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APPENDIX B: A BRIEF JOURNEY
THROUGH ARABIC GRAMMAR
You will cover the basics of the following topics in this Part.
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19 Arabic Grammar
Allah is creator.
Muhammad (peace be upon him, pbuh) is prophet.
Tariq is Mujahid (one who struggles)
The sentences like these are composed of a subject and a predicate which are called ¦¾¬¦÷ and ¦»
in Arabic. To translate such sentences into Arabic, just put Tanveen ( Æ ) on each of these
words (in case they are singular masculine). Tanveen ( Æ ) is also known as double pesh or
double dhammah.
Allah is creator. ê ó¢»É
Ȧ
Muhammad (pbuh) is Prophet. ¦û¾ø¸÷
Tariq is a Mujahid. ¾ ÿ¢´÷Ƽʰ¢×
************************ Vocabulary for Lesson No. 1 ************************
Using the words and their meanings given above, translate the following sentences into English.
The translation is also provided to help you check your answers.
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20 Arabic Grammar
lies the rule. Just put ¨ at the end of a masculine (singular) word to make it feminine (singular).
For example,
¨ ïȯ ïȯ ¨¸ ó¢Ï ¶ ó¢Ï Æ̈¾ ˦Ȱ ¾ ˦Ȱ
¨ü÷ ÷ ú ÷÷ Æ̈¾¥¢ß ¾¥¢ß ¨¾ ó¢» ¾ ó¢»
Notes:
1. Arabic has two genders, i.e., masculine gender and feminine gender. There is no common
gender in Arabic.
2. A common sign of a feminine word is ¨ (in general) as the last letter of the word.
3. To make a specific reference, we put ̾Ȧ in front of a common noun in Arabic just as we put
"the" in front of a common noun in English. When ̾Ȧ is attached to an Arabic word, we
remove one of É (dhamma or pesh) from the two Æ (Tanveen or double pesh). For
example,
4. Occasionally, the prefix ̾Ȧ is used to imply generality also. For e.g., À¢Èû ¢óȦ (the human
being).
5. If the ¦¾º¬¦÷ (subject) is feminine, then its ¦º» (predicate) will also be feminine.
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21 Arabic Grammar
mg. small Z äÏ uncle (mother's brother) ƾ¢» mg. beautiful ò ø³
fg. small Æ̈Z äÏ aunt (mother's sister) ¨ó¢» fg. beautiful ¨ô ø³
mg. big Z¦ï mg. truthful Ƽʮ¢Ï son ú¥Ê¦
fg. big Æ̈Z¦ï brother ÆȦ daughter ªü¥
mg. intelligent ïȯ mg. worshipper ¾¥¢ß father ƧȦ
uncle (father's brother) ö ß fg. worshipper Æ̈¾¥¢ß mother K¿É¦
aunt (father's sister) ¨øß sister ª»É¦
Find out the masculine and feminine words in the following sentences and translate them into
English. The translation is also provided to help you check your answers.
The son is beautiful. ò ø³ú¥ ¢óȦ The brother is intelligent. ï¯É¢óȦ
The daughter is beautiful.¨ô ø³ªü¦óȦ The sister is intelligent. ¨ ïȯª»¢óȦ
The father is pious. ¶ ó¢Ïɧ¢óȦ The uncle is truthful. Ƽʮ¢Ïɾ¢¼óȦ
The mother is pious. ¨¸ ó¢ÏN¿¢óȦ The aunt is truthful. ¨ëÊ®¢Ï¨ó¢¼óȦ
The uncle is big. Z¦ïöàóȦ The son is small. Z äÏú¥óȦ
The aunt is big. Æ̈Z¦ï¨øà óȦ The daughter is small. Æ̈Z äϪü¦óȦ
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22 Arabic Grammar
There are specific rules in Arabic for making singular, dual, and plural forms of a word. (Yes,
dual is a separate and distinct Number in Arabic). There are two types of plurals in Arabic.
Solid Plural (ö ó¢ºÇÞf ) and Broken Plural ( ZÊÈð«Þf ). The plural form depends upon the
context in which it is used, as shown below (for the Solid Plural case only):
Try to practice the rules of making dual and plural by reproducing the above table for the
following words (both for masculine and feminine case):
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23 Arabic Grammar
a true Muslim
Ƽʮ¢Ïö ôÈ÷ a pious person
¶ ó¢Ïò³È°
a small book
Z äÏƧ¢¬ ï a trustworthy uncle
[ ÷Ȧƾ¢»
a big mosque
Z¦ï¾´È÷ a beautiful house
ò ø³ª ¥
These phrases are said to be composed of ¨ººè Ï (adjective) and »Ï ÷ (the noun of the
adjective). To translate these into Arabic, just reverse the order of the words (Muslim ö ôÈ÷ and
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24 Arabic Grammar
Try to translate the following sentences and phrases. Notice the difference in Arabic construction
for a simple sentence ( ¦» Ȧ¾¬¦÷ ) and for adjective and its
noun ( »Ï
÷ ȨèÏ
).
The house is big.
Z¦ï ª¦ó¦È the big house
Z¦ð 󦪦ó¦È
The slave is
pious.
¶ó ¢Ï¾¦à ó¦È the pious slave
¶ó ¢Ð󦾦à ó¦È
The Muslim is
truthful.
Ƽ®Ê ¢Ïöô Èøó¦È the truthful
Muslim
ɼ®Ê ¢Ðó¦öô Èøó¦È
The path is
straight.
ö ì¬È÷ɶ¦ÂÐóȦ the straight path
ö ì¬Èøó¦É¶¦ÂÐóȦ
The uncle is
pious.
¶ó ¢Ïöà ó¦È the pious uncle
¶ó ¢Ðó¦öà óȦ
The aunt is pious.
¨¸
ó ¢Ï¨ó¢¼ó¦È the pious aunt
¨¸
ó ¢Ðó¦¨ó¢¼ó¦È
2. As usual, if the second word has ¾È¢ attached with it, then instead of double kasra
3. The first noun êºô» in the sentence Ê ¦êô» is called »¢Ô÷. The second noun Ê ¦ is
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4. In Arabic the construction of »¢Ô÷ and þ󤻢Ô÷ automatically takes care of the " 's "
or "of" (Allah's creation OR the creation of Allah) as shown in the above examples.
5. The construction of »¢ººÔ÷ and þ󤻢Ô÷ automatically implies specific person or
thing. Therefore, 'the' is always added in English translation of this phrase.
Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your
answers.
the establishment of
prayer
Ê̈¢ôÐó¦¨÷ ¢ëʤ the words of Allah Ê
¦É¿¢ôï
the obedience to
parents
ú¾ ó¦ó¦¨ß ¢×ʤ the book of Allah Ê
¦É§¢¬ ï
the earth of Allah
Ê
¦ÉµÌ°È¢ the way of the
messenger
ʾÇÂó¦¨üÇ
the rebellion of the
people
ʲ¢üó¦ÉÀ¢ä× the doubt of the
human being
ÊÀ¢Èûó¦¤È°
the house of the
hereafter
Ê̈ »ó¦É°¦È® the remembrance of
the most Beneficent.
úø·Âó¦Âïʯ
the food of the
sinner
ö ¯ó¦É¿¢à× the grace of Allah Ê
¦òÔç
the house of Hamid
¾ ÷¢·ª ¥the day of judgement
ú¾ó¦É¿
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26 Arabic Grammar
When
¦
U÷ Who ú÷
Where úȦ What ¢÷¦È¯¢÷
Why ¦È¯¢ø ó Which (masculine) NÄȦ
How much, How many öï Which (feminine) ¨È¦
Is? Am? Are? Do? È¢òÿ How æ ï
Have?
(The one)
who Ä ÀóM¦È That î
ó ¯
¦
ÀÊ ¦ÀóM¦È î
û ¯ ÀÊ ¦Àÿ
(The two) Those ¦ These dl. mg.
who (two) (two)
ú ÀóM¦È î
óÂɦ ÿ
(Those) Those These pl.
who (more (more
than two) than two)
(The one)
who ¬óM¦È That î
ô « This ÁÊ À ÿ sr.
ÀÊ ¢¬óM¦È î
û¢« ÀÊ ¢«¢ÿ
(The two) Those These dl. fg.
who (two) (two)
«¢Mó¦È î
óÂɦ ÿ
(Those) Those These pl.
who (more (more
than two) than two)
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their
house ¢ø ¬¥ their
(of ¢øÿ they
two ¢øÿ dl. mg.
two)
their
belief ö û¢{¦Ê their ö ÿ they ö ÿ pl.
3rd
her
mother ¢ ÷ ¦É her ¢ÿ she ÿ sr. person
their
house ¢ø ¬¥ their
(of ¢øÿ they
two ¢øÿ dl. fg.
two)
their
house ú ¬¥ their ú ÿ they ú ÿ pl.
your
book î
¥¢¬ï your ½È you ª
û¦È sr.
your
house ¢ø𠬥 your
(of ¢øï you ¢ø¬û¦È dl. mg.
two
two)
your
me- ö ð óÇ °È you ö ï you all ö ¬û¦È pl 2nd
ssenger
your
house î
¬¥ your ½Ê you ª
û¦È sr. person
your
book ¢øð ¥¢¬ï your
(of ¢øï you ¢ø¬û¦È dl. fg.
two
two)
your
house ú 𠬥 your ú ï you all ú ¬û¦È pl.
my
¥¢¬ï my Ä
book I
¢û¦È sr.
mg.
fg.
gave me
rizq
üë±È° û 1st
me
our
book ¢ü¥¢¬ï our ¢û we ú¸
û dl.,
pl.
mg.,
fg.
person
NOTE: Memorize these pronouns thoroughly because they occur quite often in the Qur'an.
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He is a Muslim.
ö ôÈ÷ÿ You are a scholar.
ö ó¢ßªûȦ
I am a believer.
ú ÷÷¢ûȦ She is righteous.
¨¸ ó¢Ï ÿ
your tongue
öðû¢È ó for him
þó
my son
ü¥Ê¦ towards me
óʦ
I helped him
þ«ÂÐû towards them
(females)
ú óʦ
from you
îü ÷ for us
¢üó
towards us
¢ü óʦ verily you (males)
öðûʦ
towards them
(males)
ö óʦ your hearing
öðàøÇ
from you
îü ÷ verily we
¢üûʦ
our Lord
¢ü¥È° my house
¬ ¥
your Lord
öð¥È° for them
¢ø ó
our messenger
¢üó ÇÈ° my relatives
ôÿȦ
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29 Arabic Grammar
last letter of word (or a single kasra, -Ê in case ¾È¦ is attached with it).
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30 Arabic Grammar
In general, in an Arabic sentence, the verb comes first, followed by the subject and the object. A
Double Dhammah or tanveen ( -Æ ) is placed on the subject and double fathah ( -Å ) is placed on
the object. Look at the following examples:
Translate the following into English. The translation is also provided to help you check your
answers.
Allah made Muhammad
(pbuh) a messenger.
¢óÇM°¦¾ø¸
փ
¦òà³
Allah created the people.
Ȳ¢üó¦É
¦êô»
Allah revealed the book.
¢¥¢¬ ïÉ
¦È¾ÄûȦ
The Satan cheacter the
man.
ÈÀ¢Èû ¢ó¦ÉÀ¢Ø Ìó¦È¸¾»
We parted the sea.
¸¦ó¦¢üëÂç
Note: When a word is attached with ¾Ì ¢È then one of two fathah ( -È ) , kasrah ( -Ê ) or dhammah (
-É ) in a tanveen ( -Å -Ç or -Æ ) are dropped. For example, as shown in the above sentences,
¼
Æ °Êº
¢× has double dhammah, whereas À
É ¢ØÌ
óȦ has one dhammah since ¾Ì ¦È is attached with ÀÆ ¢ØË
. Similarly, ¢óÇ°È has double fathah, whereas  ¸
¦ó¦È has only one fathah.
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10. Tense
10a. The Past Tense Ó¢÷òàç
Past Tense
Ó¢÷ Possessive
Pronouns
Personal
Pronouns
No. Gen-
der
Per-
son
he did òàç
Á ÿ sr.
they two
did àç ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. mg.
they all
did ¦ôà ç öÿ öÿ pl.
3rd
ªôàç ¢ÿ ÿ
person
she did
sr.
they two
did ¢¬ôàç ¢øÿ ¢øÿ dl. fg.
they all
did úôàç úÿ úÿ pl.
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32 Arabic Grammar
Try to practice the pronouns and past tense by repeating the conjugation table using the following
words. This will greatly help you in getting yourself familiarized with the verb forms. Is it not
worth repeating it 10 to 15 times so that you can remember it for the rest of your life? It certainly
is! Learning and practicing them for the sake of understanding Qur'an is one of the best worship
for which you will be abundantly rewarded by Allah, inshaAllah.
Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The English translation is provided for you to check your
answers.
mg. dl. they opened ¢¸¬ç mg. pl. they wrote ¦¦¬ï
mg. pl. you did ö¬ôàç mg. you helped È©ÂÐû
mg. pl. they did ¦ôà ç mg./fg. dl. you two opened
¢ø¬¸¬ç
mg./fg. dl. you two did ¢ø¬ôàç
mg. pl. you demanded ö¬¦ô×
mg. dl. they two did ¢ôàç
mg. dl. they two wrote ¢¦¬ï
mg. you did ªôàç
mg. pl. they demanded ¦¦ô×
fg. she did ªôàç
mg. you went ª¦ÿȯ
fg. pl. they did úôàç
mg./fg. dl. they two ¢ø¬¦ô×
mg. pl. you went ö¬¦ÿȯ demanded
mg./fg. dl. you two helped ¢ø«ÂÐû mg. pl. you wrote ö¬¦¬ï
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mg. you demanded ª¦ô× fg. dl. they two hit ¢¬¥ÂÓ
fg. dl. they two helped ¢«ÂÐû mg. pl. they went ¦¦ÿȯ
mg./fg. dl. you two went ¢ø¬¦ÿȯ mg. you opened ª¸¬ç
mg. pl. you helped ö«ÂÐû mg./fg. dl. you two wrote
¢ø¬¦¬ï
fg. you wrote ª¦¬ï
mg. pl. they opened ¦¸¬ç
mg. he wrote ¤¬ï
mg. you demanded ª¦ô×
mg. pl. you opened ö¬¸¬ç
mg. dl. they two went ¢¦ÿȯ
mg. pl. they hit ¦¥ÂÓ
mg. pl. you created ö¬ìô» mg. pl. you were created ö¬ì ô»
mg. he killed ò¬ë mg. he was killed ò ¬ ë
Mg. pl. they demanded ¦¦ô× mg. pl. they were demanded ¦¦ ô×
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35 Arabic Grammar
IMPORTANT NOTE: ¸°¢Ô÷ actually is the Imperfect Tense and refers to an action which
is incomplete at the time to which reference is being made. It refers to the present tense in
general. It becomes Future tense by addition of the prefix Ȳ or the particle È»Ç before the
¸°¢Ô÷ forms.
Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The translation is provided for you to check yourself.
mg. dl. they two drink ÊÀ¢¥ÂÌ fg. pl. you make úôà´«
mg. he collects Þø´ mg. dl. you two drink ÊÀ¢¥ÂÌ«
I know öôßȦ fg. dl. they two drink ÊÀ¢¥ÂÌ«
I open ¶¬çȦ mg. dl. you two make ÊÀ¢ôà´«
fg. sr. you collect Þø´« fg. dl. they two make ÊÀ¢ôà´«
mg. pl. they thank ÈÀÂÂðÌ pl. we worship ¾¦àû
mg. pl. they disbelieve ÈÀÂÂèð mg. pl. they recite ÈÀô¬
I worship ¾¦ßȦ mg. pl. you recite ÈÀô¬«
mg. you know öôà« mg. they don't know ÈÀøôà¢ó
we don't hear ÞøÈû¢ó I don't disbelieve ÂèïȦ¢ó
And they will not grieve.
ÈÀûÄ ¸öÿ¢óÈÂ
They hear the words of Allah.
Ê
¦È¿¢ôïÈÀàøÈ
I do not worhsip what you worship.
ÈÀ¾¦à«¢÷¾¦ßȦ¢ó
We do not worship except Allah.
È
¦¢Móʦ¾¦àû¢ó
þ óÇÈ°ÈÂÊ
¢¥ÈÀü ÷
They believe in Allah and His
messenger. ¦
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in case of present tense, òà è is made passive by writing it as òà è , i.e., first letter will have
dhammah / pesh ( É- ) and the third letter will have fathah ( È- ). The remaining letters will have
the same A'araab as in the case of active voice.
they (all, mg) help ÈÀÂÂÐü they (all, mg) are helped ÈÀÂÂÐü
Try to translate the Arabic words given below. The translation is provided for you to check yourself.
they understand
ÈÀ ìè they cut
ÈÀàØì
they (women) are
asked
úô È they will not
asked
ÈÀó È«¢ó
they do not fear
ÈÀ碼¢ó they
ÈÀô ´
(it) is opened.
¶¬è they are killed
ÈÀô¬ì
they do not cut
ÈÀàØì¢ó you understand
ö è«
you are provided.
ÈÀëȱ« you are helped
ÈÀÂÂÐü«
you are provided.
ÈÀëȱ« you are helped
ÈÀÂÂÐü«
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37 Arabic Grammar
You can order only to the person in front of you (2nd person). Therefore, the imperative and
negative forms for only the 2nd person are provided below.
Negative
Imperative û Imperative
Â÷Ȧ
Poss.
Prns.
Pers.
Prns.
No. Gen- Per-
der son
Don't
do (it). ò à è «¢ó Do (it). ò à ç ¦Ê È½ ªûȦ sr.
Don't do
(it). ¢ôà è «¢ó (you two)
Do (it). à ç ¦Ê ¢øï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. mg.
Don't
do (it). ¦ôà è «¢ó (you all)
Do (it). ¦ôà ç ¦Ê öï ö¬ûȦ pl 2nd
ôà è «¢ó ôà ç ¦Ê Ê½ ªûȦ
Don't do person
(it). Do (it).
sr.
Don't do
(it). ¢ôà è «¢ó (you two)
Do (it). à ç ¦Ê ¢øï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. fg.
Don't do
(it). ú ô à è «¢ó (you all)
Do (it). ú ô à ç ¦Ê úï
ú¬ûȦ pl.
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39 Arabic Grammar
¢ôà è «¢ó
à ç ¦Ê ÀÊ à è « ¢ø¬ôàç ¢øï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. mg.
¢ôà è «¢ó
à ç ¦Ê ÀÊ à è « ¢ø¬ôàç ¢øï ¢ø¬ûȦ dl. fg.
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40 Arabic Grammar
ÉÀð ÈÀ¢ï
Á ÿ sr.
ú ð «¢ó ú ï ÀÉ ð« ª
üï Ƚ ªûȦ sr.
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41 Arabic Grammar
ɾì Ⱦ¢ë
Á ÿ sr.
ò ì « ò ë ¾É ì« ª
ô ë Ƚ ªûȦ sr.
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42 Arabic Grammar
of how the table given under the title "Conjugation table for the verb òàç" can be reproduced for
the derived form number 3, òàç¢ ,. You can reproduce the following for each of the derivatives.
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43 Arabic Grammar
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44 Arabic Grammar
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