LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 1 – 3

Name: _________________________________________ Section: ____________ Score: ________

UCSP
Subject: ________________ Joe Vincent DS. Dela Cruz
Teacher: ________________________________ Date: _______________

Activity Title

Starting Points for the Understanding of Culture, Society and Politics

References: Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/57e9ef860f4e3b3125000044/curriculum

Learning Targets

 Acknowledges human cultural variation, social differences, social changes and political
identities.
 Adopts an open and critical attitude towards different social, political and cultural
phenomena through observation and reflection.

Learning Concepts

What is social science?

Social science is, in its broadest sense, the study of society and the manner in which people behave
and influence the world around us.

Social science tells us about the world beyond our immediate experience, and can help explain how
our own society works - from the causes of unemployment or what helps economic growth, to how
and why people vote, or what makes people happy. It provides vital information for governments
and policymakers, local authorities, non-governmental organizations and others.

Cultural Variations and Social Differences

Gender and Gender Roles

People play different roles in society depending on age and occupation. There are jobs that require
a specific gender to perform tasks while other jobs are open to both men and women.

Gender
 Gender refers to social, cultural, and psychological characteristics or traits related to males
and females based on certain social contexts.

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  It is different from sex, which refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish a male from
a female.
 Thus, sex makes a person male or female, while gender makes a person masculine or feminine.

Gender Roles

 Gender roles refer to attitudes and behaviors that the society expects a person to exhibit
based on his or her sex.
 For example, in traditional Philippine society, women are expected to be plain housewives
and take care of their children, while men are expected to be professionals and provide the
needs of their family.
 Another example is that society expects women to be more emotional and sensitive while
men are expected to be strong and capable of doing things that women cannot do.

Gender Roles in Pre-colonial Philippine Society

In pre-colonial Philippines, males and females enjoyed the same rights and privileges. Different social
functions were assigned to different members of society. There were functions that were specifically
given to males,
females, or both.

Aside from being a priestess, the babaylan was also considered a healer, an adviser, and a seer.

Gender Roles in Philippine Society during the Colonial Period

Gender roles during the colonial period changed drastically. Women were restrained from other
activities outside their homes, while men were given more social functions. This role also changed as
the Philippines was occupied by new colonizers.

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  With the coming of the Spaniards and the introduction of Catholicism, the babaylan lost their
role in the religious life of the community. This role was taken over by Catholic priests. Women
were relegated to doing household chores and taking care of children. More often than not,
young women were not sent to school but instead trained to be good wives and mothers for
their future families. Some women were also forced to marry for economic and political gain.
 During the American period, women had more freedom in society. They were allowed to
study and work in any field they wanted. They also adopted American values. Men and
women became equal in the sense that it became acceptable for both genders to have jobs
and be educated.
 Although men and women were able to maintain their status in society during
the Japanese period, women were usually kept inside their houses to protect them from
abusive Japanese soldiers. Men also became busy defending the country, with most of them
serving as soldiers.

Gender Roles in Current Philippine Society

At present, Philippine society is more open to allowing both men and women to perform different
tasks not based solely on gender, but on an individual’s capabilities and strengths. For example, fields
like engineering, architecture, and medicine, which are often associated with men, have long been
open to women. Likewise, there are also lots of male teachers, nurses,chefs, and hairdressers
nowadays.

Philippine society can be categorized into various socioeconomic classes. During prehistoric times,
our ancestors developed a society where people were assigned with different social functions.
However, as society changed, differences in societal functions became wider and more diverse.

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Socioeconomic Classes during the Pre-Colonial Period
Prior to the coming of the Spaniards, the community was called a barangay. It was headed by
a datu or rajah. Our ancestors were divided into three different groups-−maharlika, timawa,
and alipin.

Maharlika (Leaders and Royals)

 first social class

 composed of community leaders (datu) and their families
 also called the group of the maginoo, raha, or gat

Timawa (Freemen)

 second or “middle” social class

 composed of all freemen living in the barangay
 consisted of workers, warriors, merchants, and others who were not under debt bondage
 had their own properties such as houses and pieces of land to cultivate

Alipin (Slaves)

 third class
 served another person or family as payment for debt
 became slaves when their families lost to a war with another
 were not bound to their masters for life
 could go back to their previous status as soon as they pay off their debts, or if they marry
a maharlika, who will then pay for their debt
 had two kinds-−aliping saguiguilid and aliping namamahay

Aliping Namamahay

 had their own properties such as houses or pieces of land

 often from the timawa class and became slaves because of debt or as punishment for a
wrongdoing
 could go back to being part of the timawa class once they pay off their debt

Aliping saguiguilid

 did not have the right to own any property

 often came from a family of slaves or were captives in war
 could also be sold or exchanged for goods or other slaves

Socioeconomic Classes during the Spanish Colonial Period

Upon the coming of the Spaniards, Philippine society changed and a new set of socioeconomic
classes was created. During this period, the people were divided based on their ancestry—
peninsulares, insulares, mestizo, and indio.

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 Peninsulares

 Spaniards in the Philippines who were born in Spain

 came from the word “peninsula,” which was in direct reference to the Spanish peninsula

Insulares

 Spaniards who were of Spanish descent but were born in the Philippines
 came from the word “insular,” which means "from the islands"

Mestizos

 those of mixed ancestry

 usually children of Spanish and Chinese couples or of Spanish and indio couples
 had economic and political power because of their mixed heritage

Indios

 consisted of the natives

 the lowest class in society
 were stripped of their rights and freedom
 were forced to bow down to Spanish colonizers

This kind of system lasted for hundreds of years, until the time when some insulares and mestizos were
able to gain some form of power. In the 19th century, the so-called “middle class” emerged—
the principalia and the ilustrados.

Principalia

 consisted of native leaders in the government and their families

 were often educated and served as gobernadorcillo (town mayor) or cabeza de
barangay (barangay leader)

Ilustrados

 the children of the principalia who usually studied in Europe

 consisted mostly of the popular artists and scholars of the period, including Jose Rizal

Modern Socioeconomic Classes

Socioeconomic classes changed when the Philippines gained independence from Spain. The
Americans introduced democracy and did not impose any form of socioeconomic class in the
country.

At present, a person’s position in society is based mainly on his or her family’s economic status. Social
stratification or the division of society based on occupation, income, wealth, or power is simpler at
present than in the past.

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In 1987, the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) divided the population into high-income,
middle-income, and low-income classes.

High-income Class

 people earning an average of PhP 200,000 per month

 the “rich” class that accounts for merely one percent of the country’s total population

Middle-income Class

 people earning an average of PhP 36,000 per month

 consists of professionals and small-scale entrepreneurs

Low-income Class

 people earning less than PhP 10,000 per month

 consists of laborers and minimum wage earners

Social Mobility
Unlike in other societies where persons born into a specific class have no choice but to die as part of
the same class, people in the Philippines usually have the opportunity to transfer from a lower
socioeconomic class to a higher one.

This process, called social mobility, is:

 the movement of people or families within or between different levels in society, and
 the opportunity to transfer from a lower socioeconomic class to a higher one possibly through
education or marriage.

Ethnicity and Race

Every society consists of people from different families, ethnic groups, and races. This makes society
very diverse and unique.

Ethnicity

 Ethnicity refers to a group of people, also called the ethnic group, who have a common or
shared culture, language, history, religion, and tradition.
 Here, people are divided into groups based on different social factors.

Examples: Filipinos, Malays, Anglo-Saxons, and Muslims.

Race

 Race refers to a group of people that shares the same physical attributes, such as skin color,
height, and facial features.
 People are grouped into different races based on their physical appearance.
 Human beings are classified into three major races-−Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid.

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  These classifications are based on the color of the skin, the shape of the face and eyes,
texture of the hair, and other prominent physical features.

Two people belonging to the same race may be part of different ethnic groups. For example, Asians
belong to the Mongoloid race but consists of different ethnic groups like the Japanese, the Chinese,
and the Malays. They all share the same physical features but have different cultures, histories, and
languages.

Ethnolinguistic Groups in the Philippines

There are more than 180 ethnic or ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines, which are based on the
language each group uses.

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  There are eight major ethnolinguistic groups in the country:
1. Ilokano,
2. Kapampangan,
3. Pangasinense,
4. Tagalog,
5. Bikolano,
6. Ilonggo,
7. Cebuano, and
8. Waray

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  Other smaller ethnolinguistic groups are
the Ibanag, Ivatan, Sambal, Subanon, Maguindanaoan, and Zamboangueño.

There are also indigenous groups in the country that may belong to the same ethnolingguistic groups,
but have different cultures or traditions. Some of them are the Mangyans of Mindoro, the Igorots of
the Mountain Province, and the Moros of Mindanao.

Issues about Race and Ethnicity

Ethnicity and race are categories that divide people based on their social affinities or physical
similarities. However, differences in ethnicity and race make some people believe that one ethnic
group is superior than others. This belief creates discrimination and prejudice against people from
minorities who are perceived to be of “inferior” ethnicity or race.

There are different types of discrimination against one’s ethnicity or race.

Racism

 Racism is discrimination or prejudice based on one’s race.

 In the 1970s, white Americans (Caucasoids) discriminated black Americans (Negroids) who
were descendants of immigrants from African countries.

Ethnocentricism

 Ethnocentrism is discrimination or prejudice based on one’s culture.

 Recently, Muslim extremists discriminate Christians and non-Muslims in Muslim countries
because of their religion.
 In the Philippines, Muslims experience prejudice and discrimination in Christian-dominated
regions like Metro Manila. Because of the ongoing conflict in Mindanao between the
government and Islamic militants, Christians tend to think that all Muslims are terrorists.
 On the other hand, some Christians and ethnic groups are discriminated and prejudiced
against in Muslim-dominated areas.

Discrimination against one’s race or culture may cause crimes against it.

Genocide

 Genocide is the elimination of a group of people from the same race, ethnic group, religion,
or nation.
 It is an extreme action against people from another ethnicity or race.
 The Holocaust during the World War II, executed by the Nazis of Germany led by Adolf Hitler,
killed millions of Jews all over Europe.

Ethnic cleansing

 Ethnic cleansing is the harassment, rape, or forced migration of an ethnic group to banish
them from a certain area or territory.
 This happens in certain areas in Africa.

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Religion as a Cultural Variation
 We live in a world with varying and diverse cultures.
 Cultural variation or differences take many forms within and among societies, one of which is
religion.
 Religion can be defined as a set of practices and behaviors that relate to a group of people's
belief in a god or a group of gods.
 Sociologists studying religion consider it a part of society's culture.
 In most cases, religion not only affects a person's belief, but one's way of life.

Variety of Religion
 There are many religions around the world.
 Among the major religions in the world are Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Taoism,
and Buddhism.
 Each of these religions has its own set of beliefs and practices that must be followed by its
believers.
 In a society, several religions may exist, and since religion affects an individual’s way of life, we
can observe cultural variations in the form of different religions.

Religion in the Philippines

 The Philippines is a secular country, which means that the government does not prescribe a
specific set of activities or laws based on religion. A citizen's right to choose his or her own
religion is protected by the Philippine Constitution.
 In the Philippines, the majority of the population are Christians, with a certain portion of the
population practicing Islam, particularly in the southern part of the country.
 Buddhism, Taoism, and Hinduism are also practiced by a small number of inhabitants in the
archipelago.
 Different religions are being practiced in Philippine society today. This variation in religion is a
product of the evolution of Philippine society across time.

Understanding Cultural Variation in the Form of Religion

 Cultural variations do exist as exemplified through different religions in the world, more so in
Philippine society.
 For example, Christians and Muslims believe in one God, Hindus believe in many gods, and
Buddhists do not.
 The sets of practices and beliefs of a particular religion influence the behavior of its followers
and their interaction with other members of society.

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Issues Surrounding Differences in Religion
Because people have different religions, issues and conflicts between religious groups or
denominations cannot be prevented.

Problems or Conflicts

 Since differences in religion do not only mean worshipping different gods, conflicts sometimes
arise between believers.
 Some believers of a particular religion feel like they are being marginalized, while some feel
like those following other religions are taking advantage of their number.
 It may be easy to be swayed by religious differences and start a conflict. A believer or follower
of a particular religion may offend a follower of another religion if he or she imposes his or her
religious beliefs or practices.
 In history, bloody wars happened because of religious differences, and unfortunately, conflicts
continue until now due to varying religions.

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 Solutions or Actions

 To prevent conflicts, the Philippine government, for example, started recognizing some of the
special days celebrated by different religions.
 Employees are not required to work during Holy Week, when Catholics commemorate the
suffering and death of Jesus Christ.
 The start and end of the Ramadan are also considered holidays, just like when the Chinese
celebrate the start of their new year.
 This way, the government allows followers of different religions to attend to their religious
obligations without work getting in the way.
 To those conflicts brought about by differences in religion, the key word is respect. This entails
a conscious effort to acquire cultural knowledge and understand which this course is mainly
about.

Exceptionality and the Exceptional People

People have different characteristics, needs, desires, lifestyles, and challenges. However, there are
people who, from one reason or another, are described or categorized by the society
as exceptional.

What do the words "gifted," "disabled," "challenged," or "different" mean to you? How does society
influence your knowledge and attitudes toward people with such labels and differences?

Exceptionality

 a quality or a characteristic of a person that makes him or her different from an established
norm in a society
 various physical and mental interference or problems that affect a person and which makes it
difficult for him or her to function properly in society

Exceptional People

 differ from societal and community standards of normalcy

 have learning or behavioral problems and physical and sensory disabilities
 are intellectually gifted

The characteristics that make a person exceptional may have been acquired from birth, through a
medical condition, or through an accident.

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Exceptional People: Challenges and Problems
Exceptional people, the disabled, or the intellectually gifted, encounter challenges and issues in
dealing with other members of the society.

Here are some common problems and challenges that exceptional people experience.

Exceptional People: Challenges and Problems

Exceptional people, the disabled, or the intellectually gifted, encounter challenges and issues in
dealing with other members of the society.

Here are some common problems and challenges that exceptional people experience.

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 The picture on the side shows the International Symbol of Access
(ISA). It is found in locations or spots that are designated for all
persons with disabilities.

Nation, Nationality, and Citizenship

The line of distinction between the terms "nation" and "nationality" is quite thin. Most of the time,
"nationality" and "citizenship" are used interchangeably. However, it is important to note that these
words do not mean the same thing and actually pertain to different concepts.

-Nation
A nation is a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, language, and
economic life through inhabiting a particular country or territory.

Example:

The United Kingdom is a country inhabited mainly by people of four nations: English, Irish, Scottish,
and Welsh.

A nation emphasizes a particular group of people, and a country emphasizes the physical
dimensions and boundaries of a geographical area. On the other hand, a state is a self-governing
legal and political entity.

Nationality
 It is a person’s instinctive membership to a specific nation or country.
 It can be acquired by an individual from the country where he or she was born (jus soli).
 It can be acquired by an individual through his or her parents (jus sanguinis)
 An individual is a national of a particular country by birth. Nationality is acquired through
inheritance from his or her parents.
 People with the same nationality often share the same language, culture, territory, and in
some cases, ancestry. They share the same rights and are protected by the same laws.

Citizenship
 It is a person’s legal and political status in a city or state, which means that an individual has
been registered with the government in some country.
 An individual becomes a citizen of a country only when he or she is accepted into that
country’s political framework through legal terms.

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Examples:

 An individual born in the Philippines has a Filipino nationality. He may, however, apply for
citizenship in another country, should he wish to (e.g. a Filipino national applying for citizenship
in Mexico).
 Some people from European Union member countries may have European citizenships that
are different from their nationalities (e.g. an Italian national who is registered as a German
citizen).
 No one will be able to change his nationality, but one can have a different citizenship.

Filipino Nationality
 The Philippine Nationality Law is based on the principles of jus sanguinis or "right of blood."
Therefore, anyone with a parent who is a citizen or national of the Republic of the Philippines
can acquire Philippine citizenship. This is the primary method of acquiring citizenship.
 For people born in the Philippines to non-Filipino parents, the Administrative Naturalization Law
of 2000 (R.A. 9139) provides an avenue for administrative naturalization.

Issues Regarding Nationality and Statelessness

What are some issues concerning nationality and statelessness?

Right to a Nationality

 Every person has a right to a nationality.

 The right to a nationality is a fundamental human right. It is an individual’s right to acquire,
change, or retain his or her nationality. Thus, a country’s law cannot deprive a person the right
to gain a nationality, in case he or she loses it.

-Statelessness

 People who do not have a nationality are considered as stateless people.

 According to Article 1 of the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons of the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), "a stateless person is someone who is
not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law."
 Most stateless people are considered "refugees," while others lose their nationalities due to war
or conflict, or if their country is annexed by another country and loses its sovereignty.

Case Study: Statelessness in Sabah

Most Filipinos living in Sabah, Malaysia are considered "stateless." Thus, they are not recognized as
people with a nationality. They do not belong to any country or nation.

Since Sabah is a contested territory between Malaysia and the Philippines, the people in Sabah
experience problems in securing their nationalities. Filipinos from nearby Sulu and Tawi-tawi, even
those who are born in Sabah, are not recognized by the Malaysian government as Malaysians. They
are also denied of their Filipino nationality since they are not properly registered in the Philippines. As
a result, they do not enjoy the rights and privileges that citizens of either country enjoy.

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This concern is also true in areas and territories under war and conflict.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) handles all issues regarding refugees
and stateless people. The role of UNHCR is to identify stateless people and protect their rights, as well
as prevent statelessness from happening all over the world. They also aid stateless people in
acquiring new citizenship in other countries.

Social Behavior and Phenomena

Social behavior and phenomena are broad and complicated sociological concepts. These involve
every event between at least two individuals and include all knowledge and experiences a person
acquires in the entirety of his or her lifetime.

Social phenomena are the individual, external, and social constructions that influence a person’s life
and development.

The table below shows some examples of social behavior and phenomena.

Political Behavior and Phenomena

In sociology, political behavior and phenomena include events through which authority,
governance, and public opinion are put into practice.

A political behavior of a person or a group may be influenced by their political views, ideologies, and
levels of political participation. An example of an act of political behavior is the act of voting.

Political phenomena are not only limited to public offices as these also include how institutions like
schools, churches, or companies are ran and governed.

The table below shows some examples of political behavior and phenomena.

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Cultural Behavior and Phenomena
Also known as the bandwagon effect, a cultural behavior is an event where certain individuals
behave a certain way merely because other persons do as well.

A cultural phenomenon happens when something or someone gains widespread popularity.

However, it is noteworthy that it is not the subject that is the cultural phenomenon but rather the
process of becoming famous.

The table below shows some examples of cultural behavior and phenomena.

Interactions within Society

Social, political, and cultural behaviors and phenomena in the society are results of interactions
within society. People talk and share stories. People share ways of living among other things. People
do things together and work for the attainment of the common good and social order. These
behaviors, be they usual or not, are natural responses to changes and ideologies developing within
society as a result of constant interactions between its members.

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Social and Cultural Changes
Social change is the transformation of social institutions over time. Cultural change, on the other
hand, is the transformation of culture or the way people live.

Communication
 Communication is a vital human process. Through communication, people exchange
information and thoughts.
 Nowadays, communication is made easier.
 Nowadays, people can share information in just a click. New media-−social networking, text
messaging, e-mail, and the like-−have defied time and distance.
 While it makes the world seem borderless, this form of communication may produce
individuals who lack the basic understanding of direct and personal connections.

Transnational Families
 A transnational family is where one or both parents live and work in another country while the
children remain in their country of origin.
 While these families remain secured financially, their members are also exposed to setbacks.
 Children who become overly unsupervised find themselves facing peer pressure, too much
independence, and lack of family orientation. These may result in alcohol or drug abuse,
unwanted pregnancy, mood swings, or early marriage.

Political Changes
Political change happens when the rulers of a country lose power or when the type of governance in the
country changes. Governance is the kind of system or ideology used to express authority in a country. It may be
a democracy, monarchy, oligarchy, and others.

Local Public Services

Local public services are provided by the government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly
(through the public sector) or by financing the provision of services.

Youth Volunteerism
Volunteerism is the use or involvement of a volunteer or free labor in community services.

Mechanisms of Changes
There are different mechanisms or tools involved in social and cultural changes.

-Diffusion
Diffusion is the process through which the cultural traits of one society are borrowed,
transmitted, and adopted by another and considered as its own.

Examples:

 Migration
 Globalization

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-Invention
Invention is the process where new cultural elements are created to solve social and cultural
problems.

Example: Internet

-Discovery
Discovery is the process where people recognize or gain a better understanding of already
existing elements present in the environment.

Example: Scientific research

Changes within Society

Change is said to be constant. It is inevitable. It is expected to happen. The big question, however, is
what makes it happen? Of course, there are many factors—social, political, or cultural.

Along with time, persons, environments, and ideologies change. People move in and move out.
People live and die. People's stories and experiences change. People make discoveries and
innovations.

The environment changes as well—nature, water, earth, minerals, climate, seasons, sources of raw
materials, and energy.

New knowledge replaces old ones. Slavery has been banned. Civil rights were granted to those who
were once deprived of them. Same-sex marriage is on its way to worldwide recognition. Nothing is
permanent but change, so they say.

All these contribute significantly to changes people experience socially, politically, and culturally.

The Study of Culture, Society, and Politics

Culture is the focus of anthropology, society is for sociology, while politics is for political science.
These are disciplines of the social sciences.

The goal of having these disciplines is to prepare people for active and responsible civic
engagement through the development of critical thought. Exposure to these areas of discipline
exposes its learners to the following:

 social diversity and inequality,

 self-reflective knowledge and practice,
 appreciation of complexity, and
 advocacy for social change and order.

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Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans and their society in the past and present. Dealing with what
makes us human, anthropology delves into objects and materials we have created, our
interconnectedness and adaptability with environment, our lifestyle, our modes of communication,
and our understanding of the world around us.

Goals of Anthropology

 to describe and analyze the biological evolution of mankind

 to describe and assess the cultural development of our species
 to explain and analyze present-day human cultural similarities and differences
 to describe and explain human biological diversity today

Political Science
Political science is a social science discipline that deals with systems of government and the analysis
of political activities and political behavior. Primarily, it helps people gain an understanding of “who
gets what, when they get it, and how they get it.”

Political science helps us understand politics, political institutions and behavior, public policy, and
philosophical concepts, such as justice, equality, fairness, and liberty, and how the said subject
matters affect economy, public and private life, law, and public services.

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Goals of Political Science

 for people to be immersed in current affairs

 to build an understanding of local, national, and international politics
 to assist people in learning how political activities are organized in and out of our country
 to provide substantially critical and scientific contribution to government and society

Sociology
Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions. This discipline mainly focuses on
society—its functions, its members, and its diversity.

Specifically, sociology tackles the basic unit of the society—the family, the functionality and
relevance of state as an important human institution, social issues on religion, crime, race, social
class, and the stability and instability of societies.

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Goals of Sociology

 to guide in understanding intrapersonal factors

 to build a better understanding of mankind
 to aid in decision-making in the micro and macro level
 to gather systematic information from which to make a decision, provide insights into what is
going on in a situation, and present alternatives

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