Methods of random wibration for inelastic structures

Y K Wen
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL

Structures often become nonlinear and inelastic under severe lateral force pro-
duced by natural hazards such as earthquakes, severe winds and waves. The
restoring force of the structures under such load may become hysteretic and
deteriorate in strength or stiffness, or both. This paper gives an overview of the
major developments in the modeling and response analysis of inelastic structures
under random excitation. It includes: (1) modeling of the hereditary behavior of
inelastic system; (2) methods of solution based on semi-empirical approaches,
Fokker-Planck equation, and equivalent linearization; and (3) applications to
performance and safety evaluation of real structural systems. Limitations of
current methods are mentioned and suggestions of areas for further research are
given.

1. INTRODUCTION equivalent linearization with emphasis on the efficiency and

accuracy of each method and the capability of producing useful
Most dynamic loadings on structures such as those due to response statistics; and (3) applications to performance and
winds, earthquakes, waves, roadway irregularities, jet or rocket safety evaluation of real structural systems. It is intended to be
engines are stochastic in nature and cannot be described by an overview of some of the major developments in this particu-
deterministic functions of time. As a result, the structural lar research area and is, therefore, by no means exhaustive.
response to these loadings is also a random function of time
and needs to be treated as such.
Since the late fifties, research on random vibration of struc-
2. MODELING OF INELASTIC RESTORING FORCE
tures and structural systems has made great progress. Some of
the research results have been successfully applied in design, eg, The hereditary nature of the restoring force of an inelastic
the gust response factor approach used in most modern build- system indicates that the force can no longer be described by an
ing codes for wind load. Most of the applications, however, algebraic function of the instantaneous displacement and veloc-
have been limited to the case that the structural response stays ity. Various hysteretic restoring force models have been devel-
within the linear-elastic range. The obvious reason is that for oped in recent years. Most of these models reproduce well the
such systems the structural restoring force is easy to model and behavior of the inelastic systems and are easy to use. Some of
the response statistics can be obtained by well-developed linear the models have also been extended and applied to continuous
random vibration methods. systems. One should not expect, however, these models to
To study the performance and safety of structures under reproduce in every detail the actual material and structural
severe loads, eg, against damage and collapse, however, the response behavior. It is well known that such behavior is
inelastic response behavior needs to be taken into considera- extremely complex and cannot be fully explained, for example,
tion. It is well known that when the structure becomes inelastic, by the plasticity or endochronic theories. These models greatly
the restoring force is highly nonlinear and hysteretic. It depends facilitate the solution procedure and enable researchers to study
on the time history of the response and may deteriorate in real structural systems of considerable complexity.
strength or stiffness, or both, when the oscillation progresses for
an extended period of time. The modeling of the restoring force
and the response analysis of the inelastic structure under ran- 2.1. Bilinear and Ramberg- Osgood model
dom excitation is, therefore, a difficult and challenging problem.
Recently, there has been significant progress in this area both in Until recently the most commonly used models for inelastic
methodology development and applications to realistic engi- systems are bilinear systems (including the well-known elasto-
neering problems. The purpose of this paper is to give a review plastic system) and Ramberg-Osgood systems. The former gives
of this recent development and suggest areas for further re- a simplified hysteresis which is easy to use and can be physi-
search. The review includes: (1) a method of modeling the cally represented by a combined spring and Coulomb damper
hereditary behavior of inelastic systems under uniaxial and system shown in Fig. 1. Although this simple model allows
biaxial loads; (2) methods of solution including those based on convenient analytical treatment, it is somewhat limited in repre-
semiempirical approaches, the Fokker-Planck equation, and senting real physical systems because of the difficulty in incor-
porating the deterioration which occurs in most structural sys-
tems. Also, the transition from the elastic to the plastic region is
'Transmitted by Professor Isaac Elishakofl'. not smooth contrary to what is normally found in most struc-

Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 2, Feb 1989 39 © Copyright 1989 American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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 40 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 2, Feb 1989

(a) (b)

FIG. 1. (a) Coulomb damper model; (b) bilinear system (after

Ref 17).
(a)

X+X 0 P-t-fJ, /P+PQ

-3 , - j j r - + C C ( , - ^

__———f"~""
o f -—————
' " s^/
o

X-xo P-Po /P-Po\r

-//
Zy/ / Deflect ion
2X y 2Py + t t
\ EPy ' y.
/>"
FIG. 2. Ramberg Osgood system (Ref 21).
LS

tural systems. The response of bilinear systems under random

excitation has been investigated extensively.
The Ramberg-Osgood model (eg, Jennings, 1964) describes
the force displacement skeleton curve by a three-parameter (b)
polynomial (Fig. 2), and allows a smooth transition from the
elastic to the plastic region and some freedom in the shape of FIG. 3. (a) Clough and (b) Takeda hysteresis (Refs 11 and 41).
the hysteresis. However, as in the case of bilinear system, it is
difficult to include deterioration in the model. A distributed-ele-
ment model which is an extension of the combined spring restoring force by
Coulomb damper concept has been proposed by Iwan (1966)
where the smooth transition can be properly reproduced. Mod- Q(x,x,t)=g(x,x)+h(x), (1)
els proposed by Takeda et al (1976), Clough and Johnston where g is an nonhysteretic component, an algebraic function
(1966) (Fig. 3), and others in essence extend the bilinear system of the instantaneous displacement x and velocity x, and h is
to include deterioration by using a set of empirical rules. These the hysteretic component, a function of the time history of x.
rules are suitable for a time history analysis of the response by For a system with a hnear preyielding restoring force and linear
means of a step-by-step numerical integration, but are difficult viscous damping, g and h can be given by
to put in mathematically convenient forms for analytical solu-
tion. g = ex + akx, h = (\-a)kz, (2)
where k is the preyielding stiffness, a is the ratio of post-yield-
ing to preyielding stiffness, and z is described by the nonlinear
differential equation
2.2. Differential equation models
i = (l/v)[Ax - v(p\x\ \z\»~lz - yx\z\")}. (3)
To include the time history dependent nature of the restor-
ing force, recent efforts have been placed on introducing addi- Parameters A, /3, y, rj, v, and n govern the amplitude, the
tional state variables and modeling the force-displacement shape of the hysteretic loop, and the smoothness of transition
relationship by nonlinear differential equations. These models from the elastic to the inelastic region. Different choices of
are still phenomenological in nature; however, they are gener- parameters give various softening and hardening systems.
ally given in mathematically explicit form so that the analytical The model in essence implies that the rate of increase of the
solution of the response may be obtained. restoring force depends on the state of the system (in terms of x
2.2.1. Smooth system and z) as well as whether it is in a loading or unloading stage
A smooth hysteretic restoring force model was first proposed (due to the absolute value sign), somewhat analogous to the
by Bouc (1967) and later generalized by Wen (1976), Baber and constitutive equations in plasticity theory. Note that for a given
Wen (1981), Park, Wen, and Ang (1986), and others. For time history of the displacement the restoring force is com-
example, if the system is nearly elasto-plastic with a post-yield- pletely specified by the differential equation; ie, no empirical
ing stiffness, one can introduce a state variable z and model the rules or additional conditions on the response variables are

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 Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no. 2, Feb 1989 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures 41

Iwan et al (1987) introduced a state variable z representing the

drift wliich is governed by the nonhnear differential equations
x for \x - z\ = 7 and x(x - z) > 0,
(5)
0 otherwise,
where x is the total displacement and Y is the yield displace-
ment. Note that the model essentially expresses the elasto-plas-
tic hysteresis rule in a mathematical form. Since the domain
over which the differential equation is defined is rather in-
volved, there does not appear to be any obvious advantages as
far as finding the analytical solution of the response is con-
cerned.
2.2.3, System degradation
Degradation can be introduced in the system by either
prescribing the parameters of the system to be functions of the
severity of the response or by introducing additional state
variables which satisfy still another set of nonlinear differential
equations.
For example, both stiffness and strength degradation can be
introduced in the smooth hysteresis model by prescribing A in
Eq (3) as a decreasing function of hysteretic energy dissipation
c(r). which is a measure of the cumulative effect of severe
response and repeated oscillations (Baber and Wen, 1981):
A(t)=A0-8AtT(t), (6)
where 8A is the deterioration rate and

(T(t) = (1 - a)k\ Z(T)X(T) dr. (7)

Examples of such degrading systems are shown in Fig. 5.

Similarly, strength or stiffness degradation can be introduced
by requiring 7) or v to be an increasing function of €T(t). Also,
FIG. 4. Smooth hysteretic system under: (a) transient oscillation one can make the system coefficient dependent on the response
(y = p = 0.5, rj = v = A = n = 1); (b) steady state oscillation (i\ = v = A amplitude (Sues, Wen, and Ang, 1985).
= n = 1, ft + y > y - P > 0 on the left, and /? + y = 0, y - /? < 0 on the Alternatively, a stiffness degrading model of the type of
right). Clough and Johnston (1966) shown in Fig. 3 can be described
by the following differential equations (Suzuki and Minai, 1987):
+
necessary. This feature of the model makes it attractive in z = xU(z){A U(x)[l- U(z-l)] + U(-x)}
application to engineering systems. Some hystereses under + xU(-z){A-U(-x)[l- U(-z-l) + U(x)}, (8)
steady state and transient oscillations according to this model
are shown in Fig. 4. Since the model generally gives a smooth where
hysteresis, it is therefore referred to as smooth hysteresis model. l-z l+z
Baber and Noori (1984) added a "slip-lock" element in A + =- A~=-
1 1 + u' + x
tandem with the hysteretic force element and were able to
reproduce the commonly observed pinching of the hysteresis
loop because of damage to the system.
It is pointed out that when the loading fluctuates in such a
manner that the displacement is cyclic but does not change
sign, this model has a tendency to give some artificial drift. This
problem can be corrected by adding more terms to the govern-
ing equation (Casciati, 1987), and it is not a particularly impor-
tant factor when the system is under random excitation.
2.2.2. Bilinear and multilinear model
A bilinear system can be given by requiring that z satisfy
(eg, Suzuki and Minai, 1987)
i = x [ l - U(x)U(z~-l)~~ U(-x)U(-z-l)], (4)
where U(x) denotes the unit step function, ie, U(x) = + 1 for
x > 0 and 0 for x < 0. Similarly, by introducing additional state
variables one can describe the hysteresis of a higher-order
multilinear model.
In studying the response of an inelastic system, the drift of
the system is usually an important factor since large drift can
lead to an unstable system. In an effort to separate the drift
component from the elastic part in an elasto-plastic system, FIG. 5. Degrading smooth system (Ref 2).

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 42 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 2, Feb 1989

and u+ and iC are the additional state variables which are the hysteretic components in the two directions, ie zx and z.,
maximum response in the positive and negative directions, satisfy the following coupled differential equations (Park, Wen,
respectively. u + and u~ satisfy the following additional differ- and Ang, 1986):
ential equations:
zx = Aux — $\iixzx\zx — yuxzx — fi\iiyzv\zx — yuvzxzv,
u+=xU(x)U(z~-l), (10)
z =Au ~ P\u z \z - yu zj - P\itxzx\z - yuxzxz ,
u~= -xU(-x)U(-z-l). (9)
The model can be further generalized to reproduce the Takeda where ux and ur are, respectively, the displacements in the x
type hysteresis by introducing additional system parameters and y directions. A, fi, and y as in Eq (3) are system parame-
(Suzuki and Minai, 1987). ters. The above equations give an isotropic hysteretic restoring
2.2.4. Biaxial interaction force. It can be easily demonstrated that both equations reduce
For two-dimensional structures under biaxial excitations, the to the form of Eq (3) for the case of uniaxial loading along the
interaction of the restoring forces in the two directions may arbitrary direction. For an orthotropic system whose stiffness
significantly alter the response behavior. For example, the dam- and strength in the two directions are different, one can intro-
age suffered from oscillations in one direction is likely to duce a simple transformation (scaring) of the response variables
weaken the strength and/or stiffness in the other direction and and still use the same equations (Park, Wen, and Ang, 1986). As
vice versa. The restoring force model given in Eq (3) has been in the uniaxial model, deterioration can be introduced by letting
extended to include such interaction by requiring that the parameters A, ft, and y be functions of time depending on the

- 3 - 2 - 1 O 1 2 - 3 - 2 - 1 O 1 2
DISPLACEMENT UX(T) DISPLACEMENT UX(T)

- 3 - 2 - 1 O 1 2
DISPLACEMENT UY(T) - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2
DISPLACEMENT UY(T)

(a) (b)

FIG. 6. Nondegrading biaxial smooth hysteretic restoring force: (a) diamond displacement path; (b) square displacement path
(Ref 47).

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 Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no. 2, Feb 1989 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures 43

or
o
x -400 -

-160 -120 -80 -40 0 40 120 160

•160 -120 -40 0 40 120 160 X OISPL. (mm)
X OlSPl.(mm)

Z 400 -

10
U
a.
o

• eoo

-160 -120 •40 0 40

-160 -120 -40 0 40 120 160
Y DlSPU. (mm)
Y DlSPU.(mm)

FIG. 7. Force-displacement relationship of analytical model by Powell and Chen (1986); ( ) hinge model; (—) fiber model.

severity of the response, eg, maximum response amplitude or both uniaxial and biaxial models (Sues et al, 1988; Wen and
hysteretic energy dissipation given by Ang, 1987). Other methods such as those based on an extended
Kalman filter method have been applied to the smooth hys-
iT0)=f^Ar)uAr)+zy(r)K(r)]dr (11) teretic restoring force with success (Hoshiya and Maruyama,
1987). Methods for estimating the system parameters of the
or both. distributed element model and the Masing models were pro-
The accuracy and capability of this method of modeling is posed by Peng and Iwan (1987) and Jayakumar and Beck
indicated by comparisons of the force-displacement relation- (1987). The general theoretical aspects of the estimation of
ship with those based on plasticity theory and experimental hysteretic systems have been reviewed by Minai and Suzuki
studies. Figures 6 and 7 show the nondegrading system accord- (1987).
ing to Eq (10) under different displacement paths and the
corresponding analytical solutions by Powell and Chen (1986)
based on plasticity theory. The agreements are surprisingly 3. METHOD OF SOLUTION UNDER
good considering the generally complicated biaxial inelastic RANDOM EXCITATION
stress-strain relationship and the simple and explicit nature of
the model [Eq (10)]. Figure 8 shows the experimental results of The hereditary behavior of the restoring force of the inelastic
an RC column under biaxial load (Takizawa and Aoyama, system makes analytical solution of the response extremely
1976) and the corresponding degrading system based on the difficult. Approximations are almost always necessary. The re-
model. cent progress in this area is summarized as follows.
The smooth system has been extended to continuous (plain
strain) systems by Mochio, Samaras, and Shinozuka (1985).
3.1. K - B approximation for bilinear systems
Park (1988) extended the biaxial smooth system model to
describe the two-dimensional stress-strain relationship in an Random vibration of an inelastic system was first investi-
analytical model for shear walls in a building. gated by Caughey (1960) in the context of a bilinear system
2.2.5. System parameter identification under white noise excitation. The response is assumed to have a
To properly model the restoring force of actual structures, slowly varying amplitude and phase and is averaged over one
the force parameters need to be determined from test or field cycle of oscillation according to the hysteresis of the bilinear
data; therefore, an estimation procedure is required for this system. The amplitude is then assumed to follow a Raleigh
purpose. A simple technique based on a least square error distribution and the response statistics are obtained from an
minimization has been developed for the smooth hysteretic equivalent linearization procedure. The equivalent linear system
models given in Eqs (3) and (10) with encouraging results for parameters, ie, the damping and the stiffness coefficients, are

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 44 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 2, Feb 1989

A^\
X-Dlrecllon X-Dlrocllon

i¥~y
\ \\ /
• V___——-~-~~"^

-1.6 -1.6
u (cm) u (cm)

(Test:) (Model)

c
2 ,
Y-Dlractlo(\

m
^
Y-Olractlon

:v£U
r / /
•

1.9 JO «.0 J.0

u (cm) u (om)
(Test) (Model)

(a) (b)
FIG. 8. Comparison of test (after Takizawa and Aoyama, 1976) and model results.

given in integral forms. The counteracting effect of loss of 3.2. Semiempirical method for elastic-plastic systems
stiffness and increase in damping due to hysteresis in an inelas-
tic system was clearly demonstrated. For a truly elasto-plastic system [eg, a = 0 in Eq (2)] under
stationary random excitation, once the yield level is reached,
The slowly varying parameter Krylov-Bogoliubov (K-B)
there is no additional restoring force present in the system to
method, however, implies that the response undergoes displace-
resist further displacement. The response can drift with time
ment reversals in each cycle of oscillation which is certainly not
and increase without bound. This plastic drift or permanent
the case for inelastic systems, which are known to have a
set was investigated by Karnopp and Scharton (1966) and
tendency to drift under random excitation. Iwan and Lutes
Vanmarcke (1976). Their studies were based on a physical
(1968) used electronic-analog techniques to simulate the ran-
observation of the transfer of the kinetic energy of the linear
dom response of bilinear systems. Their results indeed showed
system at the yield threshold to plastic deformation and simula-
that the K - B technique gives good results for systems with
tion results of such systems under the excitation of white noise
small to moderate nonlinearity but may significantly underesti-
or filtered white noise. Assuming that the total plastic deforma-
mate the rms response for nearly elasto-plastic systems. It is
tion D(t), at a given time /, is an cumulation of plastic
shown that for such systems and excitation of certain intensity
deformation increments resulting from yield-level crossings by
the response process is quite wide band which explains why the
the linear system, Vanmarcke showed that D(t) has a zero
K - B technique, essentially a narrow-band assumption, would
mean and a variance which increases linearly with time. The
not work well. They also showed the shifting of the apparent
variance is given by
frequency and the change in the spectral density function of the
yielding systems with the excitation level and the noticeable
non-Gaussian nature of the response. Var[ £>(/)] =2atS2 (12)

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 Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no. 2, Feb 1989 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures 45

where a is the yield level clump uncrossing rate of the corre- hysteretic model, however, allows such linearization to be per-
sponding linear system and 8 is the average amount of inelastic formed in closed form without recourse to the K-B technique,
deformation resulting from a single crossing of the yield level as has been shown by Wen (1980) and Baber and Wen (1981).
and is approximately equal to a2/2Y, where ax is the mean This greatly facilitates the applicability of the linearization
square response of the linear system and Y is the yield level. method to multi-degree-of-freedom systems and degrading sys-
The same semiempirical approach to the drift analysis was tems. For example, for a nondegrading SDOF system with a
recently used by Iwan et al (1987). The response was separated storing force given by Eq (3) (n = ij = v = 1) under zero-mean,
into an elastic part and a drift part [Eq (5)]. The model of Gaussian excitation, by assuming the response variables to be
cumulation of plastic deformations was retained; however, eval- also jointed Gaussian, Eq (3) can be linearized as
uation of the increments was based on simulations, a Markov
chain model, and a detailed analysis of the crossings of the i + q i + c2z = 0, (13)
response process at the yield level. The computation involved in where
this recently proposed method is quite extensive. The results
compared very well with simulations, including the prediction 'l/^[yE(xz)/ai + Ra:] -A, (14)
of the drift in the system even when the excitation has a BE(xz)/az], (15)
spectral density function which vanishes as the frequency goes
2 1/2 2 1 2
to zero. This is the situation for which the analysis based on tT< = [ £ ( ; t ) ] , oz = [E(z )} / , and £ [ ] = expected value.
equivalent linearization fails to predict the drift, as will be The extension to multi-degree-of-freedom systems and degrad-
discussed in the following. Figure 9 shows a comparison of the ing systems can be found in Baber and Wen (1981). The
solution based on this method with simulation results for such equation of motion of the system together with Eq (13) forms a
an excitation. Earlier, Grossmayer (1981) proposed a somewhat third-order linear oscillator which allows more freedom in the
similar" procedure for bilinear systems with good results. response than the conventional second-order system. For exam-
ple, it can be shown (Wen, 1988) that, under arbitrary excita-
tion, the response of this third-order system consists of two
3.3. Equivalent linearization method for smooth systems parts: an oscillatory part which corresponds to the convolu-
tional integral of a conventional second-order system, and a
As mentioned in the foregoing, the equivalent linearization nonoscillatory (drift) part which is proportional to the time
method has been used by Caughey for bilinear systems under integration of the forcing function. In other words, if the
white noise excitation. Recent work by Iwan (1973) and Spanos excitation has a steady, nonoscillatory component this drift part
(1978) have laid sound theoretical foundation for the method of the response will be greatly amplified. This preserves to some
for stationary as well as nonstationary analysis. An excellent extent one of the most important properties of an inelastic
literature survey of the method was given by Spanos (1981). For system.
the hysteretic system as indicated in the foregoing a major
For excitation that can be modeled by a filtered Gaussian
difficulty is to perform the linearization in closed form because
shot noise the one-time response variable (displacement, veloc-
of the hereditary behavior of the restoring force. The smooth,
ity, and the hysteretic part of the restoring force) covariance
matrix [S] of the linearized system satisfies the matrix ordinary
differential equation
3.0
— NUMERICAL SIMULATION d[S]
— SIMPLIFIED MODEL (EQH. U ) [G][S]+[S][G]' = [B] (16)
-- LINEARIZATION (THIRD ORDER)
dt
2.0
where [G] is the matrix of structural system (including the
linearization coefficients) and excitation (filter) parameters, /
indicates transpose, and [B] is a matrix of the expected values
1.0
of the product of the response vector and the shot noise
excitation. The stationary solution for a nondeteriorating sys-
tem is obtained by solving Eq (16) with d[S]/dt = 0. As in all
s.. 0.0 equivalent Unearization methods, iteration is generally required
because the Unearization coefficients are functions of the re-
sponse variable statistics. In this regard, the algorithm by
Battels and Stewart (1972) is especially efficient for solution of
the equations of this type. For the nonstationary solution, Eq
(16) can be integrated numerically. Note that, in the above
solution procedure, no additional approximations, such as those
impUed in a K - B technique, have been made other than that in
the equivalent linearization and the Gaussian assumption for
the response variables. Therefore, the solution so obtained is the
best linear approximation of the original nonlinear system
under the circumstances.
0.0 For degrading systems, to keep the analysis tractable, an
0.0 5.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 additional approximation is necessary, ie, A, TJ, and v are
lT
assumed to be slowly varying and can be approximated by their
NORMALIZED DURATION l° mean values fiA, /i , and n„. Therefore, taking expected values
of the time derivatives, for example, of Eq (6), one obtains the
FIG. 9. Transient drift response of elasto-plastic system: (a) w?/w0
:
0.7 and (b) u„/w0 = 1.0, w = ground frequency, co0 = structural nat- time derivative of \xA as a function of the expected energy
ural frequency (Ref 19). ( ) Numerical simulation; (- simpli- dissipation rate, ie, (1 - a)kE[xz]. Since E(xz) is part of the
fied model [Eq (14)]; (---) linearization (third order). solution [S], nA can be updated at each time step to reflect the

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 46 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures Appi Mech Rev vol 42, no 2, Feb 1989

system deterioration. Similarly one can update fi^ and /t„. The
above approximation has been verified by extensive Monte aJD
Carlo simulations (Baber and Wen, 1981). ax/D ay/D
The power spectral density matrix of the response variables or ?o = 0 simulation />
(in the case of the stationary response) can be obtained through
(Jy/D
an eigen analysis of the matrix [G]. For a multi-DOF system,
the response power spectral density matrix is given by (Baber £c = 0.05
and Wen, 1981)

W;v(a>)=0[lW-2]~y^*[/<o/-2]~1V', (17)
D/Y
where Wff = constant excitation power spectral density matrix,
<3> and \j/ are the left and right eigenvector matrices of [G],
I = identity matrix and 2 = the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues, i '

t indicates transpose, and the asterisk indicates complex conju- ass,, analytical
, fj.a
gate. Note that [G] is not a symmetric matrix. Although a * simulation
ajax - m
frequency domain approach is possible through iterative solu- or o.e
tions of Eqs (14), (15), and (17), the computational effort can be ax/axco0 /
extensive, since numerical integration is generally required in - OzJOx \ \ y Ox/OxVQ
each iteration. Therefore, a time domain solution for the system
coefficients first is preferred if the power spectral density is
needed. The statistics of maximum response can be obtained by -
I ""•"-—¥ , , , , . , ,
using currently available approximate procedures, eg, that based
on a Poisson outcrossing assumption. A response quantity that D/Y
is particularly useful for predicting potential structural damage
is the total hysteretic energy dissipation eT(t) of Eq (7). The
1 . ( i
mean value of tr(t) is • •' * - ~ -
- •
exzx - / *
E[eT(t)]=(l-a)kf'E[2(r)x(r)]dT. (18) "
•'o or o.e
Qxzx —
x\ analytical
- A simulation -
~
As E{zx) is part of the solution of [S], E[eT(t)] can be easily B
•

V
evaluated. Evaluation of the variance of eT(t) requires the
solution of the covariance matrix between two time instants.
•
/ \ •

\/
Details of the solution procedure can be found in Pires, Wen, - •

and Ang (1983). i . i < i

10 ~' to ' to '
The method of solution outlined has been also extended to D/Y
the systems under biaxial (Park, Wen, and Ang, 1986) and
torsional (Wen and Yeh, 1988) excitation and 3-D frames FIG. 11. Response of single-mass biaxial smooth system under
(Casciati and Faravelli, 1987). bidirectional excitation (Ref 48). D = excitation intensity, 7 = yield
The accuracy of the method has been found to be generally displacement, p = correlation coefficient, £0 = viscous damping ratio.
very good based on comparison with results from extensive
computer simulations. Figures 10 and 11 show the comparisons
of some of the response variable statistics with those from has been used quite successfully in safety and performance
computer simulations for both uniaxial and biaxial single- as studies of building and structural systems under seismic excita-
well as multi-degree-of-freedom systems. As a result, this method tion. Some details of the applications to damage prediction will
be given in the following.
When the excitation spectral content is such that the power
spectral density function vanishes rapidly as the frequency goes
to zero, however, the method tends to underestimate the dis-
placement response. The error largely depends on the character-
istics of the system restoring force and the excitation in the low
frequency range. This is primarily due to the fact indicated
earlier that the linearized system picks up the drift due to the
nonoscillatory component of the excitation only. It does not
predict well the drift due to the high frequency component of
the excitation (Iwan et al, 1987). This error is negligible when a
low frequency component of the excitation exists and the drift
response to this component dominates, for example, for systems
under earthquake excitation with a Kanai-Tajimi type spectral
density function which is nonzero at zero frequency. On the
other hand, for an earthquake excitation with a power spectral
density which goes to zero at zero frequency, for example,
according to the square of the frequency at low frequencies, the
FIG. 10. Comparison of rms interstory displacement (»,) of a
rms response could be underestimated by 20-30% (Wen, 1988).
four-story building with computer simulation Wg power spectral den- Therefore, caution is necessary for excitations of such character-
sity of the white noise excitation (Ref 2). istics when using this method.

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 Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no. 2, Feb 1989 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures 47

3.4. Markov vector and Fokker-Piank equation method

2rcS„ = 0.6 -St-linmfliital,
As the excitation with a prescribed frequency content can be h =0.01 . 4 1 U T H OBPfK

reasonably modeled by a filtered shot noise, the state variables r =0

of the system (ie, displacement, velocity, and the auxiliary 3f
variable z) can be shown to be a Markov vector process whose
transition probability is governed by the Fokker-Planck equa-
tion. This parabolic-elliptic partial differential equation of the
transition probability, however, is extremely difficult to solve.
\2i-12uO_OBQt8l
Wen (1976) used a method of Hermite polynomial type
series expansion and a weighted residue approximation and was
able to obtain the response statistic and the spectral density 6 t/U 10
function of the smooth hysteretic system. However, due to the
nature of the approximation the investigation is limited to
single-degree-of-freedom systems.
Bergman and Spencer (1985) Spencer and Bergman (1987)
developed a finite element algorithm to solve the
Fokker-Planck-Kolmorogov equation for the smooth system
and obtained the response moment statistics as well as the first 2nS, = 0.6
passage time probability. Again, due to the excessive computa- h =0.01
r =0
tion effort required, only a single-degree-of-freedom system was
considered.
A powerful method which has been under continual develop-
ment for stochastic response analysis is that of stochastic aver-
aging. The central idea is that if the typical structural relaxation
(response) time is much longer than the excitation correlation
time, the excitation in effect acts as independent pulses and the
response of the system can be described in terms of a scalar FIG. 12. rms and probability density ot cumulative plastic deforma-
(usually the energy content of the system), which is approxi- tion as function of time and convergence of series expansion (Ref 40).
mately a one-dimensional Markov process. Therefore, the di-
mension of the problem is greatly reduced and the solution
becomes much more tractable; also, direct probability informa- the displacement and velocity they introduced the maximum
tion can be obtained. The necessary condition for such methods response, cumulative plastic deformation, and low cycle fatigue
to work well is obviously that the excitation should be wide-band damage factor as state variables governed by differential equa-
and the structural system should be narrow-band (having a tions. For example, the maximum displacement i)„,(0 satisfies
small damping or small amount of energy dissipation). Roberts
(1987) recently applied this method to the smooth hysteretic r,m = \x\U(xx)U(\x\-vm), (W)
systems and obtained good results when the foregoing condi- in which U is the unit step function. Equation (4) (bilinear
tions are met. Zhu and Lei (1987) also used this method to systems) or Eqs (8) and (9) (degrading systems), and Eq (19),
study the stationary response of bilinear systems to white noise for example, are the system equations for the state variables.
excitation with encouraging results. For example, they were Under the excitation of a filter shot noise, the multidimensional
able to obtain the joint density function of the displacement state variable is, therefore, a vector Markov process and its
and velocity in closed form, ie, subject to an integration con- transition probability is governed by the Fokker-Planck-
stant and an integral to be determined numerically. Marginal Kolmorogov equation. Since the partial differential equation
densities, moments, and the mean upcrossing rate can be calcu- itself is difficult to solve for a Markov vector of such large
lated by further numerical integrations. The comparisons with dimension, they instead solved for the moments of the re-
simulation results show accuracy is very good. However, as is sponses using the well-known Ito formula. By judiciously choos-
the case in most methods based on the Fokker-Planck- ing a series expansion of the joint probability density function
Kolmorogov equation, the method is suited for analysis of the required in the evaluation of the moments in terms of a product
stationary response of single-degree-of-freedom systems without of normal gamma density and orthogonal polynomials, they
deterioration; beyond that, the analytical and numerical effort obtained ordinary differential equations for the moments which
involved would seem prohibitive. are solved numerically. Comparison of the results with simula-
tions show that the accuracy is excellent. Figure 12 shows the
Cai and Lin (1988) recently proposed a similar approach, in
convergence of the root mean square value of the cumulative
which the original system is replaced by a substitute system
plastic deformation with the number of terms used in the series
belonging to the class of generalized stationary potentials for
expansion and the accuracy of the method compared with
which an exact solution is possible. The replacement criterion is
digital simulation results. For multi-degree-of-freedom systems,
that the statistical averages of the energy dissipations remain
however, the dimension of the series expansion would increase
the same. The method has been shown to be applicable to either
geometrically, and it appears that the analytical and numerical
bilinear or smooth hysteretic systems without the restriction
effort required would be again prohibitive.
that the response be a narrow-band process or the energy
dissipation be small. The accuracy of this method is very good
and the computational effort required is comparable to that in
4. ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
Zhu and Lei (1987).
The most thorough study of inelastic systems using the The application of the foregoing methodologies to actual
Markov vector approach was carried out by Kobori (1985), engineering systems has been limited and largely restricted to
Kobori et al (1985) and Suzuki and Minai (1987). In addition to response and damage studies of buildings and structures under

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 48 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures Appl fvlech Rev vol 42, no 2, Feb 1989

strong motion earthquake excitation. In most studies the smooth where D = damage index (positive values represent different
hysteresis model and the equivalent linearization method were degrees of damage and D > 1.0 represents collapse), 8U =
used. The obvious reason is that actual buildings and structures ultimate deformation under static loadings, Q = yield strength,
generally are complex and need to be treated as multi-degree- ft = nonnegative constant, and Qv, 8U, and ft are parameters of
of-freedom systems. Also, deterioration in such systems occurs structural (or member) capacity against damage and collapse. A
as a rule rather than exception when under severe excitation large set of US and Japanese test data of reinforced concrete
such as those due to earthquakes. This particular method of beams and columns tested to failure was analyzed to determine
analysis is, therefore, most suitable under such circumstances. the value of Qv, Su, and /? and to determine the uncertainty in
The applications include response and damage analysis of the ultimate member capacity in terms of D. The overall
reinforced concrete and masomy structures, soil-structural in- damage index DT of a structure can be evaluated from those of
teraction, and the liquefaction of soil deposits. The validity of the members based on an energy consideration. It reflects the
the analysis method has been verified by comparison of results damage concentration at the weakest part of a building (eg, the
with actual field evidence. first story or top story as frequently observed as well as damage
distribution throughout a building).
In terms of the damage index DT, nine reinforced concrete
4.1. Response and damage study of reinforced concrete and buildings that were moderately or severely damage during the
masonry structures 1971 San Fernando earthquake and the 1978 Miyahiken-Oki
earthquake in Japan were evaluated by Park et al (1985). Figure
Reinforced concrete buildings generally show hysteretic and
13 gives the plans and elevations of these buildings; earthquake
degrading response behavior under severe earthquake excita-
excitation is assumed in the longitudinal direction. In calculat-
tion. Sues et al (1985) applied the methodology to a number of
ing DT by the random vibration method, the best estimated
reinforced concrete buildings that were damaged during recent
intensity and frequency content of the excitation at the site
earthquakes. Since considerable uncertainty exists in the struc-
were used. Figure 14 shows the calculated DT vs the observed
tural system itself, in addition to structural response, they also
damage, which provide a basis for defining the significance of
considered the uncertainty of the structural system parameters
DT values. It is found that the index value D, < 0.4 approxi-
(such as stiffness, damping, and hysteretic force parameters)
mately corresponds to reparable damage, whereas DT > 0.4
and sensitivity of the response to changes in the structural
represents damage beyond repair and DT> 1.0 represents total
parameters. They obtained the sensitivity coefficients (the rate
collapse. A damage limiting design procedure based on the
of change of response statistics with the system parameter)
above consideration has also been proposed by Park et al
required in the analysis by solving the following equation,
(1987).
which can be derived from Eq (16):

d I dS dS dG dS dGT dB
G — + —- S • (20)
Tt\~dp~ dp dp dp dp dp '
(A)
j-TTT-3^"-
where dS/dp is the unknown matrix of the sensitivity coeffi-
cient. The above equations are linear and can be solved easily.
! * isr „ . . .
J-—-, W Direction of Analysis
a,b
Note that typical sensitivity analyses require repeated solutions ' • • • |-4-4—|j
tfct Direction of Pholo, a (orb)
of the original nonlinear system.
The variance due to parameter uncertainty was then com-
bined with that due to random vibration to arrive at the overall ,a,b \
(B) { c )

uncertainty and, hence, probabilities of limit states were reached

given the excitation intensity. For example, the maximum story lb
|_ . . . w
drift was calculated for the Holiday Inn Building in Van Nuys
CA, which is a seven-story reinforced concrete structure that t- S4M -I

sustained extensive nonstructural damage and moderate struc-

tural damage during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The
mean maximum drifts of the first four stories were calculated to
(0)
XL
be 1.59, 1.63, 1.27, and 0.68% of story height, as compared with
0.9, 1.14, 1.48, and 1.50% based on a linear time history analysis
and actual recorded ground motion. The uncertainty analysis
showed that given the excitation intensity, the coefficient of (E) \
(F) ^ ^
variation of the total response ranged between 60 and 80%,
approximately 50-80% of which is contributed by the parame-
ter uncertainties, whereas 10-30% from the random vibration
i_Lu£mii
-71. SM -I
-36.4 M -I
and 10-20% from structural modeling uncertainty. This indi-
cates the importance of uncertainties in the structural parame- m °\ SH)
ters.
Since damage can be caused by repeated stress reversals as
. . r r~
well as high stress excursion, the damage may be realistically -HM 1 \ U 45 M-
to
expressed as a combination of the maximum deformation Sm
and the hysteretic energy dissipation, ie, cT(t) of Eq (18). Such in
an index (Park et al, 1985) for reinforced concrete structures is
given in the following form:

£)=_+. JL -('). (21)

2A* FIG. 13. Plan and elevation of buildings (Ref 29).

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 Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no. 2, Feb 1989 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures 49

Degree of 4.3. Soil™structural problems

Damage Physical Appearance
Soil as a construction material exhibits complicated behavior
Total or Partial Collapse under loading, which can be highly nonlinear and hysteretic.
of Building.
Under earthquake excitation, the potential hazards caused by
Extensive Crashing of soil failure include liquefaction and foundation failure of a
Concrete. Disclosure of
Buckled Reinforcements. structure. To evaluate soil and structural performance under
earthquake loadings, such nonlinear behavior of soil needs to be
MODERATE
Extensive Large Cracks.
Spoiling of Concrete in
I E \
~"" v„
^Maximum D.I.
V0ma|( a L taken into consideration. Chu et al (1984) and Pires et al (1983)
Weaker Elements.
applied the foregoing random vibration method to these classes
Minor Cracks Throughout
Building. Partial Crashing
of problems.
of Concrete in Columns. When the soil that supports the structural system is consid-
Sporadic Occurrence ered as a compliant medium rather than rigid, the soil-structure
SLIGHT of Cracking. interaction needs to be included in the structural response and
0 Q2 0.4 0.6 0.8 I.O
damage analysis. Such consideration is generally advisable for
rigid and massive structures such as a power plant on soft
FIG. 14. Comparison of calculated mean damage index with ob- ground. The restoring force due to foundation movement is
served damage of RC buildings (Ref 29). nonlinear and hysteretic because of (1) the nonlinear stress-
strain relationship of the soil under large-amplitude oscillations
such as during earthquakes and (2) possible separation (uplift-
ing) of the foundation from the soil.
To include the effects of soil-structure interaction, Chu et al
Following a similar procedure, Kwok (1987) studied the
(1984) introduced additional degrees of freedom (translation
damage of masonry buildings under earthquake excitation. Al-
and rotational motions) of the foundation of the structure and
though masonry structures were known to be brittle, it was
used a substructure (for the soil medium) technique shown in
found that energy dissipation is also significant in the damage
Fig. 16. It is well known that the impedance function of the
analysis. The damage analysis was applied to a total of 18
substructure is frequency-dependent. Such characteristics of the
buildings in four cities in China which were damaged during the
restoring force can be accurately modeled by representing the
1975 Haicheng earthquake. The comparison of the calculated
rocking motion as a third-order system and the translation as a
damage index with the observed damage is shown in Fig. 15. It
Voigt-type system shown in Fig. 17. The hysteretic elements
is seen that an index value of 0.3 corresponds approximately to
were described by the differential equation given in Eq (3). The
the borderline between severe and moderate damage, which
Winkler-type foundation was used for restoring force calcula-
may be used as an allowable damage level. A damage limiting
tion with foundation uplifting, and the resultant restoring force
design procedure was also proposed.
also modeled as a smooth hysteretic system shown in Fig. 18,

COLLAPSE

P A R T I A L COLLAPSE

-HHJ3I,
WI2 HP27
HHC8
SEVERE
HHC3
DAMAGE W14 HHJ30
o
D5

HYI9
WI3
MODERATE o
W4 HHJ33
DAMAGE
W2
J2A*.
HHJ29
Y21 HP23
o
MINOR HHCH
DAMAGE m D2
YiO

W18 HHC13
o o
SLIGHT W17
o HHCH
o
DAMAGE W7 W8
o o
Y6 W10
_1_
0.4 06
on
DAMAGE INDEX

FIG. 15. Comparison of calculated mean damage index with observed damage of masonry buildings (Ref 25).

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 50 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures App! Mech Rev vol 42, no 2, Feb 1989

i - 1

A = 1.0 0 = 0.417
n = 0.50 7 - 83.4

320.

Iff '
E
I
en 160. -

0.
//
en
160. -
/
in
CO

320. - -

-480. 1

-.00090 -.00045 -.00000 0.00045 0.00090

FIG. 16. Idealized building-foundation system (Ref 12).
Rotation (radians)
FIG. 18. Restoring moment of foundation including uplifting based
on smooth hysteretic model (Ref 12).
(l-a 8 )z f l k r l

-a x )z x k x
*o(t)

M(t)
-A/VWVW- -H(t)

U_ e ( t )

(a) Translation Motion (b) Rocking Motion

FIG. 17. Substructure Model for Nonlinear Soil Half Space

(Ref. 12) 0.01 O.I 1.0 10 0.01 O.I 1.0 10
Equiv. S t i f f n e s s Ratio X| Equiv. S t i f f n e s s Ratio X|
r =1 r = 5

which is basically a softening system. The superstructures (the FIG. 19. Effect of soil structural interaction and system nonlinear-
building and foundation) were modeled as inelastic structures. ity: ( ) linear system; (• • •) nonlinear structural with linear founda-
Extensive parametric studies were carried out to examine the tion; ( ) nonlinear structure with foundation uplifting; ( — — ) a
nonlinear structure, soil, with foundation uplifting (Ref 12).
effect of soil-structure interaction and the importance of vari-
ous nonlinear effects under random excitations. Typical results
are shown in Fig. 19 where the ratio of the rms displacement of
a coupled system to that of a fixed based system as a function effects were found to be generally small. Details can be found in
of the structure/soil stiffness ratio is shown. Different curves Chu et al (1984).
refer to different combinations of structural and soil model Under cyclic excitation, the shear stress may deteriorate at a
(linear or nonlinear) and whether uplifting is included, r is the fast rate in a saturated sand deposit because of the excess pore
structural height-to-base aspect ratio. It is seen that the pressure rise, resulting in failure of the soil, known as liquefac-
soil-structure interaction may increase or decrease the rms tion. Pires et al (1983) used the smooth hysteretic model and
response depending on the structural height-to-base aspect ra- random vibration method to study the liquefaction of sand
tio. Also, the nonlinearity in the superstructure contributes a deposits during earthquakes in which the random nature of the
dominant role in determining the structural response. Nonlin- seismic ground motions and the nonlinear soil behavior are
earities in the soil material and due to uplifting are relatively properly accounted for. It was assumed that Uquefaction will
unimportant as far as displacement response is concerned. The occur when the excess pore pressure becomes equal to the initial
response of reinforced concrete and steel frame buildings of effective vertical stress, ie, when the sand stiffness has deterio-
various heights designed according to the Uniform Building rated to zero. The excess pore pressure rise is governed by a
Code Specification (1979) were investigated. The interaction differential equation involving the hysteretic energy dissipated

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 Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no. 2, Feb 1989 Wen: Methods of random vibration for inelastic structures 51

and amplitude of the shear stress earthquakes in Nigata in 1964, 1902, and 1887 and in
Hachinohe in 1968. The results are shown in Fig. 20, in which
\-r„X(t)iT(t) Q,r = coefficient of variation of shear stress ratio indicating the
(22)
dt AH (l)cos( 7TrJ2)sm2e~ l(
/
irrjl) variability of the capacities of the sand deposit against liquefac-
tion. It is seen that the probabilities predicted with the analyti-
where ru = the excess pore pressure ratio, e7-(r) = the shear- cal method are consistent with the observed results.
strain energy dissipated given by Eq (7), X(t) = an equivalent
weighing function depending primarily on the stress amplitude,
and AlF(l) is the soil deposit energy dissipation capacity. The 5, SUMMARY AND AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
degradation of the soil system is also a function of /;,.
This review highlights the major developments in the area of
The smooth hysteresis model was shown to give a secant random vibration analyses for inelastic systems and their appli-
shear modulus and equivalent viscous damping ratios as func- cations to real structural systems. The methodology is seen to
tions of shear-strain which agree well with test results. So was have reached a certain degree of maturity that it is capable of
the resultant excess pore pressure rise as a function of cycles of realistically modeling structural hysteresis, degradation, and
loading (Pires et al, 1983). biaxial interaction and giving response statistics that can be
Under random earthquake excitation, the method of equiva- used in assessing structural performance and damage. Compar-
lent linearization gives the mean and standard deviation of the isons with field evidence generally indicate that such a random
energy dissipation. These statistics can be used to calculate vibration method is a viable and useful tool in the study of
reliability against liquefaction. For example, for an earthquake structural reliability under dynamic hazards. The limitations
with given intensity and duration, failure occurs when are; (1) except for those based on the equivalent linearization
AW(l) -AH/<0, (23) technique, most solution procedures are restricted by the com-
T 7
putational effort requirement that they are suitable only for the
where &.W = JOX(T)ZT( ) dr. The statistics of AW are obtained analysis of single-degree-of-freedom systems; and (2) the lin-
from the random vibration analysis, whereas those of Ajl^l) earized systems are deficient in terms of preserving the drift due
can be determined from data on tests carried out under uniform to the high frequency component of the excitation. Therefore,
cyclic stress. The probability of liquefaction can then be calcu- there is an urgent need for further developments alleviating
lated. these limitations. Also, most research is primarily concerned
The probabilities of liquefaction were predicted with the with the development of methodology with little interest in the
proposed method and compared with field evidence for sand demonstration of the practicality of the methods developed.
deposits during several past earthquakes in Japan, namely, More effort in this area is needed as the ultimate goal and the
justification of any engineering investigation is the eventual
application to practical engineering problems.,Lastly, although
efforts have already started on continuous systems, develop-
ment is still in the preliminary stage and much more needs to be
done, in particular, in the area of developing realistic and yet
tractable constitutive equations and efficient discretization
schemes and computational methods.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This study is supported by the National Science Foundation
under Grant CES-861917 monitored by Dr S C Liu. This
support is gratefully acknowledged. Comments of the reviewer
are sincerely appreciated.

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24. Kobori, T, Minai, R, and Suzuki, Y, Stochastic seismic response of 44. Vanmarcke, E H, Structural response to earthquakes, Seismic risk and
hysteretic structures, Bull Disaster Prevention Res Inst 26 (part 1), 1976, engineering decision. Lonmitz and Rosenblueth, Eds, Elsevier. New York,
pp 55-70. 1976.
25. Kwok, Y H, Ang, A-H S, and Wen, Y K, Seismic damage analysis and 45. Wen, Y K, Method for random vibration of hysteretic systems, J Eng
design of unreinforced masonry buildings, Civil engineering studies, SRS Mech Div ASCE I02(EM2), 1976, 249-263.
no 536, University of Illinois, Jun 1987. 46. Wen, Y K, Equivalent linearization for hysteretic systems under random
26. Minai, R, and Suzuki, Y, Stochastic estimates of nonlinear dynamic excitations, J Appl Mech ASME 47(1),1980,150-154.
systeIl1S, Proceedings, US-Japanjoinl seminar Oil stochastic approaches in 47. Wen, Y K, On response of smooth hysteretic systems to low frequency
earthquake engineering, Boca Raton, FL, May 1987, pp 204-230. cxcitation, J Prohabilistic Eng Mech, 1988 submitted.
27. Mochio, T, and Shinozuka, M, Stochastic equivalent linearization in a 48. Wen, Y K, and Ang, A H-S, Inelastic modeling and system identifica-
finite element-based reliability analysis, Proceedings, 4th international tion, Proceedings, structural safety evaluation hosed 011 .\},·stem identifica-
conference on structural safety and reliability, Kobe, Japan, May 1985. tion approaches, International Workshop, Lambrecht, Germany, Ju11987,
28. Park, Y J, Ang, A H-S, and Wen, Y K, Seismic damage analysis of pp 142-160.
reinforced concrete buildings, J Struct Eng ASCE III(4), 1985, 740-757. 49. Wen, Y K, and Yeh, C-H, Bi-Axial and torsional response of inelastic
29. Park, Y J, Ang, A H-S and Wen, Y K, Damage-limiting asiesmic design structures ':Jnder random excitation, Proceedings, .\ymposium on stochas-
of buildings, Earthquake Spectra 3(1), Feb 1987, 1-26. tic struclUral dynamics, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, Oct 1988.
30. Park, Y J, Stochastic formulation of plasticity theory, private communi- 50. Zhu, W-Q, and Lei, Y, Stochastic averaging of energy envelope of
cation, Jun 1987. bilinear hysteretic systems, Proceedings, IUTAM symposium of nonlinear
31. Park, Y J, Wen Y K and Ang A H-S, Two-Dimensioal Random Vibra- stochastic dynamic engineering systems, Innsbruck, Austria, Jun 1987, pp
tion of Hysteretic Structures, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and 381-392.

Dr. Wen received his D Eng Sc in 1971 from Columbia Univer-

sity and since has been on the faculty of the University of Illinois.
He teaches courses on probabilistic concept, structural dynamics
and applied random vibration. His major research interests include
extreme wind effect and risk analysis, nonlinear random vibration,
structural reliability, load combination and safety of structures to
earthquakes, He was recently given the Americall Society of Civil
Engineer's Walter L Huber Research Prize for his contribution in
the areas of structural safety and random vibration and the
Moisseiff Award for a paper on load combination. He is active in
committees of national and international societies (ASCE, AAM,
ANSI, EERI, NRC, RILEM, IASSAR) and has served as con-
sultant to industry. He is 011 the editorial boards of several
national and international technical journals.

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