 = −4𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 + 2 5. 4𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 − 𝑦 = 144
2
2. 𝑥 = −3(𝑦 + 1)2 − 4 4. 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 20 = 0 6. 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 6 = 0
C. For the following ellipses, find the coordinates of the center, vertices, foci and co-vertices, and sketch its graph.
𝑥+4 2 𝑦−1 2
1. ( ) +( ) =1 3. 6𝑥 2 + 18𝑦 2 = 54 5. 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0
2 5
2. (𝑥 − 5)2 + 5(𝑦 + 3)2 = 20 4. 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 6 = 0 6. 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 + 18𝑦 = 11
D. For the following hyperbolas, (a) find the coordinates of the center, vertices and foci, (b) give the equations of the
asymptotes, and (c) sketch its graph.
(𝑥−3)2 𝑦2 (𝑦+1)2 (𝑥−1)2
1. − =1 3. − =1 5. 25𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 50𝑥
16 25 24 36
2 2
2. 9𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 36 4. −9(𝑥 − 1) + 36(𝑦 + 4)2 = 324
2
6. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 32𝑦 − 96 = 0
E. Determine whether the graph of the given equation is a circle, a parabola, a ellipse, a hyperbola, a point, the empty
set, or a pair of intersecting lines.
1. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 16𝑥 = −14 6. 4𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 7 = 0 11. 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 20𝑥 − 28𝑦 = 156
2 2 2 2
2. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 13 = 0 7. 9𝑥 + 𝑦 + 18𝑥 − 4𝑦 = −4 12. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 24𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 37 = 0
2 2 2 2
3. 4𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 4𝑥 + 36𝑦 = −1 8. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 12𝑥 + 12𝑦 = −29 13. −2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 12
2 2 2 2
4. 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 10𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 17 9. 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 30𝑥 + 18𝑦 + 178 = 0 14. 9𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 2 − 18𝑦 + 16𝑥 = 43
2 2 2
5. 𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 19 = 0 10. −16𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 32𝑥 + 36𝑦 = 124 15. 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 10
F. Write the equation of the indicated conic section satisfying the given conditions.
1. Circle: a) with center at (1,5) & passing through the origin; b) with center at (4,2) & tangent to the y-axis; c) with
endpoints of a diameter at (−2,1) & (6,5); d) passing through the points (12, −18), (11, −19) & (4, −12)
2. Parabola: a) with vertex at (3,2) & focus at (3,0); b) with vertex at (3,4) & directrix 𝑦 = 11/2; c) with vertex at
(−1,2), axis of symmetry 𝑦 = 2 & passing through (0, −2); d) with axis of symmetry 𝑥 = 0 & passing through the
points (1,4) and (2,7)
3. Ellipse: a) with vertices & co-vertices at (6,1), (1,8), (−4,1) & (1, −6); b) with vertices at (2,0) & (12,0), and foci at
(5,0) & (9,0); c) with center at (1,3), horizontal major axis of length 12 & minor axis of length 10
4. Hyperbola: a) with foci at (3,2) & (−3,2), and asymptotes 𝑦 = ±2(𝑥 − 3); b) with center at (−2,4), vertical
transverse axis of length 8 & conjugate axis of length 8; c) with center at (−6, −5), horizontal transverse axis of
length 12 & conjugate axis of length 6; d) with center at (−3,1), vertex at (−3, −3) & slope of an asymptote −4/5
G. Solve the following problems.
1. A circular garden of radius 8 ft. is surrounded by a pathway that is 2 ft. wide. Assuming that the center of the
garden is at the origin, give the equations that describe the two circles.
2. A satellite dish with a parabolic cross-section is 15 ft. wide and 4 ft. deep. If a light source is located at the focus
of the parabola, how far is it from the deepest part of the dish?
3. An object is thrown such that the path it travels is a parabola. If it is thrown from ground level, reaches a maximum
height of 50 ft. and hits the ground 200 ft. from its origin, find the equation that models the path of the object.
4. The entrance to a tunnel is in the shape of a semi-ellipse. If it is 120 ft. wide at ground level and 50 ft. high at the
center, how high is the arch 10 ft. from the center?
5. Particles A and B are orbiting a fixed point and moving along elliptical paths. The orbit of A has a major axis of
length 15 inches and a minor axis of length 8 inches. If B is always 2 inches farther from the center than A, find an
equation that describes the orbit of the other particle.
6. The orbit of a planet around the sun is in the shape of an ellipse, with the sun at one of its foci. The planet’s
greatest distance from the sun is called the aphelion while the shortest distance is called the perihelion. The mean
distance of a planet from the sun is half the length of the major axis. If the mean distance of the Earth from the
sun is 93 million miles and its aphelion is 94.5 million miles, what is the perihelion? Also, write an equation for the
orbit of the Earth around the sun.
7. Two stones are thrown into a lake at different points. Suppose the points of intersection of the ripples form a conic
section given by the equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0. Identify the shape of the curve and sketch its graph.
8. A sound signal is sent from point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) to two stations that are 6 km apart. Station A, located at (−3,0), receives
the signal 5 seconds earlier than Station B, located at (3,0). Find an equation of the hyperbola containing 𝑃. Note:
Use 0.33 km/sec as the speed of sound.
9. Find the value(s) of k that will make the graph of the following equation (a) a circle, (b) a point, (c) an empty set.
𝑘 2 − 15𝑘 + 24
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 =
𝑘−2
10.Suppose 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, where 𝑎𝑏 ≠ 0. Sketch a possible graph of 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑏 = 0 and the conic section 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑏.
𝑥2 𝑦2
11.Suppose points 𝐹1 , 𝐹2 are the foci of the ellipse + = 1, 𝑃 is a point on the ellipse, and |𝑃𝐹1 |: |𝑃𝐹2 | = 2: 1. Find
9 4
the area of ∆𝑃𝐹1 𝐹2 .

PRECALCULUS jctleonor
 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS Domain Range Period

𝑓(𝜃) = sin 𝜃 ℝ [−1,1] 2𝜋

y P(x,y) 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = 𝑓(𝜃) = cos 𝜃 ℝ [−1,1] 2𝜋
r
𝑟
𝜋
𝑥 𝑓(𝜃) = tan 𝜃 ℝ\ { + 𝑘𝜋 | 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} ℝ 𝜋
𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 2
𝑟
x
𝑓(𝜃) = csc 𝜃 ℝ\{𝑘𝜋| 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} (−∞, −1] ∪ [1. +∞) 2𝜋
𝑦 𝑟
tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = if 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝜋
𝑥 𝑥 𝑓(𝜃) = sec 𝜃 ℝ\ { + 𝑘𝜋 | 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} (−∞, −1] ∪ [1. +∞) 2𝜋
2
𝑥 𝑟
cot 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 = if 𝑦 ≠ 0 𝑓(𝜃) = cot 𝜃 ℝ\{𝑘𝜋| 𝑘 ∈ ℤ} ℝ 𝜋
𝑦 𝑦

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Reciprocal Identities Pythagorean Identities Co-function Identities
2 2 𝜋
1 1 1 sin 𝑡 + cos 𝑡 = 1
csc 𝑡 = sec 𝑡 = tan 𝑡 = sin ( − 𝑥) = cos 𝑥
sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 cot 𝑡 tan2 𝑡 + 1 = sec 2 𝑡 2
1 + cot 2 𝑡 = csc 2 𝑡 𝜋
Quotient Identities cos ( − 𝑥) = sin 𝑥
2
sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡 Odd and Even Functions
tan 𝑡 = cot 𝑡 = 𝜋
cos 𝑡 sin 𝑡
sin(−𝑡) = − sin 𝑡 cos(−𝑡) = cos 𝑡 tan ( − 𝑥) = cot 𝑥
2
tan(−𝑡) = − tan 𝑡, if tan 𝑡 is defined
Sum and Difference Identities Half-Angle Identities Double-Angle Identities
sin(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥 𝑥 1+cos 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin2 ( ) = cos 2 ( ) = cos 2𝑥 = cos 2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
2 2 2 2
cos(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ∓ sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 = 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 1
tan ( ) = tan ( ) = cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥
tan 𝑥 ± tan 𝑦 2 1+cos 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥
tan(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = 2 tan 𝑥
(1 ∓ tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦) 𝑥 1−cos 𝑥 tan 2𝑥 =
tan2 ( ) = 2
1−tan 𝑥
2 1+cos 𝑥

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 2
2 𝜋
−1 −1
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑦 = cot −1 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋
2
−1 1 −1 1 2
𝑦 = cos −1 𝑥
𝜋
−
𝜋 2
−
−1 1 2 −1 1

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝐷: [−1,1] 𝑅: [0, 𝜋] 𝐷: [−1,1] 𝑅: [− , ] 𝐷: (−∞, +∞) 𝑅: (− , ) 𝐷: (−∞, +∞) 𝑅: (0, 𝜋)
2 2 2 2

𝑦 = sec −1 𝑥

𝜋
2

−1 1
𝐷: (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞)
𝜋 𝜋
𝑅: [0, ) ∪ ( , 𝜋]
2 2

𝜋
2
𝑦 = csc −1 𝑥

−1 1

𝜋
−
2

𝐷: (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, +∞)

𝜋 𝜋
𝑅: [− , 0) ∪ (0, ]
2 2
PRECALCULUS jctleonor
 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
A. Suppose 𝜃 is an angle in standard position and the point 𝐽 is on the terminal side of 𝜃. Find a) sin 𝜃, b) cos 𝜃, c) tan 𝜃,
d) csc 𝜃, e) sec 𝜃, and f) cot 𝜃.
√3 √3
1. 𝐽(3, 4) 3. 𝐽(−7, −24) 5. 𝐽 ( , ) 7. 𝐽(2√7, −4)
2 4
11 11 2
2. 𝐽(5, −12) 4. 𝐽(−30, 40) 6. 𝐽 (− , ) 8. 𝐽 ( , −3√11)
37 37 3

B. Determine the exact values of the remaining trigonometric function of 𝜃.

3 √5 3 𝜋
1. cos 𝜃 = and sin 𝜃 < 0 3. tan 𝜃 = and 𝜃 is in Q III 5. sec 𝜃 = − and <𝜃<𝜋
7 4 2 2
5 1 15 𝜋
2. sin 𝜃 = and tan 𝜃 > 0 4. cot 𝜃 = − and 𝜃 is in Q II 6. csc 𝜃 = and −𝜋 < 𝜃 < −
13 √2 13 2

C. Without the aid of a calculator, give the exact value of the following expressions.
11𝜋
4𝜋 𝜋 sin sin 120°−sec 210° 3𝜋 11𝜋
6
1. 3 sin + 3 cos 3. 5𝜋 5. 7. sec (− ) − csc ( ) + csc(225°)
3 3 1−cot tan 150°+cot 330° 4 2
2
7𝜋 5𝜋 tan 225°−cot 315° 7𝜋 5𝜋
2. 5 cos tan 4. 6. cot (− ) sin 315° 8. cot 210° + tan (− )
6 3 tan 135° 4 3

D. Sketch the graph of the following circular functions with at least two periods. Determine the amplitude, period, phase
shift, domain, and range for each.
𝜋
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin(𝑥 − 𝜋) + 3 5. 𝑓(𝑤) = tan(𝑤 − 𝜋) + 2 9. 𝑓(𝑏) = sec (− ( + 𝑏))
3
1 𝜋 1
2. 𝑓(𝑡) = sin (−2 (𝑡 + )) − 1 6. 𝑓(𝑦) = − tan ( 𝑦 + 𝜋) − 1 10. 𝑓(𝑐) = 2sec 2(𝜋 − 𝑐)
2 2 2
𝜋 1
3. 𝑓(𝑢) = 3 cos(𝑢 + 𝜋) − 4 7. 𝑓(𝑧) = cot (𝑧 − ) 11. 𝑓(𝑑) = 𝑐𝑠c(𝜋 + 𝑑)
2 2
2 1 3
4. 𝑓(𝑣) = 2 cos ( 𝜋 − 𝑣) + 1 8. 𝑓(𝑎) = −2 cot(−2(𝑎 + 𝜋)) + 3 12. 𝑓(𝑔) = csc(−2π(𝑔 − 1)) + 2
3 3 2

E. Find the domain and range of the following inverse trigonometric functions.
1 𝑥
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 (𝑥 + 1) 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = sec −1 ( ) 9. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan−1 2𝑥 − 1
2 4
1 1 1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 (3𝑥 − 2) − 1 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 sec −1
𝜋(𝑥 − 2) 10. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan−1 (𝜋 + 𝑥) − 2
2 3 2
1 𝑥
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos −1 (2𝑥 − 1) 7. 𝑓(𝑥) = csc −1 ( 𝑥) 11. 𝑓(𝑥) = cot −1 ( )
2 4
2 −1 𝑥 2 −1 −1
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos ( + 2) − 4 8. 𝑓(𝑥) = − csc 2(𝑥 − 𝜋) − 3 12. 𝑓(𝑥) = −3 cot 𝜋(𝑥 − 1)
3 4 3

F. Evaluate the following trigonometric expressions.

𝜋 1 2 3
1. sin−1 (sin ( )) 4. cot (sin−1 ( )) 7. cos (sin−1 ( ) + cos −1 ( ))
6 2 5 5
−1 11𝜋 −1 3 −1 3 −1 2
2. cos (sin (− )) 5. csc (cot ( )) 8. tan (cos ( ) − tan ( ))
6 5 7 7
−1 −1 1 −1 √3 2 1 −1 4
3. sec (tan (√3)) 6. sin (cos ( ) − sin ( )) 9. cot ( tan ( ))
2 2 2 7

G. Find the solution set in a) ℝ and b) the indicated closed interval of the equation.
1. cos 2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = sin2 𝑥 [0, 2𝜋] 4. sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 2 = 0 [0,4𝜋]
2. √2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = 0 [−2𝜋, 0] 5. 2 cos 2 2𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥 = √3(cos 2𝑥 + 1) [−720°, 0°]
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3. csc 2 2𝑥 − 4 = 0 [−𝜋, 𝜋] 6. 2 tan = −√3 (sec 2 − 2 tan2 ) [−180°, 180°]
4 4 4

H. Solve the following problems.

4𝑥𝑦 𝜋
1. If tan 𝜃 = 2 2, where 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0 and − < 𝜃 < 0, find csc 𝜃.
4𝑦 −𝑥 2
5
2. The point 𝐽 (𝑥, ) with an 𝑥-coordinate less than zero lies on the unit circle having the origin as its center. Suppose
7
an angle 𝜃 is in standard position whose terminal side touches the unit circle at 𝐽, find cot 𝜃.
3. Find the exact value of sin 451° + sin 452° + sin 453° + ⋯ + sin 628° + sin 629° + sin 630°.
5
4. If 𝑓(𝑥) = csc 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑚) = , find the exact value of a.) 𝑓(−𝑚), b.) 𝑓(𝑚) + 𝑓(𝑚 + 2𝜋), and c.) 𝑓(−𝑚) + 𝑓(𝑚 + 4𝜋).
4
5. Sketch the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |4 cos 𝑥 + 𝜋|. Find the range.
𝜋 4
6. Find a sine function with an amplitude of 4, period of and phase shift of − .
4 𝜋
3𝜋
7. Solve for 𝑦: cot −1 (𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 3) = − .
4
8. If 𝑥 = 2 cos −1 𝜃, express cos 2𝑥 in terms of 𝜃.
4
9. Find the domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥) = .
(sin 4𝑥+cos 4𝑥) (sin 4𝑥−cos 4𝑥)−1
10. Find the height of the flagpole if its horizontal shadow is 60 meters when the angle of elevation of the sun is 35°.
11. An artwork 4 feet high is hanged on a wall so that its base is 4 feet off the ground. If a spotlight is on the ground 𝑥
feet from the wall and 𝜃 is the radian measure of the angle subtended by the artwork at the spotlight, express 𝜃 in
terms of 𝑥.
12. A tourist rides on a Ferris wheel. His distance from the ground after t seconds, in feet, is given by 𝑓(𝑡) = 65 +
𝜋 𝜋
60 sin ( 𝑡 − ). a) Find the initial distance of the rider from the ground. b) Find the time at which the rider reaches
20 2
its maximum distance from the ground. c) How long does it take for the wheel to make 10 complete revolutions?

PRECALCULUS jctleonor