Vietnam National University

International University - HCMC

Name: Trần Đắc Khanh

ID: BTBCIU16080
Submit date: January 26, 2019
ASSIGNMENT
Describe 10 edible mushroom species found in Vietnam.

1. Jew’s ear

Science name: Auricularia auricula-judae

a. Morphology
Jew’s ear is a species of edible Auriculariales fungus found worldwide. It is distinctively shaped, typically
being reminiscent of a floppy ear, though the fruit bodies can also be cup-shaped. It is normally attached to the
substrate laterally and sometimes by a very short stalk. The species has a tough, gelatinous, elastic texture when
fresh, but it dries hard and brittle.
The outer surface is a bright reddish-tan-brown with a purplish hint, often covered in tiny, downy hairs of a
grey color. It can be smooth, as is typical of younger specimens, or undulating with folds and wrinkles. The
color becomes darker with age.
The inner surface is a lighter grey-brown in color and smooth.
b. Distribution and cultivation
Appearing on the wood of hardwoods or conifers, especially after rains or in wet conditions. It grows mainly
on dead elder trees and on fallen branches, but occasionally you may also find it growing on other kinds of
hardwood.
Jew’s ear can be found in everywhere in Vietnam since the humid climate of Vietnam is suitable for its
grow.
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The mushroom can be produced on basically a sawdust substrate of a variety of woods in plastic bag culture.

2. Oyster mushroom
Science name: Pleurotus ostreatus
a. Morphology
The mushroom has a broad, fan or
oyster-shaped cap spanning 5–25 cm;
natural specimens range from white to
gray or tan to dark-brown; the margin
is enrolled when young and smooth
and often somewhat lobed or wavy.
The flesh is white, firm, and varies in
thickness due to stipe arrangement.
The gills of the mushroom are white to
cream, descend on the stalk if present.
If so, the stipe is off-center with a
lateral attachment to wood. The spore
print of the mushroom is white to
lilac-gray, and best viewed on dark background. The mushroom's stipe is often absent. When present, it is short
and thick.
b. Distribution and cultivation
They often grow wild on woody stems, grows alone or grows superimposed. Pleurotus fungi are found in
both tropical and temperate climates throughout the world. In Vietnam, Oyster mushroom can be found in many
places, from North East area to East area.
Oyster mushrooms can easily be grown in a variety of locations and on many different substrates including
straw, coffee grounds, and more.

3. Chinese black mushroom

Science name: Lentinula edodes

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International University - HCMC

a. Morphology
It is shaped like an umbrella, 4-10 cm in diameter, light
brown, when ripe turns dark brown. Shiitake has a leg attached
to the middle of the mushroom ear. The face of the mushroom
ear is brown, the underside has many thin sheets folded. On the
surface of the mushroom has small white scales. White
mushrooms, cylindrical stalks.
Mushrooms grow parasites on plants with large leaves and
change leaves every season such as chestnut, oak, maple.
b. Distribution and cultivation
Lentinula edodes is a type of mushroom that is native to East
Asia. Currently, mushrooms are widely distributed in Asia.
This mushroom species grows wild in Vietnam, China,
Japan, Korea and Thailand. In the United States, farmers grow
mushrooms at farms. Each log can give parasitic mushrooms 3-
7 years.
In Vietnam, mushrooms grow wild on large woods in
mountainous areas such as Tuyen Quang, Hoa Binh, Thai
Nguyen, Cao Bang ... on the types of chestnut, red chestnut, oak, dog blood ...

Lentinula edodes is a fungus that has a growth and development cycle for a long time, suitable for temperate
climates. In Vietnam, there are only a few localities such as Da Lat, Sa Pa and Tam Dao, which have favorable
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climate conditions for cultivating year-round mushrooms. Some border provinces such as Cao Bang, Ha Giang,
Lang Son and Northern Delta provinces can grow mushroom but the time of mushroom collection is very short
(from 3 to 6 months / year), so the yield is planning will be low.
Lentinula edodes can grow on wood or sawdust.

4. Velvet foot
a. Morphology
This medium-sized mushroom features a 1-7cm wide, convex to flat cap that varies in color from yellowish
brown to dark orange. The cap is smooth and is moist or sticky when fresh. Underneath the cap, the Velvet
Foot sports whitish to yellowish gills that are attached to the central stipe. These gills form close together and
usually dip slightly before they connect to the
stipe. If you let the gills drop their spores onto a
piece of paper, you will end up with a white spore
print.
The common name Velvet Foot comes from
the bottom of the stipe, which is dark brown to
black and is minutely fuzzy. Tiny, white hairs
coat the entire surface of the stipe, giving it a
velvety appearance, like that of the surface of a
peach. The stipe starts out the same color as the
cap, but gradually darkens from the base up.
Cultivated forms of F. velutipes, on the other
hand, have a tiny, white cap at the end of a long,
thin, white stipe. This drastic difference in
morphology can be explained by the fact that
Enokitake is grown in complete darkness. In order to ensure that its spores are dropped into the air rather
than under the ground, the mushrooms grow long and
thin until they find a light source.
b. Distribution and cultivation
It is exploited in the wild and grown in many
tropical and temperate countries around the world.
Although normally found on wood above ground, the
Velvet Foot sometimes decomposes subterranean
wood and may therefore appear to be growing
terrestrially.
It is possible to grow mushrooms with seed bags
containing sawdust or bagasse in low temperature and
humidity.
Science name: Flammulina velutipes

5. Bitter bolete
Science name: Tylopilus felleus

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a. Morphology
Mushroom cap: 5-15 cm wide, the cap is yellow to
light brown. At the young age, the form of apricot is
dew but when mature it becomes smooth. Under the
hat, there are pink spores.
Mushroom stalks: 4-20 cm long, 1-3 cm thick, often
bent. Covered by a coarsely brown layer.
Mushrooms: When young, white or creamy
mushroom mushrooms, the bottom of the hat is pink
due to spores. When the old mushroom is red, dark
brown.

b. Distribution and cultivation

Melaleuca mushrooms only grow after the first rains in Melaleuca forests. The leaves and shells of
melaleuca trees that fall into layers of last season have started to turn into humus, which is the place for
Melaleuca mushroom to grow.
Mushrooms are cherished in soil mulch, after the first season of rain, small round mushrooms with the size
of the little finger start to reach out of the shell and cajuput leaves protect it from last season. Melaleuca
mushrooms start to grow gradually and last for more than months then the season ends.
In Vietnam, the Melaleuca mushroom grows wild on the timber trees in Melaleuca forests in Dong Thap
Muoi, An Giang, Kien Giang and Ca Mau and is a specialty dish of Phu Quoc Island.
This mushroom is a natural mushroom so it is very difficult to cultivate.

6. Straw mushroom
a. Morphology
Straw mushroom or straw hat mushroom is a species of mushroom in the large mushroom family growing
and developing from the straw. Mushrooms include many different species, have different shape characteristics
such as white, gray, dark gray ... size of "mushroom" diameter is big and small depending on the type.
The structure of a fruiting body of mushrooms includes:
- Original (volva): Long and tall at small, covering mushroom ears. When the mushroom ears grow, it only
remains the part covering the base of the stem of the mushroom stalk, the mushroom is the mushroom mycelium
system containing the melanin pigment, creating the black color at the base. Lightness depends on light. The
more light the original, the darker the bag.
- Mushroom stalk: A bundle of spongy fibers, arranged in a concentric circle. When young, soft and crunchy.
But when old hard and hard to break.
- Mushroom hat: The cone also has melanin, but fades from the center to the edge.